W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 2013 annual report IMPACT

3D printing of customized BONE IMPLANTS

Apps as a gateway to majoring in COMPUTER SCIENCE

Technology harnessed for EDUCATIONAL GAINS

Nanodiamonds sensing BRAIN CIRCUITRY W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 2013 ANNUAL REPORT CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE

As we celebrate the W. M. Keck Foundation’s 60th anniversary in 2014, it is with great pride that I write to you about the tremendous impact our grantees continue to make in diverse fields of science and medicine, in undergraduate education and in the Los Angeles community. With a mission to provide far-reaching benefits to humanity, the W. M. Keck Foundation is not only engaged in grantmaking that makes possible the cutting-edge research it funds today, but it is also investing in the exponential impact that the research and its findings will have in the future.

I am pleased to share accounts of past grants in this year’s report that exemplify recent impact. After you have read these, I encourage you to visit our website periodically to read other impact stories that we post. You will read about 3D printing technology that researchers are harnessing to manufacture replacement parts for the human body. After years of struggling with less precise methods, the scientists we fund are developing new ways to monitor neuronal activity in the brain. Ironically, since this is our diamond jubilee, I note that their breakthrough involves the use of diamond crystals. In this era of growing need for a technologically savvy workforce, a grantee in our undergraduate program is attracting students into programming through an alluring “App Inventor.” We also continue our commitment to promoting the arts, civic engagement and community services, early childhood and K-12 education, and health care programs in Los Angeles. This year’s report highlights a charter school organization that is piloting a blended learning model that fosters the highest levels of excellence in very low income neighborhoods. Since our last report in June 2013, we have had a number of changes to our board. After retiring in December 2012, Marsh A. Cooper passed away in July 2013. Marsh joined the board in 1980 and served for 32 years on numerous committees. His guidance, thoughtful advice, irreplaceable friendship and selfless devotion to this Foundation were instrumental in its growth from its early funding through his retirement. In January 2014, we were saddened by the passing of my younger brother, Theodore James Day. T.J.’s selfless devotion to the causes he loved extended to this Foundation started by our grandfather, W. M. Keck, Sr. T.J. served for more than 40 years on our board as director and on numerous committees. T.J. was a director of a private exploration company, Western

Page 2 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION Exploration and Development, and a director of the Reno Championship Air Races. He served for 25 years as a director of NV Energy and its predecessor, Sierra Pacific Resources. T.J. sat on numerous philanthropic boards, including Linfield College, Stevenson School and the Nevada Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. In May 2014, we also lost my cousin, William Myron Keck, II. Bill served for more than 50 years on our board as an officer, director and on numerous committees. Bill always worked hard to preserve our family’s heritage and to extend our Foundation’s charitable reach begun with our grandfather’s founding gift. Bill was the president of Coalinga Corporation and active on the board of the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. He also served on numerous educational and charitable boards, including USC, Harvey Mudd College and the Good Samaritan Hospital. T.J. and Bill each will be missed tremendously by all of us on the board as well as by our staff, family and friends. This year also saw the retirement of two significant contributors to our board, the Honorable David A. Thomas and John E. Kolb. Both served the Foundation for 28 years with distinction, knowledge and wisdom. The members and directors of the Foundation join me in expressing their deep appreciation and thanks to David and John for their many years of service to the Foundation, to charity and to the public. I am delighted to welcome two leaders to our board, Dr. William R. Brody, President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and Dr. James S. Economou, Vice Chancellor for Research at UCLA. They have already begun to contribute their good judgment. We welcome their insights. I am pleased to report that the Foundation continues to prosper financially, with year-end total assets of $1.25 billion. The directors approved 62 grants totaling $36.8 million, and we distributed grants totaling over $54 million, including prior commitments and new awards. We look forward to continued growth in 2014. For 60 years, the Foundation has supported the highest levels of academic inquiry and discovery conducted by the finest researchers at the most innovative institutions in the United States. The W. M. Keck Foundation has made grants totaling over $1.6 billion. We have seen the real-world impact as these ideas have come to fruition. We look forward to promoting high-risk, high-impact projects for years to come. Sincerely,

ROBERT A. DAY Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 3 — I M P A CT — Washington State University

3D printing of customized BONE IMPLANTS In an age when 3D printers are increasingly being used to make custom-designed objects, a team of researchers at Washington State University (WSU) is using the technology to manufacture replacement parts for the human body. A husband and wife duo, materials scientist Susmita Bose and materials engineer Amit Bandyopadhyay, are leading the effort to create not only custom-designed implants, but implants that can also mimic the properties of human bone. A 2004 W. M. Keck Foundation grant helped them develop this capability through a combination of rapid prototyping and materials processing technologies and an understanding of interactions

between bone cells and implant materials. Example of patient-specific implants using 3D printing

Ten years ago, the duo realized they would need twelve years – a statistic that has remained constant to address three major problems with bone implants: for the past sixty years. The researchers at WSU saw 1. The difference in stiffness between implant metals the need for a technique that would enable precise and natural bone causes stress-shielding; because control of the microstructure, porosity, shape and size the much stronger metal carries the load, the of any given part. They found this capability in “laser surrounding bone weakens, loosening the implant engineered net shaping” (LENS®). In one operation, and making the remaining bone more vulnerable the LENS® technique uses computer-aided models to fracture. based on body scan data to form implants that 2. The dense metallic structure does not bond well match exactly the shape and size of the real bone. with the variably porous bone. It also allows the formation of features such as 3. The gradual release of metal ions from the hollow passages, the deposition and encapsulation of implant results in a biocompatibility conflict multiple materials, and a transitioning between those between the implant and the natural bone. materials in both abrupt and graded fashions. The These problems have meant that total hip team went further in developing new implant lining replacements have an average life of only seven to materials in the form of nano-crystalline calcium

