The Contribution of Apparitions to the Evidence for Survival 1

IAN STEVENSON 1

INTRODUCTION This paper is avowedly polemical. I shall review sympathetically the evidence that favors interpreting some veridical apparitions as providing evidence for survival after death and compare this in­ terpretation with those that account for them in terms of extrasen­ sory perception on the part of the percipient or percipients. I feel justified in attempting this because among parapsychologists gener­ ally in recent years, the Whig interpretation of apparitions has prevailed, and it is fitting to have the Tory position kept visible. I do not think that my bias, frankly stated, needs to prevent other persons from reaching different conclusions. For the most part I shall be using published reports of cases, which others can examine as easily as I can. And I shall be naming advocates of views opposed to mine so that readers who disagree with me can easily find expositions of the problem more congenial than this one. I shall not present a significant body of new data, although I shall allude to a recent analysis (conducted at the University of Virginia) of cases in Phantasms of the Living (Gurney, Myers, and Pod­ more, 1886) and also refer to some reports of apparitions related to cases of the reincarnation type. I must first discuss authenticity. The great majority of experi­ ences that might be regarded as apparitional are not veridical; they are nonveridical and often, although by no means always, psychopathological. Parapsychologists are only concerned with those that convey information not normally available to the percip­ ient. Of these, few receive the kind of thorough investigation essential for a judgment about authenticity. I estimate that in the

1 This paper is based on a contribution to a symposium on apparitions held at the Twenty-Third Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association. Reykjavik, Iceland, August 13-16, 1980.-Ed. 2 Thanks are due for the support of my research to the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Bernstein Brothers Foundation, and the John E. Fetzer Founda­ tion. Kathleen Furey and Emily Williams Cook contributed helpful assistance in the analysis of cases from Plwma:,ms of" 1he Living. Laura Dale and Emily Williams Cook made suggestions for the improvement of this paper.

The Journal of' !he American Society for Psychical Research Vol. 76, October 1982 343 Juurnw OJ rne American Society for Psychical Research The Contribution of Apparitions

OF VERIDICAL APPARITIONS publicat�ons of the So�iety for Psychical Research and the Amer i­ THE Two MAIN INTERPRETATIONS can Society for Psychical Research, including the two semiofficial r o egins with the work of Gurney The modern study of appa iti ns b books by founders of the SPR (Gurney et al., 1886 ; Myers, 1903), the senior e (1886). In this great work Gurney, n t more than_ 2,500 ases have been reported in the detail that J and his colleagu s � � o ons. He believed that o offered an interpretation f appariti thmk we reqmre forJUd ments about authenticity. This is a small auth r, r­ _ � er ent and agent, combined with infe elepathy between p cipi amount of material, and 1t may seem even less significant when we t e e sider. o all the details that w n ed to con e e e e s e r e e e o ence, best acc unts for �- men:ib r that th s case n a ly all cam to th att nti n of s ee earing clothes that the r e le, an apparition i s n w mvest1gators when the percipients or other persons concerned When fo xamp s o en w r , but in which the agent i perci�ient knows the agent ft � � _ learnt:d about the research and volunteered information about their these perceived clothes lothed at the time o f the appant10n, �xpen nces. Moreover, many of the cases were old when first not c On the o ther _e e ents in the percipient's mind. e e e r o s o e e o e e e must derive from lem mv sttgat d. And sinc app� i�i n f d ad p rs ns may b b tt r e of apparition l e x e­ e ly significant coincid nce � l? remembered than those of hvmg ones (H. Sidgwick and Commit­ hand, th statistical 1 agents (Broad, 1962; H. S1dgw ck riences with crises in the lives of tee, 1894) the cas�s that have been adequately investigated with ose s ome contribution . Committee 1894) obliges us to supp r gard to au�hentlc1ty may not be fully representative of all appari­ and o by the _e o l not necessarily m_e�n a c ntribution _ e e e e e e ore re e e s from them. (Thi's w u d . t1onal xp n nc s. On :h oth r hand, m c nt surv y of 1p1ents )Uld obtam t�e1r s e in Gurney' s view, the perc �<: properly sampled populations have not been accompanied by studies agents, inc , o r o psychical capacities.) A c ntnbu­ correct information by thei wn of the authenticity of individual reported cases. e le rly in det ils of e suggested even mor c a � e e o e o e o tion from the ag nts is . It can b said that, in gen ral, adv cat s f th tw main es which figure m the eir appearance o r of their circumstanc paranormal interpretations of apparitions draw on the same limited th l knowled e : . which the