Advancing Discovery Annual Report 2006 Vision A world in which all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite variety and richness of the Universe.

Mission We advance the frontiers of astronomy and share our discoveries to inspire the imagination of all.

Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 First light Keck I telescope: 1992 First light Keck II telescope: 1996

Headquarters location: Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA Management: California Association for Research in Astronomy Partner Institutions: California Institute of Technology (CIT) University of California (UC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) EIN: 95-3972799

Director: Taft E. Armandroff Number of Full Time Employees: 126 Number of Observing Astronomers FY2006: 1,504 Number of Refereed Articles 2006: 221 Total Number of Keck Science Articles Citation Count: 59,152

For more information contact: Debbie Goodwin, Director of Advancement W. M. Keck Observatory 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway Kamuela, Hawai’i 96743 808.885.7887 www.keckobservatory.org

Cover photo: The world’s largest and most revolutionary telescopes open to a dark sky perfect for observing the cosmos. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  Dr. Taft E. Armandroff Director W. M. Keck Observatory

Welcome to the W. M. Keck Observatory’s 2006 Annual Report. Having assumed leadership of this organization on July 1, I have en- “ joyed becoming acquainted with the team we have here at Keck and the important ambitions being accomplished. It is truly a privilege to work with the world’s best ensemble of scientists, technologists, and support personnel in astronomical research. In the pages that follow, you will meet some of the people of Keck and learn more about the enormously productive year that has just passed.

There is a great deal that sets the W. M. Keck Observatory apart from veys because they target the first stars that formed in the Uni- other observatories in advancing the frontiers of astronomical discov- verse after it cooled sufficiently from the Big Bang for gas clouds ery. With primary mirrors of 10 meters diameter, we have the two to condense. In these objects, the light will have traveled over largest fully steerable telescopes on Earth. Our premier site on Mauna approximately 95% of the lifetime of the Universe, 13 billion Kea, with a thin, dry, stable atmosphere overhead and almost no im- years, to reach us. Without the generous support of a private pact from light pollution, is an important advantage. Our excellent in- donor, this leading edge instrument would not have been pos- strumentation suite and our laser guide star adaptive optics system are sible. MOSFIRE is funded in an equal partnership with private other key advantages. The Keck Observatory was the first 8-10 meter philanthropy and the National Science Foundation. This unique class facility in the world currently providing this laser guide star adap- public-private partnership is a model for future initiatives. tive optics capability to observers. Keck Adaptive Optics delivers 10 times more resolving power than what could otherwise be achieved We have begun work on the design of a next-generation laser from the ground. The results are producing infrared images from the adaptive optics system which will occupy a premiere role in ground comparable – and often better – than those taken from space. astronomical discovery. This next-generation adaptive optics system will enable unprecedented observations of distant galax- Advanced instrumentation that will take full advantage of the light gath- ies, stars in formation, extrasolar planets, solar system objects, ering power of the Keck telescopes is a key strategic goal of the Obser- and types of objects that we do not even know about yet. vatory and a personal priority of mine. MOSFIRE, a new spectrometer in development, will provide multi-object spectroscopy in the near in- The leadership role that the Keck Observatory plays in astro- frared for 45 stars or galaxies simultaneously over a wide field of view. nomical research demands that we push the capabilities of these This is a new and enabling capability for the Keck community because great telescopes through the continued improvement of the in- we are currently doing such work one object at a time, sometimes frastructure, instrumentation and empowerment of our staff of using almost an entire night on a single distant galaxy. Perhaps most scientists, engineers and support personnel. We can only do exciting among the scientific applications of MOSFIRE are searches for this with the support of those who share our passion for discov- extremely distant galaxies. These searches are called “first light” sur- ery and who will continue to encourage us to excel. ”

The sunset shines its golden glow upon one of Keck’s domes. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  Contents

3 Letter from the Director

5 Governance

6 Science Community

6 People of Keck

9 Science Bibliography and Publications

17 Operations Highlights

Development Highlights 18 Awe inspiring beauty of Mauna Kea.

20 Research Highlights

21 The Public Dividend

25 Human Resources

25 Advancement

27 Financials

Waiting for their ride down the mountain, members of the Keck summit crew discuss the day’s accomplishments. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  Governance

The observatory is managed by the California Association for Research in Shrivinas Kulkarni, California Institute of Technology, Michael Bolte, Univer- Astronomy (CARA), a non-profit 501(c)( 3) corporation formed for the sity of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, Thomas Tombrello, Cali- purpose of conducting astronomical research. The corporation’s board of fornia Institute of Technology. In addition, NASA and the Keck Foundation directors includes representatives from the California Institute of Technol- each have liaisons to the board: Stephen Ridgway, NASA liaison, Julian von ogy (Caltech) and the University of California (UC). Representatives from Kalinowski, Keck Foundation liaison. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the W. M. Keck Foundation serve as liaisons to the Board. In this photo, seated left to right: Margarita Scheffel, Chief Financial Officer, Taft Armandroff, Observatory Director, Edward Stone, Board Chair, France In 2006 C. Judson King of the University of California retired as Chair after Cordova, Board Vice-Chair, Hilton Lewis, Deputy Director. Standing left 5 years of service on the Board. Founding Observatory Board member to right: Tom Soifer, Science Steering Committee Co-Chair, Ian McLean, Edward Stone of the California Institute of Technology succeeded King as Science Steering Committee Co-Chair, Shrivinas Kulkarni, Board member, Chair and Chancellor France A. Cordova from the University of California at Elaine Stamman, Board secretary, Alphonso Diaz, Board member, Thomas Riverside was appointed Vice Chair through June of 2009. The other mem- Tombrello, Board member, Michael Bolte, Board member. bers of the Board are Alphonso V. Diaz, University of California, Riverside,

The revolutionary twin Keck telescopes are the most powerful tools to study the Keck Milestones cosmos. The milestones below represent the Observatory’s commitment to being first and foremost in the rapidly evolving technical field of astronomical research.