Page 4 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION phosphates that can be absorbed by the body. The hours, the first iteration of design can be done. It specific composition of the calcium phosphate lining then takes another five to six hours to manufacture it. can be tuned so that the rate at which it is absorbed As long as the physician is connected to the Internet, matches the rate of new bone growth. within three days he or she can have a custom, According to Dr. Bandyopadhyay, “the most patient-specific implant in hand.” This is crucial exciting part is it doesn’t take months. Within a few for developing solutions for people with complex injuries, such as victims of traffic accidents or natural disasters. The WSU team expects that by 2020, custom-designed and manufactured implants will become commonplace. Personalized medicine has become a popular phrase just in the last ten years – this Keck grant is also showing the power of personalized engineering for our very own bones. Q

Left: Measuring the electrochemical performance of ceramic lining materials

Amit Bandyopadhyay and Susmita Bose in the W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Lab — IMPAC T — University of San Francisco

Apps as a gateway to majoring in COMPUTER SCIENCE For years, a disparity has grown between the technological needs of today’s workforce and the number of students willing and able to master a fundamental language of the culture: programming. With a W. M. Keck Foundation grant, the University of San Francisco (USF) is addressing this problem by teaching students to create apps for their own mobile devices – an activity deeply motivating for the college-age population. The approach is made possible by a new programming language called App Inventor. Developed at Google and MIT (with contribu- tions from USF), App Inventor features a simple, visual interface in which users point, drag and click to generate a program rather than having to go through the arduous process of learning traditional code.

App Inventor is intuitive, quick and easy; and of students engaging with computing. In 2013, the the process requires students to use the same kind Lab attracted more than 330,000 unique visitors to of problem-solving logic they would use for any a website it developed to teach beginners how to other programming language. It was first introduced program their smartphone. The Lab has also made in introductory computer science courses at USF it possible for faculty at any level and location to to eliminate student frustration with the high level independently incorporate App Inventor into their of attention to minutia required to avoid bugs and courses. Already, many universities and growing crashes. But App Inventor’s success went beyond this numbers of K-12 schools are taking advantage of as it attracted students who never imagined becoming the free offerings. The Lab has also launched a programmers but who became enraptured by the fun community gallery so that individuals from around and power of using the new programming language. the world can share their apps and code; more than A 2012 Keck Foundation grant is helping 1,200 apps have been submitted so far. to expand this impact. The grant allowed USF to The key person behind all this at USF is David establish a Democratize Computing Lab where Wolber, a computer scientist who considers himself App Inventor is attracting a far more diverse pool a humanist in contrast to the stereotypical nerds of

Page 6 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION the field. He has been surprised and gratified by the USF is also responding to popular demand and unexpected outcomes of his work to develop, test developing another course that will enable students and teach App Inventor. The tremendous response to continue their computer science study within has entailed a great deal of effort, supported by the the App Inventor framework – and ideally that will Keck funding and Dr. Wolber’s student assistants, attract more students into earning majors or minors who help maintain and refine the website and gallery. in the department. Q

Left: Dr. Wolber discusses an app created through App Inventor

Above: Dr. Wolber working with students from the Democratize Computing Lab

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 7 — I MPA C T — Alliance College-Ready Public Schools

Technology harnessed for EDUCATIONAL GAINS By all indicators, Alliance College-Ready Public Schools has proven that it is possible to educate all students at high levels. Now in its tenth year, this charter management organization serves more than 10,000 low-income, middle- and high school students. Ninety percent are Latino, 8% are African American, and 17% are English language learners. All 22 of the Alliance’s schools outperform their neighborhood schools; 94% of its students graduate from high school in four years, and 95% of those graduates go on to college.

Right and lower right: BLAST students have a high degree of ownership for their learning

In 2010, the Alliance launched its innovative, students’ time with their teachers, enabling them school-wide BLAST model (Blended Learning for to master content at their own pace and delve into Alliance School Transformation), which fundamen- projects that stimulate critical thinking. It also tally changes the way education is delivered in the provides real-time data that allow teachers and classroom. A W. M. Keck Foundation grant in 2012 students to monitor progress. supported BLAST’s expansion, and the model is now The Alliance has overcome challenges as an in ten schools. By integrating online learning tools early adopter of blended learning. In the words of the with traditional face-to-face instruction, teachers are Alliance’s Chief Executive Officer, Judy Burton, our able to customize lesson plans to meet each student’s experience is like “building a plane in mid-flight.” individual learning needs. Teachers are managing a The demands of a blended learning environment much more dynamic, 21st century classroom in which impact teachers of every level of experience. Helping students equipped with laptops work in groups of them transition from the “sage on the stage” to the 12 to 16, rotating through three learning stations: “guide on the side” requires sustained professional teacher-led instruction, individual online instruction, development as well as changes in recruitment. and group projects. This rotational model maximizes The Alliance is also providing feedback to firms

Page 8 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION developing the next generation of digital content and difference between BLAST and a traditional school learning management systems. is that BLAST enables them to take control of their The BLAST model is improving the way own learning. Starting from the moment the students students learn. The two Alliance schools with the enter the classroom each day, the change is apparent. largest academic gains in 2013 were BLAST high They check their digital agendas and get right to schools. From the students’ perspective, the greatest work without waiting for the teacher to begin a lecture. They work at their own pace and freely ask for help if they do not understand something. Describing BLAST’s impact, one student recently said, “I am very motivated to come to school and was surprised by my progress. No way do I want to go back to the old style of education.” Q