percipients had no norma � case matenal. So far as I can tell from examining the various apparition, but of e l e st. In one case, the percip­ e examples of such d tai s xi reports, the cases adduced as evidence for survival are cut from the Num rous e led in a e when his foot becam entang ient saw her brother drown d s�me c�oth as those adduced as evidence fore xtrasensory percep­ pp. 32-35); i� two other . ship's towline (E. M. Sidgwick, 1891-�2, tion (without d1scarnate agency) on the part of the percipient. This e rd, which e had . . e saw the agent with a � a � may t be q 1te corr ct Wt!h regard to collectively perceived cases the percipi nt e �? � _e l st seen him and of which th grown since the percipient had � appantions, �hich pr?v1de an important difficulty for persons who ey, 1888-8�, P· been c ompletely 1 �norant (Gurn P do n t favor mterpret1 g any of th e cases as affording evidence for percipient had A similar ? � and Committee, 1894, p. 379). r e e e l e o e l e e 412-415· H. Sidgwick e su vival. A� th sam tim , col ectiv appariti ns ar vu n rabl to e in Nig ria in 1978. Th ed in a case that I studi � � !he suggestion that other persons present with the primary percip­ detail fi�ur . e . ee e a pant10n of �ts young r brother percipient was startled to s th p ient (at the tim<: he or she sees the apparition) may pliantly on y a kmd o! towel dra�ed . , in his (the percipient's) room weanng _I endorse the perc1p1ent s report by saying that they also saw the er, m another c ty, . l e l ater learned that his br?th � o e e e e o e around his midd e; h e same_ thn1;g, or s m thing lik it, wh n th y did n t. (I shall r turn operation at about the ti?I undergone an emergency surgical to this p�mt l�ter.� In other respects, however, I think the partisans had such a towel-hke o l experience and had worn of both sides n this controversy are dealing with the same types of of the appariti na ! . e operation. . . cases, e P can dis or e s o o garment during th a1:d neith r gr?l! card the fav it case f its opp ­ telepathy between the bv1?g . e e eless, Gurney thought that n nts w1t out e plammg why 1t retains other cases that are no N v rth ll etails � � � e ely accounted for a the d agent and the percipient ad quat different m quahty from those it rejects. e l as for those ore e o the agent's side, as w ; i_n e l r s s se o seeming to com fr m l I think it ":'ill b helpfu to estrict my di cu sion to ca s f e e me the o ccasiona . . ed by the percipient. H xpl� ? visual appant10ns. Experiences of other sensory modalities have obviously add . e le, e of the agent s c ·is1s (for xa?1p . o delays between the tim ! much mterest, ut t�ey sually do not include enough detail to temp ral e es 1n th . � � e ence as due to imp dan� � e and the percipient's xperi , . perm1t a clear d nt1!icat10n of the agent; and this means that d ath) _ o e an arnved . � � which some imes onl� all w d es o e 1 r e er e percipient's mind, ! e qu_ t1�ns f v nd cahty ar ly ent into exp riences that are not o s ousness slowly. Gurn y on to work its way mto c n ci pnmanly or exclusively visual . communicati by supposing that e ely perceived apparitions e e r l re o s r accounted for coll ctiv I shall n xt m:nti?n th p incipa p vi u p otagonists in this e was known, com­ e to whom the ag nt e e es e s r r e e e er e o e primary percipi nt, . e d bat a?� d cnb 1_n umma y fo m th diff r nt int pr tati ns th l o other persons pres nt. e erience telepathical y t of appantional expenences that they have preferred. municated the xp 344 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research The Contribution of Apparitions 345

They thus developed hallucinations by contagion, so to speak, from ences apparently generated by the percipient alone without any the first percipient. obvious contribution from the agent made them regard the role of In the volumes that were mainly Gurney's work (Gurney et al., the agent as probably unimportant, even in those ca�es in �hich 1886), Myers contributed a separate "Note on a Suggested Mode of there seemed to be evidence that the agent had contnbuted infor­ Psychical Interaction" (Vol. 2, pp. 277-316) in which he called mation used by the percipient. Hart, on the other hand, believ�d attention to certain facts and cases for which he thought Gurney's that some apparitions could be best regarded as types of "ethenc theory could not adequately account. Myers seemed particularly objects" in which the surviving persclairvoyance, to Collectively perceived appantlons are less common than those have discovered the second will without our needing to suppose seen by a single percipient. The majority of apparitions occur to a any activity on the part of the deceased testator. According to percipient who is alone. Myers pointed out that "this fact accords Zorab, the appearance of the repentant farmer in the son's dreams well with our view that the subsidence of ordinary stimuli was only a dramatization of the son's clairvoyantly acquired infor­ facilitates the development of the telepathic impression" (Gurney mation. et al., 1886, Vol. 2, p. 