September 12, 1985 Groundblessing, W.M. Keck Observatory - summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii May 25, 1988 Groundblessing, W.M. Keck Observatory headquarters - Kamuela, Hawaii November 24, 1990 First light, Keck 1 Telescope - 9 segments installed November 7, 1991 Dedication of Keck 1 Telescope and Keck 2 groundblessing April 14, 1992 First light, Keck 1 Telescope - 36 segments installed January 23, 1996 First light, Keck 2 Telescope - 24 segments installed May 8, 1996 Dedication of Keck 2 Telescope September 30, 1996 Gerald Smith retires as W.M. Keck Observatory Project Manager October 1, 1996 Dr. Frederic H. Chaffee assumes position as first Observatory Director February 5, 1999 First light - Adaptive optics instrument on Keck 2 telescope December 13, 2000 First light - Adaptive optics instrument on Keck 1 telescope January 12, 2001 Interferometer - Corrected Keck 2 wavefront reaches the basement March 13, 2001 Interferometer - First fringes with the Keck telescopes December 23, 2001 First laser guide star over Mauna Kea created with the Keck 2 sodium laser June 3, 2002 First light DEIMOS instrument (DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph) September 9, 2003 First light for the AO LGS system (Adaptive Optics Laser Guide Star) February 22, 2005 First light OSIRIS instrument (OH-Suppressing Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph) June 30, 2006 Dr. Frederic H. Chaffee retires as Observatory Director July 1, 2006 Dr. Taft Amandroff begins appointment as Observatory Director October 6, 2006 First light - NGWFC (Next Generation Wavefront Controller)

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  Science Community Observing time on the Keck telescopes is shared among its partner institu- The voice of the user community is the Science Steering Committee, com- tions, Caltech, UC, NASA, and the University of Hawai’i. In 2006, the prised of 12 astronomers, which meets regularly to develop and commu- Observatory also provided observing time to other astronomy communi- nicate the priorities and concerns of the Keck science community to Ob- ties: the Telescope System Instrumentation Program funded by the Na- servatory staff. The Co-chairs of the Science Steering Committee in 2006 tional Science Foundation, the were Tom Soifer, representing Caltech, and Ian McLean, representing UC. National Optical Astronomy Observatory, and the Gemini The annual Keck Science Meeting was held September 15, 2006, at the Observatory community. Beckman Center in Irvine, CA, and featured 25 talks, 35 poster presenta- Each observing community tions and 120 participants. Continuing a trend from 2005, results from the has its own Time Allocation laser guide star adaptive optics system on Keck II held a very high profile. Committee (TAC) that re- The breadth of science presented at the meeting ranged from discoveries views proposals semi-annually of binary asteroids in the Solar System to the results of searches for the first and assigns time based on the quasars at redshifts greater than 7. The first science results from OSIRIS, scientific merit of each pro- the integral-field spectrometer that works behind the adaptive optics sys- posal. tem, showed the tremendous potential of this capability.

Image of the Egg Nebulae (RAFGL2688) taken with the laser guide star adaptive optics system. The People of Keck Lynne Hillenbrand: Astronomy Professor, Caltech “Astronomy is one of the last ‘pure’ arenas of research. We study the skies not for their commercial value, not because we are ‘going there’ any time soon, not because of a desire to alter the future or the past - but for the simple pursuit of knowledge - to learn about the laws of nature and about our place in the vast universe.”

Lynne studied astronomy in college and graduate school. She first visited Keck Observatory while doing postdoctoral work at UC-Berkeley. “I first came, credulous, to Keck for a single night spent sitting in clouds at the summit,” she says. These days, Lynne and her students visit Keck Observatory, where they utilize the telescopes, instruments, and software infrastructure in their research. Lynne has been a professor of astronomy at Caltech since 2000.

Lynne works in the field of star and planet formation. She studies many different areas, including: the ways in which interstellar gas and dust turn into stars, the properties of young star clusters, single and binary stars, the process of planet formation, and stellar populations around which planets are likely already present.

The Keck telescopes are a show-piece for one of Hawai‘i’s precious resources – some of the best as- tronomical skies in the world. “The observatory has world-class equipment and uses world-class techniques, in a world-class setting,” says Lynne. Keck Observatory also provides an opportunity for Hawai‘i’s residents to participate in a developing technical industry for the Island. “The benefits of the science economy and of scientific literacy are widespread and can ‘trickle down’ from those directly associated with the Observatory all the way to schools and playgrounds.”

“Research is an intertwining of the questions that are interesting to ask and answer with the technology that is available to do so. At present, the new technology being developed at Keck Observatory keeps us at the forefront – so that astronomers working here can answer today’s questions and develop tomorrow’s.”

The People of Keck continued on next page.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  The People of Keck Peter Wizinowich: Optical Systems Manager Peter Wizinowich has always marveled at how much astronomers were able to learn just by looking at light. Peter studied physics and astronomy in college, and he worked for a time as the resident astronomer at the University of Toronto’s Southern Observatory in Chile and as an instrumentation technician at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in Hawai’i. “I eventually became more interested in building the instrumentation than doing the astronomy,” he recalls. Peter went back to school and earned a Ph.D. in Optical Sciences from the University of Arizona.

Peter has been at Keck Observatory for the last 15 years, where he has led the Observatory’s adaptive optics and interferometry efforts. These two technologies have revolutionized and will continue to revolutionize astronomy for years to come. By minimizing the effects of atmospheric turbulence and by greatly increasing the accuracy and resolution of the data produced by the two Keck telescopes, Peter’s team is helping to usher in a golden age of astronomy.

Peter and his team are now working on two new science modes for the Keck Interferometer. The Inter- ferometer utilizes light from the two Keck telescopes to obtain the angular resolution of an 85-meter telescope. The new science modes will dramatically increase the sensitivity of the interferomenter al- lowing for a wide variety of new and unique science. For example it will enable scientists to study the effects of general relativity as the force of the massive black hole at the center of our own galaxy (4 million solar masses in size) curves the space around it.

But Peter reminds us that his real work for the next ten years is on the Next Generation Adaptive Optics System: “We have only built the first generation of these adaptive optics systems and the technology and expertise is now available to build systems with much higher performance and new science capabilities. We need someone with the kind of vision that the Keck Foundation demonstrated to invest in the next generation of Keck adaptive optics -- in order to create the next generation of breakthrough science.”

Shui Hung Kwok: The People of Keck Senior Software Engineer The Software Engineering Group at Keck Observatory is among the largest teams in the orga- nization. Shui Hung Kwok is one of 11 software engineers on the staff, whose duties include support of daily operations, maintenance, and development of new tools.

Shui spends about a quarter of his time working on improving existing operations. The rest is devoted to working with a team of engineers on long-term projects to design new software which will be used by Observing Assistants and astronomers using the Keck telescopes.

Shui’s current big project is the Multifunctional Acquisition Guiding & Image Quality Moni- toring System (MAGIQ). Shui is working with a team of three other Software Engineers on this project: Jimmy Johnson, Richard Cohen, and Myrna Tsubota. Shui reports that the four team members converse at least once a day on their progress.