Above: Alliance’s BLAST model allows teachers to provide students significantly more time and personal attention than a traditional classroom model

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 9 — I M PA C T — Columbia University

Nanodiamonds sensing BRAIN CIRCUITRY To understand how the brain functions, it is necessary to understand the interactions of cells within neuronal circuits. Using existing technologies, neuroscientists have struggled with monitoring the electrical activity of entire neuronal circuits while still being able to observe the activity of individual cells. Extracellular Nerve Cell Cytoplasm Medium Membrane d D d D Neurobiologist Rafael Yuste and materials chemist ~1.5-1 nm ~ 1nm

O N O O NH3 H n O N O O NH3 H n O N O O NH3 Jonathan Owen from Columbia University and H n O N O O NH3 H n O N O O NH3 H n O O NH Diamond N O 3 H n

Nanocrystal O physicist Dirk Englund from MIT teamed up to O NH N O 3 H n O N O O NH3 H n d D generate a breakthrough in the technologies that ~ 1nm ~ 4nm 0 VEsurf Vcyto are used to image the neuronal activity in the -70 Vmem VIsurf Potential (mV) brain. They have created a new generation of voltage- A schematic of the revolutionary sensitive nerve cell probes based on diamond crystals. method to image electrical signals in the brain using nanodiamonds

The crystals are on the scale of one billionth neural circuit functioning can be revealed. of a meter, or a nanometer, and they take advantage The team has succeeded in synthesizing and of a commonly occurring but useful defect found in isolating different types of nanodiamonds with diamond material. Perfect diamonds consist of a rigid voltage-sensitive NV-centers, inserting them into lattice of carbon atoms. But, sometimes, an impurity living neurons, and using them for super resolution occurs when an atom of nitrogen takes the place of one imaging. They are now working hard to adapt carbon atom, and that substitution energetically favors nanodiamonds so that they can be chemically the presence of an adjacent empty spot or a “vacancy.” attached to the surface of neurons and then used The nitrogen-vacancy pair (NV) is extremely sensitive to measure voltage signals associated with neuronal to any surrounding electrical field, emitting light of firing. The plan is to perform these measurements different intensities in response to variations in the first in cultured neurons, then in brain slices, and field. The nanodiamonds will signal when neurons finally in the brains of living mice. are emitting electrical impulses as they communicate The idea has taken hold as one of the with one another. Many thousands of neurons can be great promises in modern neuroscience. In fact, imaged simultaneously, and over time, the details of the nanodiamond project, as it is known, was prominently highlighted at a meeting that took place President Obama announced in the State of the in England at the end of 2011. That meeting focused Union Address the launching of the BRAIN initiative on brainstorming about the future of neuroscience, (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative and the nanodiamond project was highlighted as an Neurotechnologies), a project closely modeled after example of the advantages of interdisciplinary collab- the white paper. The BRAIN initiative is expected orations between physicists and neurobiologists. to last for at least a decade, with an initial FY 2014 During that meeting, several prominent nanosci- budget of $100 million, which will be doubled for entists and neurobiologists proposed a large-scale FY 2015. According to Yuste, it is no exaggeration scientific project that would develop technologies to say that the Keck-funded nanodiamond project for the future of neuroscience. This resulted in an was the poster child of the collaboration between article published in the prestigious journal Neuron physicists and neurobiologists that gave rise to the and a white paper that was sent to the Office of BRAIN initiative. Q Science and Technology Policy of the White House Above: The co-investigators (left to right) Rafael Yuste and with Yuste as the senior author. The White House Jonathan Owen, both of Columbia University, and Dirk saw promise in the proposal, and in February 2013, Englund of MIT