278). When two or more persons are to­ A similar objection might be raised against attributing discarnate gether they are, more often than not, eating, talking, or participat­ agency in the case of the post-mortem apparition of the poet Dante. ing in some other joint activity that engages their attention. Myers After Dante's death his son saw his father beckoning to him and also mentioned that when two or more persons are present at the then guiding him to a place where Dante had hidden the final time an apparition is perceived, in two-thirds of such cases two or cantos of the Divine Comedy. According to Boccaccio's (1900) more persons perceive it. The later Census of Hallucinations (H. account of this case, Dante's son had no conscious awareness that Sidgwick and Committee, 1894) showed a somewhat lower, but still his father had written these last cantos, much less any knowledge significant proportion of collective cases.5 Among 283 cases of of where he had hidden them. Nevertheless, Dante's son did have a visual experiences in which the main percipient had a waking strong motive to acquire and publish as much of his father's work companion, the companion"shared the experience in 95 cases-that as possible. is, in about one-third of them. Using a somewhat more restricted The same objection might be raised against the Conley case definition of "being present,"6 Hart and his collaborators (1956) (Myers, 1892, pp. 200-205), in which the agent's daughter became found that among "46 cases of the present study in which more aware paranormally of money that her father (the agent) had hidden than one person was in a position to be a percipient, 26, or 56 per in his clothes, which had been discarded after his death. cent, were reported as collective" (p. 205). It is important to There are, however, other cases that seem less amenable to this appreciate how frequent collective apparitions are among all ap­ criticism because in them one cannot discern in the percipient a paritions; if we overlook this we shall be liable to underestimate motive for communication that seems as strong as the apparent their importance and the need to include them in any satisfactory motive of the agent (Myers, 1889-90, pp. 29-30; Perovsky­ theory.7 Petrovo-Solovovo, 1930). Gurney (1888-89, pp. 422-426) reported I have already mentioned that Gurney explained collective ap­ a case of this type. The agent was a man whose widow had just paritions as due to the primary percipient's imposing the experi­ died in the house where his apparition was seen. But the percipient ence by means of telepathy on the other persons present. Some was a lodger who had just moved into the house; she knew neither critics may say that the primary percipient may have induced the agent (who had died almost three years earlier) nor his widow quasi-hallucinatory experiences in bystanders by verbal statements (who died the day after the percipient arrived at the house). Thus in this case the agent was perceived long after his death by someone 4 Other post-mortem cases in which the percipients had no previous knowledge of who had never known him; his appearance at the time of his wife's the agents were reported by Gurney (1887) and Johnson (1896-97). 5 The data from Phantasms and the Census of Hallucinations are not completely death makes sense, however, if the agent is conceived as having independent. A few Phantasms cases were included in the Census figures. Never­ come to help his wife through the transition of death. On the other theless, I think it permissible to treat them as separate series of cases. _ hand, we cannot see what motive the percipient would have had for 6 Hart stipulated that, in addition to being awake, the compamon(s) must have constructing an apparitional experience concerning people she had been "so situated that they would have perceived the apparition if it had been a physically embodied person .. (Hart and collaborators, 1956, p. 20�). never even met and had barely heard about. This case, which 7 Apart from sources already cited in this paragraph, readers will find a useful combines the features of being both a post-mortem apparition and summary of many collective cases that had been investigated and published up to one in which the percipient had no connection with the agent, about 1931 in Hart and Haii (1932-33). 350 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research The Contribution of Apparitions 351