MAGIQ has two goals. The first is to reduce overhead time for operators: so the new software will be “smarter,” more automated, more intuitive, and will make it possible for the operator to do routine work in less time. The second goal is something entirely new: the MAGIQ software will measure the quality of the data being gathered. “Astronomers call this the quality of the seeing,” says Shui. “This includes the quality of the night sky, the disturbance due to turbulence, the transparency, and the stillness of the atmosphere.”

Shui was born in Hong Kong, grew up in Argentina, obtained a PhD. in computer science in Germany, is a citizen of Canada, and is currently living in Hawai‘i. This past summer, Shui attended the National Virtual Observatory Summer School at the Aspen Institute for Physics. This program is dedicated to promoting the advancement of science. He envisions an expanded education role for Keck Observatory. “Hawai‘i is located in the center of the Pacific Rim. Our location is ideal to bring nations together, in the forums of international scientific exchanges, seminars, and summer/winter schools. In this vision, Keck could play a leading role as a place where ideas are born.”

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  The People of Keck Richard Matsuda: Electronics Engineering Manager “When I was about ten, my family visited Hawai‘i Island and we went up to the sum- mit of Mauna Kea. It was cold, and I was out of breath! There was an observatory and I really wanted to see the inside. It was a big mystery what they did in there.”

Rich’s childhood trip stuck in his mind. When Keck Observatory offered him the chance in 1994 to return to Hawai‘i Island from his position at Boeing Aircraft, he seized the opportunity. Rich helped with the Keck II telescope construction, and in 2000 he became head of the electronics department.

Rich’s primary job is to provide leadership for several teams within the Electronics Group. His experience coaching high school basketball comes into play as he guides the group’s nineteen members working effectively and collaborating across departments to deliver on the Observatory’s broad objectives.

The Tactical Support Team handles the daily support of the telescope and is the first line of defense when it comes to telescope operational issues. The Summit Instrument Operations Team maintains, troubleshoots and improves the suite of telescope instruments. The Operations Engineering Team is responsible for the performance of the major telescope control subsystems, including looking at longer term engineering issues such as performance improvements and upgrades to obsolete systems. The Engineering aides provide the support infrastructure for the whole department. Documentation, parts and spares inventory, and repairs fall under their purview. And finally the High Angular Resolution Electronics Development Team contributes electronics and systems expertise to major development projects like the Keck Interferometer and the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System.

“Because our people are our greatest resource, a large part of my job is keeping all the electronics staff participating at the highest level possible. The can-do attitude of the people that make up the organization, combined with the relatively small size of the organization, al- lows us to have close personal ties which we turn into great teamwork.” Julien Woillez: The People of Keck Interferometry Scientist “I believe research and its product, knowledge, is of great value to humanity. I believe this is a feeling shared by many, even though it may sometimes be shared unconsciously.”

A telescope’s angular resolution is its ability to observe small details of an astrophysical object. The angular resolution is directly related to the diameter of the telescope. The larger the diameter -- the better the angular resolution. But building a very large telescope can be challenging. The Keck Inter- ferometer combines the light of both telescopes to create a tenfold increase in resolution.

The angular resolution achieved by the interferometer is related to the distance between the two telescopes, or the baseline. At W.M. Keck Observatory the baseline between the two Keck telescopes is 85 meters. Linked interferometrically, the two Keck Telescopes behave like an 85-meter diameter telescope.

At 29, Julien is among the youngest regular employees of Keck Observatory. He was born in Tahiti and spent his childhood there before moving to France where eventually he received his Master’s degree and PhD at the Observatoire de Paris. Julien likes working at Keck because he is able to test and implement innovative instrumental techniques. One innovative idea that Julien is exploring through his work at Keck is the ‘OHANA Project, a collaboration among telescopes on Mauna Kea to create an interferometric link using single-mode fibers between the telescopes. Julien is excited about the possibilities of linking the telescopes, but he cautions that an operational instrument is still years away. “A fiber link between the two Keck telescopes has been demonstrated. We are expecting to produce our first astrophysical results in an upcoming run. The combination of the Gemini-Canada France Hawai‘i Telescope (CFHT) baseline is under way, and some of the necessary equip- ment has just been installed at CFHT. Our goal is to demonstrate an interferometric combination between those two telescopes in late 2007-2008,” says Julien. A Subaru-Keck baseline is also in the works. The People of Keck continued on page 15. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 |  Keck Observatory Science Bibliography 2006