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 11 2013 GRANTS MEDICAL RESEARCH University of California, Davis SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Sacramento, CA Milwaukee, WI Angelique Louie, Jared Shaw, Yohei Brandeis University Howard Jacob, David Dimmock, Yokobayashi Waltham, MA $1,000,000 Stephen Duncan, Brian Link, Irving R. Epstein $1,000,000 James Verbsky, Fyodor Urnov, To create new imaging reagents for Elizabeth Worthy detecting gene expression using magnetic To investigate the self-organization of $1,000,000 resonance imaging (MRI). catalysts under extreme conditions of To develop a novel strategy for temperature and acidity, to understand analyzing genetic variants in rare, University of California, Irvine how molecular self-assembly may undiagnosed diseases. Irvine, CA contribute to the origin of life. Anthony James, Fred Gould $1,000,000 City of Hope Colorado State University Los Angeles, CA To investigate the evolutionary Fort Collins, CO John Williams, Tijana Jovanovic- consequences of invasions of novel Tomislav Rovis, Eugene Y. Chen $1,000,000 Talisman, David Horne, Jinha Park genotypes and selfish genetic elements. $1,000,000 To investigate artificial metal To develop new antibody-based tools for University of California, San Diego catalyst/protein hybrid systems as a research using meditopes, small peptides La Jolla, CA platform for the synthesis of novel that bind with high affinity to antibodies Nick Spitzer, Davide Dulcis chemicals and functional materials. $1,000,000 without altering their function. To study neurotransmitter switching in Columbia University Salk Institute for Biological Studies response to sensory stimulation in the New York, NY La Jolla, CA adult mammalian brain and link this to Ken Shepard $1,000,000 Sreekanth Chalasani, James Fitzpatrick changes in behavior. $1,000,000 To develop hybrid biological and To characterize a complete neural circuit University of California, San Francisco solid state systems based on integrated and define the molecular signaling San Francisco, CA lipid bilayer membranes with protein pathways leading to a behavioral response Tanja Kortemme based sensors. $1,000,000 using an animal model of stress. To develop a platform technology to Louisiana State University Stanford University computationally engineer biological sensor Baton Rouge, LA Stanford, CA and actuator proteins. Leslie G. Butler $500,000 Joshua Elias $1,000,000 University of California, Santa Barbara To develop a laboratory X-ray tomography To develop a mass spectrometry-based Santa Barbara, CA system with stationary sample and phase methodology for identifying previously Denise Montell contrast imaging. $1,000,000 unknown peptides that stimulate immune responses in cancer and To investigate the molecular mechanisms Oregon State University autoimmune disorders. of a novel cell survival pathway termed Corvallis, OR anastasis. P. Alex Greaney $1,000,000 Tufts University Medford, MA University of Florida To design and assemble new shape- Michael Levin, David Kaplan Gainesville, FL shifting materials known as metal organic $1,000,000 Malcolm Maden, Brad Barbarzuk responsive frameworks (MORFs). $1,000,000 To investigate the role of bioelectricity for limb development and to generate To investigate the molecular mechanisms strategies for regeneration in mammals. for tissue regeneration in a new mammalian model, the spiny mouse Acomys.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 13 University of Akron UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION University of Puget Sound Akron, OH California Polytechnic State University, Tacoma, WA David S. Simmons, Alamgir Karim, San Luis Obispo Siddarth Ramakrishnan $250,000 Kevin A. Cavicchi San Luis Obispo, CA $1,000,000 James L. Hanson To equip a new laboratory for an interdis- To develop a hybrid experimental/ $250,000 ciplinary program in the neurosciences. computational genetic algorithm To incorporate topics related to the approach for the study of polymer glasses management of nanotechnology waste SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA and the glass transition. streams across the engineering curriculum. Arts and Culture University of California, Berkeley California State University, Autry National Center of the Berkeley, CA San Bernardino American West Xiang Zhang, Hartmut Häffner San Bernardino, CA Los Angeles, CA $1,000,000 $250,000 Erik Melchiorre To study the quantum phenomenon $250,000 To establish the Autry Resource Center to of four-dimensional periodicity in To acquire a set of hand-held provide storage for the collection, a conser- microscopic ion ring traps. geochemical analyzers for use in vation laboratory and a research library. education and field research. University of California, Berkeley California Science Center Berkeley, CA Central Washington University Los Angeles, CA $3,000,000 Sanjay Kumar, Niren Murthy Ellensburg, WA $500,000 Blaise Dondji To establish the “Looking Out” exhibit on To develop a new technology for $250,000 telescopes, including the Keck Observatory, measuring protein concentrations in single To acquire a flow cytometer for use in as part of the new Samuel Oschin Air and cells to use it to study the progression of undergraduate research and coursework Space Center. brain tumors. in cell and molecular biology. Colburn School of Performing Arts University of California, Irvine Concordia University Los Angeles, CA $150,000 Irvine, CA Irvine, CA John C. Hemminger John Kenney To establish Jumpstart, which will $1,000,000 $250,000 provide conservatory-quality instrumental To develop instrumentation for X-ray To establish an on-campus astronomical instruction as a pathway to advanced photoelectron spectroscopy studies observatory equipped with remote access to training for low-income students. of solution interface chemistry and an independent regional telescope. composition. Diavolo Dance Theatre LeTourneau University Los Angeles, CA $150,000 University of Colorado at Boulder Longview, TX Boulder, CO Karen Rispin To serve more low-income children, youth Rob Knight $250,000 and families in dance programs in schools $1,000,000 To equip a laboratory for interdisciplinary and community settings. To study global patterns of microbial studies on the design and use biodiversity, function and dynamics. of wheelchairs and other assistive Skirball Cultural Center mobility devices. Los Angeles, CA University of Maryland College Park $250,000 College Park, MD San Jose State University To expand public programming by Sylvain Veilleux San Jose, CA constructing a Conference and $1,000,000 Joseph J. Pesek Learning Center. To design and build a photonic $250,000 infrared spectrometer for studying the To engage students in developing and early universe. testing laboratory curricula in multiple disciplines using a novel analytical technology.