about his or her own experience; but the evidence strongly sug­ living persons with those of apparitions of deceased ones. They gests that, at least in many cases, the second or other percipients were able to show that in all of 23 features compared, no significant saw the apparition at the same time as the primary percipient and difference occurred between apparitions of the dead and appari­ before the primary percipient had said anything about the experi­ tions of the living. Particularlysignificant was the high frequencyin ence. both groups of the apparitions being seen by persons the agent had Gurney's theory of "telepathic infection" (to summarize it loved. No fewer than 78% of apparitions of the dead were per­ crudely) does not account for why persons who know each other ceived by a percipient to whom the agent had had strong emotional rather well (as the members of a collectively perceiving group ties, such as a husband, wife, or fiance; and among apparitions of usually do) are not reported to have experienced extrasensory the living the percentage of such appearances rose even higher, to perception together before the occasion of the apparition. Why, we 92%.9 may ask, do all these persons suddenly acquire telepathic powers? Hart also analyzed apparitions of the Ii ving with regard to (We may also properly ask the same question about the primary whether they could be viewed as being animated by a directing percipients, since in many cases they have never had any prior consciousness or only as mere automatons temporarily split off telepathic experiences.) The answer that the "force" of the from the principal self. Hart did not deny that some apparitions, paranormal communication affecting the primary percipients en­ such as those of Doppelgii.nger experiences, could be regarded as dows them with an extra power to communicate telepathically with marionette-like and lacking in purpose or consciousness. He was the persons around them seems to me inadequate. I think the facts able to show, however, that in 82% of the apparitions of the living are better understood if we attribute collective apparitions to an that he analyzed the agents had manifested some evidence of pur­ impulse from the agents. When they are in a physically dangerous pose: either they remembered, at least partly, the experience of condition-dying or likely to die-their motivation to communicate being seen as an apparition by someone else or (beforethe experi­ with others would be increased and thereby also their ability to do ence) they had been directing their attention to the percipient, so paranormally. Agents would then "reach" telepathically the sometimes with the idea of "going to" him or her. (Some agents members of a group according to the members' differing sen­ showed both types of evidence of purpose.)10 Hart concluded that sitivities. These features could explain why some members of a since apparitions of the living are phenomenologically similar to group perceive the apparition and others do not; it could also apparitions of the dead, and since they show, at least in most explain those rare cases (mentioned earlier) in which the person to cases, evidence of purposiveness, we should attribute similar qual- whom the agentappears to have come does not see the apparition, but another person, a mere bystander, does. 8 Collective apparitions pose yet another difficulty for the tele­ 9 Some defects in these figuresmay result from less adequate verificationof cases in which percipient and agent are acquaintances instead of friends. Percipients may pathic hypothesis. This is, as Tyrrell (1953) pointed out, that in hesitate to approach acquaintances for verification, although they would feel free to collective apparitions the several percipients seem to observe the ask friends or relatives. I do not think, however, that this difficulty can account for same apparitional figure "each appropriately according to his posi­ the marked preponderance of cases in which agent and percipient had some per­ tion and distance from the figure" (p. 72). The telepathic hypothe­ sonal relationship with each other, usually a strong attachment. The low proportion sis must account not only for multiple perception in collective of "stranger" and "acquaintance" cases is not changed if we consider only cases with coincidence between the agent's death and percipient's experience; it is easier cases, but also for a correlation between the different observers' to verify a death than many other less serious events. Gibson (1944, p. 86) found perceptions of the apparition. that among 313 cases of death coincidence (in the Phantasms collection) there was evidence of emotional attachment between percipient and agent in 85%. 10 For an example of an experimental apparition of a living person of which the Similarities between Apparitions of the agent afterwardpreserved a memory, see the account of Ossowiecki's experiment in Living and Apparitions of the Dead Borzymowski (1965). The Wilmot case (E. M. Sidgwick, 1891-92, pp. 41-46) is an example of an apparition of a living person in which the agent herself preserved a Hart and his collaborators (1956) made a notable advance in the distinct memory of perceiving her husband (in a ship at sea) at the time he had his study of apparitions by comparing the features of apparitions of experience of seeing her. The case is thus a reciprocal one. It is also collective since the percipient's cabin-mate (who was awake) perceived the agent at the same time as her husband (in a dream) did. Hart and Hart (1932-33) summarized reports of 13 8 For examples of bystander cases, see Gurney et al. ( 1886, Vol. 2, pp. 61, cases in which a living agent had made a deliberate attempt to manifest paranor­ 162-164, 256) and Rhine (1957a, p. 39). mally to a percipient. 