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W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 11 Laor, A.; Barth, A.; Ho, L.; Filippenko, A. Milutinovic, N.; Rigby, J.; Masiero, J.; et. al. Is the Broad-Line Region Clumped or Smooth? Constraints from the The Nature of Weak Mg II Absorbing Structures Ha Profile in NGC 4395, the Least Luminous Seyfert 1 Galaxy ApJ 641, 190 | 2006 April 10 ApJ 636 83 | 2006 January 1 Monnier, J. D.; Barry, R. K.; Traub, W. A.; et. al. Larkin, J.; Barczys, M.; Krabbe, A.; et. al. No Expanding Fireball: Resolving the Recurrent Nova RS Ophiuchi OSIRIS: A diffraction limited integral field spectrograph for Keck with Infrared Interferometry NewAR 50 362 | 2006 July ApJ 647 L127 | 2006 August 20 Larsen, S. S.; Origlia, L.; Brodie, J. P.; Gallagher, J. S. Moran, S.; Ellis, R.; Treu, T,; et. al. 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W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 12 Prochaska, J. X.; Chen, H.; Bloom, J. Sawicki, M.; Thompson, D. Dissecting the Circumstellar Environment of -Ray Burst Progenitors Keck Deep Fields. II. The Ultraviolet Galaxy Luminosity Function at ApJ 648 95 | 2006 September 1 z ~ 4, 3, and 2 Prochaska, J. X.; Bloom, J. S.; Chen, H.-W.; et. al. ApJ 642, 653 | 2006 May 10 The Galaxy Hosts and Large-Scale Environments of Short-Hard Schaller, E.; Brown, M.; Roe, H.; et. al. Gamma-Ray Bursts Dissipation of Titan’s south polar clouds ApJ 642, 989 | 2006 May 10 Icarus 184, 517 | 2006 October Prochter, G.; Prochaska, J.; Chen, H.; et. al. Schaller, E.; Brown, M.; Roe, H.; Bouchez, A. On the Incidence of Strong Mg II Absorbers along Gamma-Ray Burst A large cloud outburst at Titan’s south pole Sight Lines Icarus, 182, 224 | 2006 May ApJ 648 L93 | 2006 September 10 Schuler, S.; Hatzes, A.; King, J.; et. al. Prochter, G.; Prochaska, J.; Burles, S. Hyades Oxygen Abundances from the 6300 [O I] Line: The On the Incidence and Kinematics of Strong Mg II Absorbers Giant-Dwarf Oxygen Discrepancy Revisited ApJ 639 766 | 2006 March AJ 131, 1057 | 2006 February Rauscher, E.; Marcy, G. Shporer, A.; Mazeh, T. Ca II H and K Chromospheric Emission Lines in Late-K and M Dwarfs Long-term V-band monitoring of the bright stars of M33 at the PASP 118, 617 | 2006 April Wise Observatory Razoumov, Al.; Norman, M.; Prochaska, J.; Wolfe, A. MNRAS.370.1429 | 2006 August Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations of the Ionization Structure and Shuping, R. Y.; Kassis, M.; Morris, M.; et. al. Kinematics of Damped Lya Systemswith Self-consistent Radiative Transfer Silicate Emission Profiles from Low-Mass Protostellar Disks in the 2006 July 1 Orion Nebula: Evidence for Growth andThermal Processing of Grains Reddy, N.; Steidel, C.; Fadda, D.; et. al. 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The First High-Resolution Spectra of 1.3 L Subdwarfs Optical and Infrared Nondetection of the z = 10 Galaxy behind Abell 1835 AJ 131 1806 | 2006 March ApJ 636, 575 | 2006 January 10 Rettig, T.; Brittain, S.; Simon, T.; et. al. Sobeck, Jennifer S.; Ivans, Inese I.; Simmerer, Jennifer A.; et. al. Dust Stratification in Young Circumstellar Disks Manganese Abundances in Cluster and Field Stars ApJ 646 342 | 2006 July 20 AJ 131, 2949 | 2006 June Rhee, J.; Larkin, J. Sozzetti, A.; Torres, G.; Latham, D.; et. al. The First Spatially Resolved Mid-Infrared Spectra of NGC 1068 Obtained at A Keck HIRES Doppler Search for Planets Orbiting Metal-Poor Diffraction-limited Resolution with theKeck I Telescope Long Dwarfs. I. Testing Giant Planet Formation andMigration Scenarios Wavelength Spectrometer ApJ 649 428 | 2006 September 20 ApJ 640 625 | 2006 April 1 Sozzetti, A.; Udry, S.; Zucker, S.; et. al. Rice, E. L.; Prato, L.; McLean, I. S. 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C.; Smail, I.; et. al. The link between submillimetre galaxies and luminous ellipticals: near-infrared IFU spectroscopy of submillimetregalaxies MNRAS 371 465 | 2006 September W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 13 Tanner, A.; Figer, D.; Najarro, F.; et. al. Whalen, D. J.; Laurent-Muehleisen, S. A.; Moran, E. C.; Becker, R. H. High Spectral Resolution Observations of the Massive Stars in the Optical Properties of Radio-selected Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Galactic Center AJ 131, 1948 | 2006 April ApJ 641, 891 | 2006 April 20 Willmer, C. N. A.; Faber, S. M.; Koo, D. C.; et. al. Trentham, N.; Tully, R. B.; Mahdavi, A The Deep Evolutionary Exploratory Probe 2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Dwarf galaxies in the dynamically evolved NGC 1407 Group The Galaxy Luminosity Function to z~1 MNRAS 369 1375 | 2006 July ApJ 647,853 | 2006 August 20 van Dam, M. A.; Bouchez, A. H.; Le Mignant, D.; et. al. Willner, S. P.; Coil, A. L.; Goss, W. M.; et. al. The W. M. 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Publications

The measure of success in a research facility like Keck Observatory is the advancement of knowledge, which is ultimately gauged by breakthrough discov- eries that can cause paradigm shifts in the way we view the Universe and our place in it. The professional metric is the number of high quality scientific publications, typically enumerated as the number of refereed journal articles, and the citation rate of these articles, produced by data derived from observa- tions using the Keck telescopes.

As of December, 2006, 221 papers were pub- Citation Citation Citation Citation Citation Citation lished during the year reporting results of ob- # of articles Count Count Count Count Count Count servations made at the Observatory, making this as of Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Jul-06 the most scientifically productive year in Keck 12/2/2006* history. The cumulative citation statistics for all Year of the papers published since 1996 total 59,152, 1996 44 1817 2207 3529 4086 4890 5163 marking Keck Observatory as one of the most 1997 54 1656 2074 2665 3135 3758 3915 scientifically influential when compared to all 1998 91 2653 2967 5345 6184 8659 9291 other ground based observatories worldwide. 1999 120 2085 2629 4773 5735 8151 8822 2000 157 1324 2683 4366 5519 7038 7684 2001 157 1535 3008 4441 6672 7324 2002 168 1312 2646 4340 4892 *Citations collected by Peggi Kamisato 2003 195 2019 5366 6482 Counts compiled by Dennis Crabtree PhD. 2004 193 2664 3548 2005 199 2031 2006 221 Total 1561 Total Citations 59152

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 14 The People of Keck Cynthia Wilburn: Observing Assistant “I am a Keck Star Pilot – I take Astronomers wherever they want to go in the Universe.”

Cynthia Wilburn was born and raised in Hawai‘i, and she trained at the University of Hawai‘i as a Volcanologist. When she graduated, there were no positions open at the Hawai‘iVolcanoes National Park, and she applied for a job at Keck Observatory. “My experience with the scientific method, my computer skills, and my familiarity with Hawai‘i’s variable weather conditions were good preparation for my job here at Keck,” says Cynthia.

Cynthia works the “night shift” which can vary between 12 hours in the summer months to 14 hours around the winter solstice. She works five to six nights in a row, and then she has about a week off. There are nine Observing Assistants (OAs) at Keck, and one OA operates each telescope. The OA’s primary job is to help astronomers acquire their data. The OA’s knowledge of the telescopes and other facility systems helps them to inform the astronomers of the possibilities and the limits of the equipment that they may encounter in the night.

OAs or “Star Pilots” must be familiar with all the various instruments and subsystems on both the Keck I and Keck II telescopes. These include the Adaptive Optics and Laser Guide Star systems, the various spec- trometers, and the interferometer – which uses both telescopes. According to Cynthia, her biggest challenge is “the stupid mistakes you make due to lack of oxygen.” She spends a lot of time “double and triple checking her decision tree,” to ensure that she has not missed any steps and to ensure that the facility is kept safe.

Cynthia says she is thrilled to work at Keck Observatory. “I’m always learning something. Especially when we’re problem solving systems that are commonly steadfast, I get to work with experts in electronics, software, mechanical engineering, instrumentation, computers, optics, not to mention that the astronomers who perform research here are the cream of the crop.”