Page 14 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION Civic and Community Ronald McDonald House Charities of MIND Research Institute 1736 Family Crisis Center Southern California Irvine, CA Los Angeles, CA Pasadena, CA $200,000 $100,000 $100,000 To launch an early childhood math To create a permanent home for the To provide camping experiences to program in partnership with Los Angeles Emergency Youth Shelter by renovating a children with cancer by constructing a Universal Preschool. house in Mar Vista. new dining hall/activities center at Camp Ronald McDonald for Good Times. Health Care Boys & Girls Clubs of the QueensCare Family Clinics Los Angeles Harbor Special Olympics Southern California Los Angeles, CA San Pedro, CA Long Beach, CA $250,000 $150,000 $250,000 To expand access to primary health To establish a school-based after-school To build volunteer capacity by co-hosting care and add specialty care services by program in east Wilmington. the Special Olympics World Games in constructing a health center in east Los Angeles and expand programming. Los Angeles. CASA of Los Angeles Monterey Park, CA Step Up On Second Precollegiate Education $250,000 Santa Monica, CA Children, Youth and Family To expand the Early Childhood Initiative $250,000 Collaborative by recruiting and training volunteers To provide permanent supportive housing Los Angeles, CA who specialize in addressing the needs for homeless adults and transitional age $250,000 of the youngest children in the child youth suffering from mental illness by To improve the high school graduation welfare system. renovating a former motel in Hollywood. rate among foster/probation youth by expanding an academic intervention Center for Nonprofit Management University of California, Los Angeles program countywide. Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles, CA $200,000 $225,000 College Track To strengthen the capacity of nonprofits To address issues impacting the health of Oakland, CA to meet community needs by creating an low-income individuals and families by $250,000 online learning program. expanding a medical-legal partnership at To increase high school graduation two regional medical centers. and college completion rates for students Hope through Housing Foundation in Boyle Heights. Rancho Cucamonga, CA Village Family Services $150,000 North Hollywood, CA Fenton Charter Public Schools To enhance economic mobility by $175,000 Lake View Terrace, CA establishing the Family Opportunity To establish a drop-in center for $250,000 Center at a new affordable housing homeless and foster youth in the To relieve overcrowding and increase complex in east Los Angeles. San Fernando Valley. enrollment by constructing a campus for the K-2 charter school. LA’s BEST YMCA of Greater Long Beach Los Angeles, CA Long Beach, CA Green Dot Public Schools $125,000 $200,000 Los Angeles, CA To expand and evaluate a program that To support replication of a technology-rich $250,000 promotes social and emotional learning as after-school youth development program. To support an initiative to improve part of an after-school program. academic outcomes for special needs Early Childhood students. Accelerated Schools Los Angeles, CA THINK Together $250,000 Santa Ana, CA To increase enrollment and add a $200,000 preschool by constructing the Accelerated To expand afterschool STEM activities in Charter Elementary School. ten San Gabriel Valley school districts.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 15 2013 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS report of independent auditors

The Board of Directors of the W. M. Keck Foundation

We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the W. M. Keck Foundation, which comprise the statements of financial position as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements.

MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

AUDITOR’S RESPONSIBILITY Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

OPINION In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the W. M. Keck Foundation as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of its activities and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

May 27, 2014

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 17 statements of financial position

December 31 (in thousands) 2013 2012 ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ 34,027 $ 54,209 Receivable from brokers 1,161 1,852 Interest and dividends receivable 1,246 1,906 Prepaid federal excise taxes 783 – Investments 1,214,866 1,045,645 Other assets 2,457 2,121 Total assets $ 1,254,540 $ 1,105,733

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Payable to brokers $ 959 $ 3,781 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 2,002 1,930 Grants payable, net (Note 5) 16,822 15,476 Federal excise tax payable – 45 Deferred federal excise taxes payable 5,995 2,616 Total liabilities 25,778 23,848 Unrestricted net assets 1,228,762 1,081,885 Total liabilities and unrestricted net assets $ 1,254,540 $ 1,105,733

See accompanying notes.

Page 18 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION statements of activities

Year Ended December 31 (in thousands) 2013 2012 REVENUE Interest $ 6,387 $ 8,662 Dividends 7,156 6,548 Other income 120 673 13,663 15,883 Realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments: Net realized gains 33,238 42,412 Change in net unrealized gains 168,975 77,307 $ 202,213 $ 119,719 Total revenues and net realized and unrealized gains on investments 215,876 135,602

EXPENSES Grants 54,992 43,490 Management and general services 5,985 5,758 Investment management fees 4,080 3,964 Federal excise tax provision 3,800 2,666 Tax withheld 142 67 Total expenses 68,999 55,945

Change in unrestricted net assets 146,877 79,657 Unrestricted net assets, beginning of year 1,081,885 1,002,228 Unrestricted net assets, end of year $ 1,228,762 $ 1,081,885 See accompanying notes.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 19 statements of cash flows

Year Ended December 31 (in thousands) 2013 2012 OPERATING ACTIVITIES Change in unrestricted net assets $ 146,877 $ 79,657 Adjustments to reconcile change in unrestricted net assets to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 95 123 Accretion of bond discounts (230) (206) Net realized gains on investments (33,238) (42,412) Change in net unrealized gain on investments (168,975) (77,307) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivable from brokers 691 (1,453) Interest and dividends receivable 660 343 Other assets (427) (1,663) Prepaid federal excise taxes (828) 970 Payable to brokers (2,822) 2,883 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 72 266 Deferred federal excise taxes payable 3,379 1,546 Grants payable 1,346 (1,463) Net cash used in operating activities (53,400) (38,716)

INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchases of investments (370,964) (340,102) Proceeds on disposition of investments and return of capital 404,186 399,702 Acquisition of fixed assets (4) (56) Proceeds on disposition of fixed assets – 7 Net cash provided by investing activities 33,218 59,551 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (20,182) 20,835 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 54,209 33,374 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 34,027 $ 54,209

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE Taxes paid during the year $ 1,250 $ 150 See accompanying notes.

Page 20 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION notes to financial statements | December 31, 2013

1. ORGANIZATION Formation and Goals of the Foundation W. M. Keck established the W. M. Keck Foundation (the Foundation) as a charitable trust in 1954. In 1959, Mr. Keck changed the trust entity to a corporate entity by forming the W. M. Keck Foundation as a Delaware corporation and by transferring the trust’s assets, and eventually by bequeathing the residue of his estate, to the corporation. It is this Delaware corporation which exists today and continues to be known as the W. M. Keck Foundation. The Foundation’s goals are principally to identify and support university and college research and education programs in the areas of science, engineering and medicine. In addition, the Foundation gives some consideration to promoting liberal arts education and, in Southern California only, to supporting community services, health care, precollegiate education, and the arts. Operations are funded by the Foundation’s returns on its investment portfolio.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Grant Payments Made In accordance with accounting standards for not-for-profit entities, unconditional grant payments are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are approved. If these grants are to be paid over a period exceeding one year, they are recorded at the net present value of the future cash payments, using an applicable Treasury Bill rate. Grants that are conditioned upon a future and uncertain event are expensed when these conditions are met or expected to be met in the subsequent year. A conditional promise to give is considered unconditional if the possibility that the condition will not be met is remote.

Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are defined as liquid investments with remaining maturities of three months or less at time of purchase.

Investments Investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values and all investments in debt securities are measured at fair value in the statements of financial position. Fair value is established based on quoted prices from recognized securities exchanges.

Investments in private equity funds, commingled funds, and hedge funds are measured at fair value, using the net asset value as a practical expedient, which is based on net asset values reported by the fund managers. Pursuant to provisions of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2009-12, Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Assets Value per share (or its Equivalent), the Foundation believes that the net asset value of these investments as of December 2013 and 2012, approximates their fair value as of that date. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the estimated fair values for the aforementioned securities and interests may differ from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the investments existed, and the differences could be material.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 21 notes to financial statements (cont.)

Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on the trade date. Dividend income is recorded based upon the ex-dividend date. Interest income is recorded as earned on an accrual basis. Realized gains and losses are recorded upon disposition of securities based on the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are included in the statements of activities and represent the net change in fair value for investments held at the end of the year.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Foundation’s statements of financial position include but are not limited to the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. The Foundation considers the carrying amounts of these assets and liabilities in the statements of financial position to approximate the fair value of these financial instruments because of the relatively short period of time between origination of the instruments and their expected realization.

Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Foundation to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and investments. The investment portfolio is managed within the investment guidelines established by the Board of Directors.

Fixed Assets Fixed assets are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and are included in other assets in the statements of financial position. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset or the term of the related lease, whichever is shorter. The depreciable lives for leasehold improvements are ten years and for furniture and equipment are five years.

Fair Value Measurement The Foundation applies the principles of the accounting standard Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, Fair Value Measurements, for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements. This standard defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The standard clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Foundation establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 – Assets that have readily observable prices (quoted prices in active markets accessible at the measurement date for assets). The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs.

Level 2 – Assets that are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Financial assets and liabilities in this category generally include asset-backed securities, corporate bonds and loans, municipal bonds, forward contracts, future contracts, interest and credit swap agreements, options, and interest rate swaps.

Page 22 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION Level 3 – Assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures, and can only be calculated using estimates or risk-adjusted value ranges, when little or no market data is available. The inputs into the determination of fair value require management’s judgment or estimation of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities. The fair values are therefore determined using factors that involve considerable judgment and interpretations, including, but not limited to, private and public comparables, third-party appraisals, discounted cash flow models, and fund manager estimates. The fair value hierarchy gives lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of three valuation techniques noted in the tables below: (a) Market approach. Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. (b) Cost approach. Amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost). (c) Income approach. Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on market expectations (including present value techniques, option-pricing and excess earnings models).

The Foundation’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2013, were as follows (in thousands):

December 31, 2013 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Common and Preferred Stock $ 362,365 $ – $ – Corporate Bonds – 18,850 – Municipal Bonds – 3,799 – Government Bonds 5,452 580 – Foreign Investments 9,937 6,904 – Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities – 25,517 – Mutual Funds 327,228 – – Private Equity Funds – – 98,882 Commingled Funds – 143,548 – Hedge Funds – 211,804 – Total $ 704,982 $ 411,002 $ 98,882

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 23 notes to financial statements (cont.)

The Foundation’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2012, were as follows (in thousands):

December 31, 2012 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Common and Preferred Stock $ 274,481 $ – $ – Corporate Bonds – 65,624 – Municipal Bonds – 6,062 – Government Bonds 16,759 900 – Foreign Investments 10,849 11,254 – Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities – 29,708 – Bank Loans – 15,249 – Mutual Funds 187,498 – – Private Equity Funds – – 85,210 Commingled Funds – 183,095 – Hedge Funds – 158,956 – Total $ 489,587 $ 470,848 $ 85,210

The Foundation has classified its mutual funds, equity securities, preferred stock, and certain of its government bonds and foreign investments which have quoted prices in active markets as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. These securities are valued under the market approach using inputs observable in active markets for identical securities. The Foundation has classified certain of its government bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, foreign bonds, mortgage and asset-backed securities, bank loans, commingled funds and hedge funds as Level 2 investments. The fair value of these assets is valued under the market approach using inputs observable in active markets for similar assets. The Foundation has classified its private equity funds as Level 3 investments and measured these private equities at fair value, using the net asset value as a practical expedient, which is based on net asset values reported by the fund managers. The fair value of the underlying assets in private equity funds are valued under the income approach using discounted cash flows and other inputs not observable in active markets.

The table below sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31 2013 2012 Balance – beginning of year $ 85,210 $ 77,350 Additions 19,228 11,186 Distributions (26,620) (4,625) Change in fair value 21,064 1,299 Balance – end of year $ 98,882 $ 85,210

The cumulative unrealized gains in Level 3 assets held at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (as reported in the summary of changes in fair values above) were $21,064,000 and $1,299,000, respectively.