352 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research The Contribution of Apparitions 353 ities, particularly consciousness and purposiveness, to the agents in (and often initiative) in the combined experience, we cannot easily at least some apparitions of the dead. But this did not commit Hart deny the possibility of a similar role in at least some cases in which to denying the role of the percipient in modifying the experience, the agent has died. and to allow for this he proposed the concept of the persona, which he regarded as a blended product of the activity of the surviving Quasi-physical Features of Apparitions personality (the agent) and the living percipient's idea of that per­ sonality, which would be derived mostly from the percipient's The features of apparitions that do not conform to the usual memories of the agent when the agent had been alive (Hart, 1958b, behavior of physical objects are well known: they may appear and 1959). (Hart's persona theory is a conceptual descendant of Myers' disappear without "coming and going" like ordinary persons or "phantasmogenetic efficacy.") objects; they may pass through solid walls and closed, locked doors; and they may move about by gliding instead of walking. Yet apparitions (or at least some of them) also behave in certain re­ Reciprocal Apparitions spects like ordinary persons and objects. Here I am not thinking of The term reciprocal apparltwns is sometimes used for those their opacity, since this might be a feature of a telepathically experiences in which the apparition is that of a living person who induced hallucination. But other quasi-physical features of appari­ afterward remembers seeing the percipient at the place where the tions are not so easy to explain on a telepathic hypothesis. For latter saw the apparition. 11 Such cases present for the telepathy example, apparitions may be reflected in mirrors. Even more im­ hypothesis one of the difficulties posed for it by collective appari­ portant is their frequent adaptive reaction to the physical situation tions; we may indeed consider them a type of collective apparition, in which they occur and to the people present; they may approach although one in which the physical bodies of the two percipients or recede from persons present and walk around physical obstruc­ are located in different places. We could attribute reciprocal cases tions. They may themselves sometimes be walked around, a fea­ solely to activity on the part of the percipients of the apparition. ture that implies a certain stability in the apparition as well as in its But this means that we must suppose that these first percipients localization in relation to space-occupying objects. They may also somehow stimulated the agents-the persons seen at a distance gesture to draw the percipient's attention to, say, the site of a from their physical bodies-so that they also seemed to become wound on the agent's body. 12 And finally, as mentioned earlier, in percipients. We then must either credit the agents with also having collective experiences they are seen from different positions with paranormal experiences or say that they were deluded about having perceptions corresponding to the different locations of the per­ these. A delusion seems excluded in those cases in which the cipients. These features suggest to me, rather strongly I must say, agent recalls details of the place where the apparition was seen, that some directing per:sonality animates the perceived apparition. such as the furniture of the room or unusual clothes worn by The comparison sometimes made between apparitional figures and persons present. (It is understood here that the agent could not the images on a moving picture or television screen seems to break have learned such details normally or inferred them.) If we admit down when we consider these features. We know that the figures evidence of paranormal processes in the experience of the agent represented on such a screen are not "really there" where they and yet insist on attributing the combined experience to the first seem to be, and it may seem easy to say that apparitional figures percipient, we have to account for the agent's suddenly developing are also not where they seem to be. And yet images on a screen do paranormal powers (on a telepathic signal from the percipient) just not adapt to their viewers, whereas apparitional figuressometimes at the· time when the percipient sees the apparition. The agent often do. has a strong desire or intention to "go to" the percipient at the time of the apparition; if we accept the living agent's claim to activity Apparitions in Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation In a large number of cases of the reincarnation type, the inform­ 11 Experimental apparitions-at least those known to me-are reciprocal. In ants report that a member of the subject's family (usually the addition, reciprocal cases may occur in which the agent has not consciously in­ tended to appear to the percipient. The Wilmot case is an