The People of Keck Bill Bates: Summit Day Operations Lead

“If we took a Keck telescope and pointed it at a cab in New York City, which is roughly 5,000 miles away, we could see both the left and right headlight of the car as distinct light sources. If we’re going to look at something that is 25 million light years away, that is the resolution we need to be operating at.”

Bill Bates has worked for Keck Observatory twice, first as an electrician from 1993-1999, and now as Summit Day Operations Lead from 2004 to today. Over the course of his years working on Mauna Kea, he has accumulated vast practical experience and on-the-job training to manage his crew safely and ef- ficiently.

As operations lead, Bill assists in the coordination of day-time tasks at the summit. The main goal of the day crew is to get the telescopes ready for that night’s observing -- 365 nights a year. The 25 members of the crew are divided into skill-type groups for mechanical, electronic, facility maintenance, optical, and instrument work. Their schedules are created a month in advance with the daily tasks allocated in half- hour increments. But even with all the planning, “there really is no ‘typical’ day at the summit,” says Bill. “We have to be flexible to allow manpower resources to be available where the work is most critical.”

Bill likes the adventure that is inherent in working at the summit with one of the world’s largest and most precision-engineered optical machines. “The job leaves little room for error: we work at the 14,000-foot altitude on very large machines. Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) is always a challenge, since there is 40% less oxygen at the summit than at sea level. The weather adds to the risk in the winter with wind, snow and ice; but the weather also adds to a different look to the same location, such that every day is unique.”

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 15 The People of Keck Sean Adkins: Instrument Program Manager Sean Adkins is a one-man band. His career began behind-the-scenes on Broadway, where he pioneered the use of computer-based lighting in the original production of “A Chorus Line.” Almost ten years later, Sean co-founded a company to develop new technology for motion pictures. In 1998 Sean sold his company to the IMAX Corporation, where he served as Vice President of Advanced Technology.

A downturn in the stock market prompted Sean to search for a new opportunity. He found a position at Keck Observatory and moved to Hawai‘i Island in late 2002. Sean is very clear that he did not move here for the beaches and the climate – it was the job at Keck that excited him. “I like multidisciplinary environments,” says Sean. Both the motion picture industry and astronomy combine the fields of opti- cal, mechanical, electronic, and software engineering. Sean holds 19 patents (issued or applied for) covering his inventions or co-inventions in optics, mechanics, and software.

Sean works with the Observatory’s scientific community to identify opportunities for new instrumenta- tion, and he oversees instrument funding and development projects with a variety of university, govern- ment, and private sector partners. Sean is proud of the Observatory’s accomplishments: in the past four years $11.35 million in grant funds have been awarded to support new technology projects.

Sean is currently working with the Lincoln Lab at M.I.T. to develop new detectors for use with Keck’s Adaptive Optics (AO) systems. His goal is to reach a point where the Keck Observatory detectors are so sensitive that the margins of error will be reduced to small fractions of wavelengths of light.”

“The two essential elements of the Observatory’s scientific leadership are the creativity and talent of the astronomers who observe here, and the Observatory’s ability to offer astronomers the newest technologies to perform their observations. We must create new technology to make advances in astronomy. The technology costs more because what we are trying to accomplish is hard - way harder than what we’ve done before.” Barbara “Miki” Brand: The People of Keck Payroll Coordinator

“The aloha spirit is second nature to me. Hawai‘i people know how to show their appreciation and acceptance of the connections between people and their environment. We do this by the way we live and relate to each other. Everything is connected – the people, the land, our spirits.”

Miki Brand has been at Keck Observatory for a little more than five years. For Miki, coming to work at Keck was like coming home. Miki was born in Hawi town in North Kohala and raised on ‘Oahu.When Miki’s mother was awarded a Hawaiian homes lease for pastoral land inWaimea about six years ago, Miki left the big city of Honolulu to care for her mother, who is in her 80’s. Miki and her mother now live on a fifteen-acre parcel on the plains at the base of Mauna Kea.

Prior to working at Keck Observatory, Miki worked as a payroll coordinator for over 20 years for Young Brothers Tug and Barge Company. Keck and Young Brothers use the same payroll process- ing system, so Miki was eminently qualified when a payroll position opened at Keck. “My timing was sweet,” she recalls. “Keck was looking for me at the same time I was looking for Keck.”

Miki enjoys working at Keck. She appreciates her co-workers, how well the facility is run, and the greater mission that Keck is fulfilling in her community and for the advancement of scientific understanding. Miki likes the fact that Keck employs high school students from the surrounding community. “These students graduate and go on to college. So Keck has served as an inspiration for students to reach out to the unknown and to new possibilities,” says Miki.

Miki believes that science is an economic opportunity for Hawai‘i. The science industry attracts people from around the world, and some of them stay and make Hawai‘i Island their home. These people support the Island’s economy and contribute knowledge to benefit the larger community.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 16 Operations Highlights Keck II, however, astronomers had to depend on bright “natural” stars to measure such distortion, and such stars are available in only about 1% of the sky. Images with four times the clarity of the best Hubble Space Telescope, the “gold standard” in modern astronomy, are now routinely achieved at Keck Observatory.

Early scientific results were extraordinary and at the winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society, which was attended by a record 3100 as- tronomers from all over the world, a special session was devoted entirely to Keck’s early LGS AO results. A standing-room only crowd packed the meeting room, journalists as well as scientists, to hear a panel, headed by David Le Mignant, describe the amazing scientific achievements of this still very young technology. Studies covered the range of modern astronomi- cal research from celestial objects in our own solar system to objects far beyond the Milky Way galaxy.

The great demand by our user community for access to LGS AO provided significant challenges to the Observatory since this technology is still under development and requires “hands on” attention by a large team of scien- tists, engineers and technicians to make it operate. However, recognizing the important opportunity for Keck in an area of research it has pioneered, the Observatory was able to satisfy much of that demand by scheduling 96 Keck summit technicians Mike Dahler, Mike Aina and Marvin Nakata (from top nights in 2006 for LGS-AO operations, an increase of 36 from 60 nights going clockwise) prepare for installation of a new instrument on Keck I telescope. provided in 2005. All activities at the Keck Observatory are guided by four broad strategic goals set by the Observatory and our user communities. These goals in- clude: 1) Highly efficient operations; 2) World leadership in high angular resolution astronomy; 3) World leadership in optical and near-infrared faint object spectroscopy, and 4) Achieving synergy with planned next genera- tion large telescopes.

The past year found the Observatory especially active in the field of high angular resolution astronomy—achieving the sharpest images of celestial targets ever produced, and planning ways to produce even sharper ones in the future.