Page 24 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 3. INVESTMENTS The cost and fair value of investments are as follows (in thousands):

December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value Common and Preferred Stock $ 224,782 $ 362,365 $ 207,860 $ 274,481 Corporate Bonds 17,215 18,850 59,643 65,624 Municipal Bonds 3,269 3,799 4,707 6,062 Government Bonds 5,998 6,032 17,586 17,659 Foreign Investments 14,836 16,841 20,548 22,103 Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities 25,031 25,517 28,754 29,708 Bank Loans – – 14,979 15,249 Mutual Funds 310,253 327,228 204,017 187,498 Private Equity Funds 96,538 98,882 103,930 85,210 Commingled Funds 111,026 143,548 156,677 183,095 Hedge Funds 106,182 211,804 96,183 158,956 $ 915,130 $ 1,214,866 $ 914,884 $ 1,045,645

The change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments is reflected in the statements of activities and is summarized as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31 2013 2012 Net unrealized gains, beginning of year $ 130,761 $ 53,454 Add net unrealized gains (losses) on investments for the year 168,975 77,307 Net unrealized gains, end of year $ 299,736 $ 130,761

The Foundation has made total capital contributions (net of distributions/return of capital) of $313,747,000 and $356,790,000 to five private equity funds, three commingled funds and two hedge funds it holds as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The commingled funds can be redeemed on a monthly basis and are primarily invested in Level 1 equity securities in the international and emerging markets. The hedge funds can be redeemed on an annual basis and are primarily invested in Level 1 equity securities (U.S. and international) and some corporate bonds and various other Level 2 investments. The private equity funds are primarily invested in life sciences, biotechnology, and energy companies which are valued using Level 3 inputs and are subject to lock up provisions ranging from 0 to 7 years subject to certain further extension adjustments. The Foundation has a total future capital commitment related to four private equity funds of $20,324,000 and $33,015,000 as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 25 notes to financial statements (cont.)

4. TAXES The Foundation qualifies as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and, accordingly, is not subject to federal income taxes. However, the Foundation is classified under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) as a private foundation and, as such, is subject to a federal excise tax.

During 2013, the Foundation accrued a 1% excise tax on net investment income. Private foundations are required to distribute annually, in qualifying charitable distributions, an amount equal to approximately 5% of the average fair market value of the Foundation’s assets (the minimum distribution). If the Foundation does not distribute the required minimum distribution, a one-year grace period is granted to distribute the undistributed income. Under IRC §4942(a), if undistributed income is not distributed by the close of the following year, a minimum penalty of 30% of such undistributed income will apply. The Foundation’s annual distributions were in excess of the required minimum for 2013 and 2012, to avoid the 30% penalty. Although the Foundation does have cumulative undistributed income at December 31, 2013, based on the Foundation’s distribution history, the Foundation will be able to and intends to distribute the cumulative undistributed income from December 31, 2013, in 2014. Accordingly, the Foundation has not accrued a liability for the penalty on undistributed income.

The Foundation uses the liability method for accounting for excise taxes. The federal excise tax provision (benefit) consists of the following (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31 2013 2012 Current $ 421 $ 1,120 Deferred 3,379 1,546 $ 3,800 $ 2,666

Deferred federal excise taxes have been recorded at a tax rate of 2% of the unrealized appreciation in the fair value of investments in 2013 and 2012.

The Foundation completed an analysis of its tax positions, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ASC 740, Income Taxes, and determined that there are no uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken. The Foundation has recognized no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Foundation is subject to routine audits by the taxing jurisdictions; however, there are currently no audits in progress for any tax periods (tax years 2011 through 2013 remain open and subject to selection for such routine audits).

Page 26 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 5. GRANTS PAYABLE AND CONDITIONAL GRANT COMMITMENTS Grants payable and conditional grant commitments as of December 31, 2013, are as follows (in thousands):

Unconditional Conditional 2014 $ 16,822 $ – 2015–2018 – 35,481 2019 and thereafter – 97,500 $ 16,822 $ 132,981 Less present value discount – $ 16,822

Projected timetable and payment amounts shown above for conditional grants are estimated. Conditional grants will be recorded as an expense in the period when the conditions to the grant are met. These grants are conditioned upon other donors matching the amounts contributed by the Foundation, receipt of building permits and other regulations, and compliance with budget, timetable, and grant agreements’ requirements.

Conditional grants outstanding as of December 31, 2013, consist of the following (in thousands):

Grantee Date of Original Commitment Original Commitment Amount Outstanding* National Academy of Sciences 2002 $ 40,345 $ 5,481 University of Southern California 2011 150,000 127,500 $ 190,345 $ 132,981

* Only reflects the portion of the grant that remains conditional.

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 27 notes to financial statements (cont.)

6. LEASE COMMITMENTS The Foundation leases its main office space. Annual base rent is $435,000, which is payable through November 30, 2014. The term of the Foundation’s lease expires in 2019, unless the Foundation accelerates termination. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of December 31, 2013, the approximate future minimum scheduled lease obligation for the lease is as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31 2014 $ 444 2015 544 2016 544 2017 544 2018 544 Thereafter 498 $ 3,118

Total straight-line rental expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, was approximately $413,500 and $413,500, respectively. Deferred rent was approximately $670,000 and $692,000 at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

7. EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT PLAN The Foundation maintains a qualified 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan (the Plan) for eligible employees. Employees can contribute a percentage of their pretax compensation subject to IRS limitations. The Foundation matches 200% of the employee’s deferral, but not more than 6% of the employee’s compensation in total. The Foundation’s matching contributions to the Plan were approximately $252,000 and $242,000 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

8. RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS A director of the Foundation is a partner of a law firm and during 2012, an officer of the Foundation was a partner of the same law firm, that provided legal services to the Foundation. The Foundation incurred legal fees for services provided by the law firm totaling $239,000 and $450,000 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

9. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS The Foundation’s management has evaluated subsequent events through May 27, 2014, which is the date these financial statements were available to be issued. Management has determined that no material subsequent events have occurred during that period that would require the Foundation to either recognize the financial impact of such events in the accompanying financial statements or disclose any such events to ensure the financial statements are not misleading.