example; for other examples, see Gurney et al. (1886, Vol. 2, pp. 162-164) and Funk (1907, pp. 12 For an example of an apparition that drew the percipient' s attention to a wound 179-184). on the agent's body, see Gurney (1888-89, pp. 412-415). .)J"t .1uunw1 01 me 1-1.mencan :>oc1etyJor .rsyctllcal K.esearch The Contribution of Apparitions 355 mother) dreamed (before or during the mother's pregnancy with the tions of the dying and those of the living. They are, subject) about the person whose life the subject later claimed to phenomenologically, appearances of dead persons to living ones remember. Cases with this feature occur particularly often in that are remembered later by subjects who recall verifiable details Turkey, Burma, and among_ the Tlingit and other tribes of north­ of the lives of these dead persons. A satisfactory number of such west North America (Stevenson, 1966, 1980, in press). The oc­ cases-I shall not attempt to say what that number should be­ currence of such "announcing dreams" 13 prepares the family con­ would surely provide additional evidence supporting a belief that cerned to believe that the child born later is the reincarnation of the apparitions of the dead are animated by purposeful personalities deceased person appearing in the dream; and this naturally makes who have survived physical death. it more difficult to give a paranormal explanation to the statements and recognitions related to the previous life that informants have CONCLUDING REMARKS attributed to the child. Yet I do not think that such a dream necessarily vitiates all the evidence of remembering the deceased I shall have succeeded in my task for this paper if I have shown person's life that the subject may later present. If I say that I think the merits of the data and the types of cases that offersupport for some of these children provide evidence of a kind that we cannot interpreting at least some apparitions as providing evidence for readily explain by supposing the parents have imposed on the child survival after death. It happens that the cases tending to support the role of the deceased person who appeared in a dream, I wish the survival hypothesis-such as collective apparitions, post­ thereby to refer readers to detailed case reports in which alone they mortem apparitions with evidence of purpose, and reciprocal can find the data that would justify my assertion (Stevenson, cases-all occur less often than the simpler types of case that lend 1974b, 1980, in press). themselves more easily to the interpretation of telepathy between In Burma and Thailand, the subjects often say that they re­ living persons. These exceptional cases are, nevertheless, suffi­ member experiences occurring between the time of death in the ciently numerous and (some of them) sufficiently well authenti­ previous life and birth in the present life. They also sometimes cated so that the proponent of the telepathic hypothesis of appari­ claim to remember "sending" an announcing dream to the parents tions is obliged either to ignore them altogether or to account for to whom they wish to be reborn. And on rare occasions, they claim them by what appear to me to be improbable secondary explanations. to remember having manifested, while discamate, as an apparition Parapsychologists, like other scientists, prefer to work with a perceived by the subject's mother. In three cases in Thailand and small number of categories, and they have a tendency to search for Burma (Stevenson, in press), the subject claimed to remember a single explanation that will account for all cases of a particular appearing, while discarnate, to the woman of whom he was to be­ type. It seems to me safer, and heuristically more valuable, to come the child. In two of these cases the appearance occurred preserve two or more categories for cases that otherwise resemble while the percipient was awake; in the third it occurred when she each other. Some poltergeists may derive fromliving agents, others was asleep and dreaming. I could obtain independent corroboration from deceased ones (Stevenson, 1972). Similarly, some apparitional for the occurrence of only one of these manifestations, but the experiences seem to be exclusively the work of percipients, other two subjects said that when they were young children their whereas others may arise (at least partly) from the activity of mothers had confirmed having had the apparition (or dream) expe­ deceased or dying persons who may be regarded as in some sense rience the subjects remembered. In these cases, therefore, we have "present" where they are seen. My view of these cases allows us claims of living persons to have remembered appearing in dreams also to conceive of a range of intermediate types in which agent or as waking apparitions to their mothers in the form of the de­ and percipient may contribute different proportions to the per­ ceased persons whose lives they remembered. These few cases cipient' s experience. need support fromadditional examples of the type, and I think that we can find these. 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