Absolutely key to pursuing this strategic goal is the continued application of Keck Observatory’s leading adaptive optics technology and laser guide star adaptive optics systems (LGS AO). In 2005 the Keck II telescope became the first operational LGS AO facility on an 8-10 meter class telescope, pav- ing a new road for astronomical science by providing very high angular reso- lution (FWHMs of 50-60 mas with Strehls of 20-35% at K bands) over half the sky. This technology involves shining a laser mounted on the side of the telescope into the earth’s atmosphere, producing a star-like spot 60 miles above the telescope. The light from this “artificial star” is bright enough to use to measure the distortion of images caused by the earth’s atmosphere and then correct for it, producing a tenfold improvement in the quality of the images produced by the telescope. Prior to commissioning the laser on Summit support supervisor Bill Healy (left) and engineer Ray Nyberg (right) discuss operational issues with safety officer Steve Shimko (center). W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 17 Development Highlights Adaptive Optics Stomski, Erik Johansson, and Marcos van Dam, completed the design, test- ing and installation, and commissioning for the new system allowing Keck to Modern astronomy is always a delicate balance between exploiting and greatly reduce the lag between measuring the atmospheric turbulence and perfecting current capabilities and developing new ones for the future. In correcting for it on the deformable mirror. The NGWC system now runs a field that is highly technology-dependent, this is especially true, and no- as fast as 2.4 kHz (2,400 corrections per second), while the old system runs where more so than in adaptive optics. at 660 Hz (660 corrections per second).

So even as we were stretching the limits of current resources to make LGS A second important development activity is being undertaken jointly with AO operational, plans were being made to strengthen and widen capabili- colleagues at the Gemini Observatory—that of procuring a modern, solid ties that will keep Keck a world-leading research facility for years to come. state, “off the shelf” laser to install on Keck I and, ultimately, to replace the much more complex and maintenance-intensive dye laser on Keck II. Funded by the National Science Foundation and manufactured by Lock- heed Martin Coherent Technologies, the first of the new lasers will be delivered in late 2007.

Finally, looking farther into the future, during the year an extraordinary team of scientists in our broad community, headed by Franck Marchis (UC Berkeley), Claire Max (UC Santa Cruz) and Michael Liu (UH), put together a visionary proposal for “Next Generation Adaptive Optics” (NGAO) at the Keck Observatory. Their proposal addresses a wide range of exciting technological and scientific developments for the next decade that will help Keck achieve its strategic goal of continued world leadership in high angular resolution astronomy. The team to study the many technical challenges ahead is headed by Keck’s Peter Wizinowich and includes Rich Dekany (Caltech), Don Gavel (UC Santa Cruz) and Claire Max as project scien- tist. Not since the original construction of the Keck telescopes has the astronomy community been more united behind a strategic activity at the Observatory.

Interferometry

In January 2006 a team of scientists in partnership with the Keck Observato- ry successfully passed the first test in a project that will link the seven largest telescopes on Mauna Kea together to create a gigantic imaging instrument nearly one half mile in diameter. The “OHANA (Optical Hawai’ian Array for Nanoradian Astronomy) interferometer will provide ultra-high resolu- tion images of the near-infrared Universe, 80 times sharper than what is possible with a single 10-meter Keck telescope.

February brought a major disappointment to the Keck Observatory when NASA, after investing nearly $50M in interferometry at Keck over 8 years, cancelled its funding of the outrigger telescopes project. This project was The Keck II laser reaches high into the night sky to create an artificial star to to have added 4-6 smaller (1.8 m) telescopes to the Keck facility on Mauna help measure atmospheric turbulence. Kea, providing unprecedented resolution to study the Universe. This loss In 2003, the Observatory was awarded a $2M grant from the Keck Foun- leaves only the Very Large Telescope (VLT) operated by the European dation to improve the performance and robustness of the current adap- Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile with interferometric array capability tive optics systems at Keck. The Next Generation Wavefront Controller on a large scale. At least for the foreseeable future, no such capability will system was developed to replace 10-year old computers that were aging exist in the northern hemisphere, thus rendering a significant fraction of the with new computer hardware and real-time software provided by the Ital- ian company Microgate. In 2006, the upgrades project team, lead by Paul sky inaccessible to this unique technological capability. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 18 star can be interferometrically attenuated (nulled) to allow the faint glowing dust to be seen. Significant progress was made during the year, and 100:1 “nulls” were demonstrated.

In July, Keck Observatory received a $2.0M grant from the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) program to sig- nificantly improve the performance of the Keck-Keck interferometer sys- tem. This involves the addition of two major technical capabilities—called “dual star” and “differential astrometry” modes. These extremely challeng- ing upgrades will allow a whole new range of interferometric science to be undertaken, perhaps the most important of which will be the study of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way with unprecedented precision, providing a rare test of the theory of general relativity in the process.

Electronics technician Eric Appleby makes delicate adjustments to an optical ele- The Keck Observatory Archive ment of the Keck Interferometer. While not providing the enormous scientific potential that adding outrigger A pilot program, funded by NASA, to archive and release to the general telescopes would have, the use of the twin Keck telescopes as a two ele- astronomical community data from HIRES, our “planet-hunting” spectro- ment interferometer still provides a powerful tool for a certain restricted graph, came to fruition in July, 2006. On that date, the first HIRES data range of scientific problems. Among the most important of these is the from its new detector, which had been commissioned in 2004, was made detection of dust (“exo-zodiacal light”) around other stars as evidence of available to any astronomer in the world. The use of archival astronomical solar systems in formation. The Keck/JPL interferometry team has been data, often for studies completely unanticipated by its original users, has developing a technique known as “nulling” whereby the bright light from a proven a very effective way to get the most out of those data.

The view inside the Keck II dome.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 19 W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 19 Research Highlights in its outer regions, just like those in the Milky Way, contain many fewer The Youngest Galaxies in the Universe heavy elements than had been previously thought. This points strongly to a common origin of these two neighbors, born together perhaps as early as The identification, by Richard Ellis and his team from Caltech, of galax- 500 million years after the Big Bang. ies fully formed only 700 million years after the Big Bang—“newborns” in the 14 billion year history of the Universe, was an example of the frontier Planets Orbiting Other Stars: research for which Keck is world-renowned. These galaxies seem mature Two Hundred & Counting enough to suggest that they were born only 100,000 years after the Uni- verse began, at a time known as by astronomers the “dark ages.” This In July, the prolific planet-hunting team headed by UC Berkeley’s Geoff discovery earned astronomical research the cover story in Time Magazine Marcy, announced the discovery of 5 new planets orbiting stars within 200 on September 4, 2006. light years of the sun. This brings to 200 the number of such planets dis- covered since Marcy’s team began using Keck for their research just over a decade ago. Most interesting of all, the evidence continues to accumulate that there are many low mass planets—closer to the earth’s mass than to Jupiter’s (which is more than 300 times as massive as the earth) — still to be discovered in the years ahead, increasing the likelihood of finding planets that may harbor life.