Page 28 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 2014 DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES W. M. KECK FOUNDATION DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES (as of 1/1/2014)

FOUNDING MEMBERS MEMBERS AND DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

W. M. Keck, Sr. James A. Baker, III Robert A. Day Chairman, 1954 – 1964 Peter K. Barker Chairman Dr. William R. Brody Howard B. Keck James A. Baker, III John E. Bryson Chairman, 1964 – 1995 Peter K. Barker Jerry Carlton * Dr. William R. Brody Naurice G. Cummings Dorothy W. Day John E. Bryson Willametta Keck Day Matt Day, Sr. * Jerry Carlton Dr. Benjamin Hager Matt Day, Jr. Matt Day, Sr. W. M. Keck, Jr. Robert A. Day * Joseph Deegan-Day Harold C. Morton Tammis A. Day Dr. James S. Economou Theodore J. Day Dr. Richard N. Foster OFFICERS Joseph Deegan-Day Lucinda Day Fournier Robert A. Day Dr. James S. Economou Bradford Freeman Chairman and Dr. Thomas E. Everhart * Maria Hummer-Tuttle Chief Executive Officer Brian A. Finch Howard B. Keck, Jr. Dr. Richard N. Foster Stephen M. Keck Matt Day, Sr. Lucinda Day Fournier W. M. Keck II Vice Chairman Bradford Freeman Kent Kresa Maria Hummer-Tuttle James R. Ukropina Sherry Lansing Brighton Keck* President Nelson Rising Charisse Keck* Dr. Edward C. Stone, Jr. Howard B. Keck, Jr. Erin A. Keck* James R. Ukropina Vice President Howard B. Keck, Jr. Stephen M. Keck AUDIT COMMITTEE Allison M. Keller Theodore J. Keck Peter K. Barker Vice President, Executive Director W. M. Keck II Chairman and Chief Financial Officer W. M. Keck III Kent Kresa Dr. Maria Pellegrini John E. Bryson Sherry Lansing Executive Director of Programs Jerry Carlton James Paul Lower Matt Day, Sr. Stephanie L. Garacochea Kerry K. Mott Theodore J. Day Corporate Secretary Nelson Rising Bradford Freeman Dr. Edward C. Stone, Jr. Maria Hummer-Tuttle James R. Ukropina Howard B. Keck, Jr. * Sean Vaughan Stephen M. Keck

*Member only W. M. Keck II Nelson Rising

Page 30 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION LEGAL AND GOVERNANCE GRANT COMMITTEES GRANT PROGRAMS COMMITTEE Medical Research Dr. Maria Pellegrini James R. Ukropina Dr. Richard N. Foster Executive Director of Programs Chairman Chairman Dr. Matesh Varma Jerry Carlton Peter K. Barker Senior Program Director Brian A. Finch Dr. William R. Brody James Paul Lower Dr. Dorothy Fleisher Matt Day, Sr. Program Director COMPENSATION COMMITTEE Robert A. Day Theodore J. Day Peter K. Barker Mercedes V. Talley Dr. James S. Economou Chairman Program Director Stephen M. Keck SENIOR SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR Matt Day, Sr. W. M. Keck III Robert A. Day Kent Kresa Dr. Thomas E. Everhart Dr. Edward C. Stone, Jr. Sherry Lansing LEGAL COUNSEL James R. Ukropina Science and Engineering Hanna and Morton LLP INVESTMENT COMMITTEE Los Angeles, California Dr. Edward C. Stone, Jr. Robert A. Day Chairman INDEPENDENT PUBLIC Chairman ACCOUNTANTS Dr. William R. Brody Ernst & Young Peter K. Barker John E. Bryson Los Angeles, California Jerry Carlton Matt Day, Sr. (Ex Officio) Matt Day, Sr. Robert A. Day PUBLIC RELATIONS Bradford Freeman Joseph Deegan-Day Longview Communications Inc. Stephen M. Keck Dr. James S. Economou Vancouver, BC James Paul Lower Dr. Richard N. Foster James R. Ukropina Howard B. Keck, Jr. Theodore J. Keck Kent Kresa

Southern California and Liberal Arts James R. Ukropina Chairman

Peter K. Barker John E. Bryson Jerry Carlton Matt Day, Sr. (Ex Officio) Robert A. Day Joseph Deegan-Day Lucinda Day Fournier Maria Hummer-Tuttle

W. M. KECK FOUNDATION | Page 31 THE W. M. KECK FOUNDATION 550 SOUTH HOPE STREET, SUITE 2500, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90071

TEL: 213.680.3833 www.wmkeck.org

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere thanks and appreciation to those who graciously gave their time to help tell these stories and who allowed their work and images to be used:

Judy Burton | Alliance College-Ready Public Schools Catherine Suitor | Alliance College-Ready Public Schools Esther Pratt | Washington State University Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay | Washington State University Dr. Susmita Bose | Washington State University Renée Power | University of San Francisco Dr. David Wolber | University of San Francisco Dr. Rafael Yuste | Columbia University Dr. Jonathan Owen | Columbia University Dr. Dirk Englund | Massachusetts Institute of Technology Printed on Recycled Paper Paper on Recycled Printed IMAGE CREDITS University of San Francisco

Large image: Jeremy Snyder Small image: Dr. David Wolber

Washington State University COLORGRAPHICS

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JEFFERIES

THE

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Page 32 | W. M. KECK FOUNDATION