At headquarters in Waimea, members of the research support staff are Keck astron- A false-color composite near-infrared image of Jupiter showing two storms, the omers Hien Tran, Jim Lyke, Grant Hill, and Greg Wirth (from left) with observing smaller one first identified by the Keck II telescope in 2006. support coordinator Barbara Schaefer.

The Andromeda Galaxy: the Milky Way’s “Twin?” The Solar System: Only 8 Planets Now Caltech’s Scott Chapman and his team, using the DEIMOS spectrograph in an especially innovative and efficient way, were able to study 10000 stars in One of the year’s astronomical events that most captured the public’s at- our “neighbor” galaxy, Andromeda (only 3 million light-years from the Milky tention was the “demotion” of Pluto from being the 9th planet in our solar Way) in detail never before achieved for so many stars in another galaxy. system to being just one of a new class of “dwarf planets” whose origin is As recently as 5 years ago, before DEIMOS was commissioned, obtaining thought to be very different from the “classical” planets we all learned about such data would have taken 100 nights of telescope time. Because of the in grade school. multi-object capability of DEIMOS, and of Chapman’s unique use of it, only 10 nights of Keck time were required to obtain this huge amount of data. A lower profile demotion also happened to “Eris,” an object larger than Pluto discovered in the outer solar system by Caltech’s Mike Brown, initially Chapman’s team discovered, much against the conventional wisdom, that known as “Xena,” and touted as the “10th planet.” During the year, Brown, Andromeda bears a strong resemblance to the Milky Way, in that the stars using Keck II’s adaptive optics system, discovered a moon, since named

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 20 Community Outreach

“Dysnomia,” orbiting Eris. Future observations of Dysnomia should allow In 2006, the Observatory hosted 23 events which were attended by more us to determine something about the density of its parent dwarf planet. than 53,000 people. A majority of this outreach (44,785) was made possible Thus the study of dwarf planets promises to be an active field of research through exhibits and displays at the AAS Winter Meeting; Astronomy Day for many years to come. at Prince Kuhio Mall; Science and Technology Day at the Hawai’i State Capi- tol, the Kohala Country Fair and the Waimea Christmas Twilight Parade. Other outreach activities included a Summit Open House, sponsorship of the Governor’s West Hawai’i Council Meeting; a Group Study Exchange The Public Dividend with Rotary Club of North Kohala and monthly West Hawai’i Astronomy Club meetings. The process of discovery is not complete until results can be shared with others. The Observatory’s outreach and education programs help increase The popular W. M. Keck Observatory Astronomy Lecture series hosted the understanding and appreciation of science and research in society. eleven events in 2006, which were attended by more than 820 people. In 2006 the Observatory began to broadcast select events on its Web site. In 2006, the Observatory authored and distributed 18 announcements to share a variety of exceptional discoveries. Total readership for all place- ments exceeded 70 million. Nearly half of the articles (43%) named Keck Observatory in the headline or used Keck materials in more than half of the article. Each news release is archived to the Observatory’s Web site, which receives more than 70,000 visits each year.

At a Keck Observatory lecture in 2006, Dr. Geoff Marcy inspires his audience with the latest findings from his research on extrasolar planets.

Science Documentaries:

As one of the most scientifically productive research facilities on Earth, the W. M. Keck Observatory remains of significant interest to documentary film crews. 2006 Film Projects included: Discovery Network’s “Great Inventions with Bill Nye”; Discovery Science’s “Exploring Time” with Dr. Alex Filippenko; National Geographic’s “Naked Science Series: Savage Planets” with Dr. Heidi Hammel; BBC “The Sky at Night” with Dr. Geoff Marcy. In addition, the Observatory earned a 2006 Telly Award for outstanding production of “The Kecks of Mauna Kea.”

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 21 Workforce Development

Observatory programs build career pathways for the next generation of scientists and engi- neers, while providing many indirect social ben- efits to the community. The Observatory’s High School Student Employment Program employs North Hawai’i high school students in almost all departments in the Observatory. Many students graduate from the program to continue their higher education in science and engineering.

The flagship “Hawai’i Island Akamai Observa- tory Internship Program,” funded by the Center for Adaptive Optics, annually provides an inten- sive, 8-week summer academic experience for up to 20 undergraduate students. The course prepares participants for careers in astronomy, engineering and science through inquiry-based activities and authentic workplace experiences.

The Observatory provided technical expertise and mentoring to many community programs including Big Island R.O.V. Underwater Com- petition, the Hawai’i’s BotBall Competition, Hawai’i Island Electric Car Competition, the Kahilu Summer Arts program, NASA’s “FIRST” Robotics League and West Hawai’i GEMS (Girls Exploring Math and Science).

Keck Observatory staff also took part as key organizers in the Hoku Project, a community program to bring education and awareness of Hawai’i island astronomy through the perform- ing and visual arts. The Hoku Project promoted a series of public events around astronomy and culminated with a benefit dance concert May 6 and 7 at Kahilu Theatre. Proceeds from the dance concert benefited the Hoku Scholarship, a new scholarship fund being managed by the Hawai’i Community Foundation that is open to undergraduate university and community college students interested in pursuing obser- vatory careers, with chosen majors in physics, astronomy, mathematics, engineering, technol- ogy, or computer sciences.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 22 Summit Operations lead Bill Bates (left) confers with engineer Dwight Chan as they stand in the complex structure of the mirror cell that supports the telescope mirror segments above their heads.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 23 Education The Observatory’s commitment to education helps teachers and students The annual Journey through the Universe program is an island-wide part- meet state and national academic standards in science. Each year, more nership with the Hawai’i Department of Education, University of Hawai’i than two dozen events take place with Observatory staff to reach youth and the Observatories at Mauna Kea. In its second year, Journey through the during critical times in their development. Field trips, mentorship programs, Universe reached more than 8,000 students in the classroom, provided cur- stargazing programs, family science nights and science fairs facilitated more riculum training to more than 100 teachers and hosted four Family Science than 654 students learning about new discoveries of the cosmos. Nights for about 2,500 people.

Akamai Program students at the summit. GEMS: Girls Exploring Math & Science

A young artist reviews her work.

Children make high-tech ice cream.

Dancers express themselves as aerial nebulae.

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 24 Human Resources Advancement The Observatory supported 126 full time employees in 2006, approximately The Keck Observatory has consistently been recognized for being first and 73 of which were involved in Observatory operations and 10 in administra- fast with new scientific capabilities in a rapidly changing technological field. tion. The remaining staff is assigned technology development projects in Beyond offering the largest primary mirrors of any telescopes on the planet, instrumentation, adaptive optics, and interferometry. Of the Observatory the Keck telescopes provide a complete suite of state-of-the-art observing staff, 60% have been hired from within the state of Hawai’i. instruments to collect and analyze astronomical data with unprecedented precision and power. The most recent technological breakthrough has been On July 1, after a year-long international search by the Board, Taft E. Arman- the laser guide star adaptive optics system. Next generation instruments droff was appointed to a 5-year term as Observatory Director. Armandroff to complement current technologies are in various stages of design and is a widely-recognized research astronomer in the fields of dwarf spheroidal construction and are eagerly anticipated by the Keck astronomy community. galaxies, globular clusters, and dark matter. Having served the National Collectively these new systems will provide much higher performance and Optical Astronomy Observatory for 19 years, most recently as its Associate capabilities to advance Keck’s world-class scientific research. Director and Director of the Gemini Science Center, Armandroff succeeds former Director Frederic H. Chaffee who completed two five-year terms. The Advancement office was launched July 1, 2005 to fulfill the ambitions of the Observatory’s strategic plan. Early activities involved developing marketing and communications materials, a case statement with funding priorities, and establishing an infrastructure and protocols for this new initia- tive. One of Advancement’s most successful programs was the Evenings with Astronomers signature lecture series, sponsored by the M. R. & Evelyn Hudson Foundation and the Four Seasons Resort Hualalai. The lecture series featured presentations by Fred Chaffee, Alex Filippenko, Shri Kulkarni, Andrea Ghez and Geoff Marcy, and introduced 214 Hawai’i Island residents to the scientific achievements of the Keck Observatory. Advancement also created a new logo for the Observatory, KeckWear merchandise, a Support Keck website, and launched a quarterly electronic magazine, Cosmic Mat- ters, to build awareness and support for astronomical research. At year end 2006, over 1,000 friends of the Observatory were members of the Cosmic Matters subscriber list.

In its first year, the Observatory’s advancement program raised $5.1 million Joining the exceptional staff of Keck Observatory in 2006 are new hires in from 39 individuals, corporations or private foundations. The largest gift technology and management (from left): Jimmy Johnson, Steve Shimko and came from Gordon and Betty Moore to match public funding sources from Kenny Grace. the National Science Foundation to build an infrared, multi-object spectro- Other key technical and management hires: graph, MOSFIRE, which will measure phenomena at the farthest reaches of Stephan (Steve) Shimko relocated from Maui to Hawai’i Island to serve as the Universe. the Observatory’s Safety, Heath and Environmental Affairs Officer, with 20 years of experience at Boeing and Rockwell International at AMOS (Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site).

Kenneth (Kenny) Grace is the Observatory’s Laser Optics Engineer, bringing to the position over 20 years of professional experience in the Laser Electro Optics Industry, most recently with the Gemini Observatory.

Hailing originally from Waterford, Ireland, James (Jimmy) Johnson became Keck’s newest senior software engineer. His professional career includes over 15 years of experience with Honeywell and Measurex in Ireland, Cali- fornia and Pennsylvania.

View from the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea shows clouds above the Hamakua coast and the summit of Haleakala, Maui in the distance. W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 25 The W. M. Keck Observatory expresses gratitude to the following benefactors for their generous contributions.

Anonymous C. Judson King Sarah Anderson Sandra Kurtzig and Carl Brunsting Patricia and Richard Bader Lauren Leichtman and Arthur Levine Nancy Candea Sharon and Joseph Levy Diana and Fred Chaffee Laura and David Monahan Donald Clark, Jr. Betty and Gordon Moore Ginny and Hal Cogger Jan and Frank Morgan Carol and Clive Davies Susan and James Mori Joan and Robert Dayton Milly and Machelle L. Morris Amy and Morton Friedkin Nancy and Charles Munger Gloria Garvey and C.M. Hannington Jeanne and Sanford Robertson Peggy and Peter Georgas Margarita Scheffel Deborah Goodwin Joan Morgan and Richard Schleicher Barbara and Richard Green Alison and Geoffry Rusack Valerie Kim and Gerald Weldon Janet and Dennis Shannon Conceicao Farias and Jerry King Leslie and Richard Wallis

Corporations, Foundations and Agencies

First Hawaiian Bank Kamuela Liquor Store Four Seasons Resort, Hualalai The Markkula Foundation Hawaii State Legislature Microsoft Corporation High Country Farms Rusack Vineyards M.R. and Evelyn Hudson Foundation James and Maura Shumacher Foundation

W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 26 Financials

The design and construction of the twin 10-meter telescopes was funded by a generous donation of $138 million made in the 1980’s and 1990’s by the W. M. Keck Foundation, a philanthropic organization established by William Myron Keck, the founder of Superior Oil Company. Groundbreaking for the first telescope occurred on September 12, 1985. Keck I began science observations in May 1993, Keck II in October 1996.

An agreement between Caltech and the University of California ensures operating support at the level of approximately $11.0 million annually (CPI adjusted annually) for the two telescopes through 2018. In 2006 NASA provided $2.2 million in operating support. In addition, new awards in 2006 from public grants and contracts totaled over $4.4 million through the National Science Foundation’s Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) and Tele- scope System Instrumentation (TSIP) programs and $1.3M from NASA. A total of $5.1 million in charitable donations from the private sector provided additional support.

Audited financials are available upon request.

Editor: Debbie Goodwin Featured Writers & Contributors: Naomi Ahuna Sarah Anderson Taft Armandroff Joan Campbell Fred Chaffee Linda Copman Debbie Goodwin Peggi Kamisato Laura Kinoshita Hilton Lewis Margarita Scheffel Elaine Stamman Featured Photographers: Sarah Anderson Kris Koenig Rick Peterson Julien Woillez Graphic Design & Production: WisdomSource Technologies Printing: Service Printers Hawaii, Inc. This publication will be available in PDF format on the Support Keck Web site at www.keckobservatory.org. Photo credits by page (T = top, B = bottom, L = left, R = right): Sarah Anderson: 4T 6B, 8, 15T, 16, 21, 24, 25T, back cover Imke de Pater: 20L Kris Koenig: cover, 19B Rick Peterson: 2, 3, 4B, 7, 8T, 15B, 17, 19T, 20R, 22, 23, 25B Julien Woillez: 18 W. M. Keck Observatory: 5, 6T W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2006 | 27 W. M. Keck Observatory staff enjoy evening conversation in the courtyard at headquarters in Waimea.