OPPI-D&I-Booklet
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Solving the Equation
SOLVING THE EQUATION The Variables for Women’s Success in Engineering and Computing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To download a free copy of the full report, Solving the Equation: The Variables for Women’s Success in Engineering and Computing, go to www.aauw.org/what-we-do/research. More than ever before in history, girls are studying and excelling in science and mathematics. Yet the dramatic increase in girls’ educational achieve- ments in scientific and mathematical subjects has not been matched by similar increases in the representation of women working as engineers and computing professionals. Women made up just 26 percent of computing professionals in 2013, a substantially smaller portion than 25 years ago and about the same percentage as in 1960. In engineering, women are even less well represented, making up just 12 percent of working engineers in 2013. The representation of women in engineering and computing occupations matters. Diversity in the workforce contributes to creativity, productivity, and innovation. Women’s experiences—along with men’s experiences— should inform and guide the direction of engineering and technical innova- tion. We simply can’t afford to ignore the perspectives of half the population in future engineering and technical designs. Advocates have long extolled the importance of advancing girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). WOMEN IN SELECTED STEM OCCUPATIONS, 1960–2013 60 53% 50 46% 44% 42% 39% 40 35% 35% 34% 33% 32% 28% 30 26% 27% 26% 30% 27% 20% 26% 20 20% Percentage of women of Percentage 12% 11% 11% 12% 9% 10 8% 5% 1% 2% 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013 Engineers Chemists and Computer and mathematical Biological scientists material scientists occupations Sources: AAUW analysis of data from U.S. -
Education and Employment of Women in Science, Technology and the Digital Economy, Including AI and Its Influence on Gender Equality
STUDY Requested by the FEMM committee Education and employment of women in science, technology and the digital economy, including AI and its influence on gender equality Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate-General for Internal Policies PE 651.042- April 2020 EN Education and employment of women in science, technology and the digital economy, including AI and its influence on gender equality Abstract This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee, provides evidence that there is still gender bias and inequality in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) fields and the digital sector (e.g., digital technologies, Computer Science, Information Technology, Information and Communication Technology, Artificial Intelligence, cybersecurity). This document, prepared at the request of the FEMM Committee (Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Directorate-General for Internal Policies), is intended to provide an up-to-date literature review on the current status of women’s education and employment in STEM fields and the digital sector. In so doing, the corresponding trajectories are examined, from the primary education level up to the employment level, in an attempt to identify obstacles and bottlenecks that prevent gender parity. Finally, suggestions for future research, initiatives and policies that would improve women’s participation in these areas are made. This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Zacharias C. Zacharia, Research in Science and Technology Education Group, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Cyprus Dr. -
WOMEN in TECH: the FACTS 2016 UPDATE // See What’S Changed and What Hasn’T
WOMEN IN TECH: THE FACTS 2016 UPDATE // See what’s changed and what hasn’t. Catherine Ashcraft, Brad McLain, and Elizabeth Eger PRODUCED IN PARTNERSHIP WITH NCWIT’S WORKFORCE ALLIANCE The authors also thank Tim Faiella and Adriane Bradberry for their significant contributions to this report. Find Out How Your Company Might Be Missing Out On Highly Qualified Candidates Key Contributions to Innovation Increased Productivity & Profit FOR AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, SEE THE WOMEN IN TECH INFOGRAPHIC AT NCWIT.ORG/THEFACTS. WOMEN IN TECH: THE FACTS ABOUT THIS REPORT In 2015, women held 57% of all professional occupations, yet they held only 25% of all computing occupations. And the numbers are even lower when considering women of color; for example, Latinas and Black women hold only 1% and 3% of these jobs, respectively. Furthermore, even fewer women are found in software development, technology leadership, or the other kinds of key roles that have a significant influence on future innovation. Consider that 88% of all information technology patents (from 1980–2010) are invented by male-only invention teams while only 2% are invented by female-only invention teams. These and other statistics imply that the technology the world uses today is being created by a relatively homogeneous group of people. Such patterns are especially troubling given ample evidence of the critical benefits diversity brings to innovation, problem-solving, and creativity. Indeed, a solid body of research in computing and in other fields documents the enhanced performance outcomes and benefits brought about by diverse work teams. At the same time, additional research included in this report and elsewhere documents that these patterns can not be chalked up to the results of individual interests or “choices.” This research clearly demonstrates that a variety of cultural factors and implicit biases prevent all of us from recognizing highly qualified talent even when it is right in front of our eyes. -
Diversity in Engineering: Tinkering, Tailoring, Transforming
Jane Grimson and Caroline Roughneen - 1 Chapter 10 ____________________ Diversity in Engineering: tinkering, tailoring, transforming Jane Grimson & Caroline Roughneen Abstract: Diversity is essential for creativity and innovation, which are at the heart of engineering. Thus engineering can benefit from the richness and varied perspectives and expertise which individuals from different ethnicity, culture and gender can bring to problem-solving. Furthermore promoting diversity in the workforce provides greater access to talent by increasing the pool of qualified and skilled professionals. This chapter focuses on gender diversity as an area which has received considerable attention for many years from both the research community and policy makers. Researchers seek to explore the reasons for the continued under- representation of women in engineering in spite of numerous policies, initiatives and interventions. The subject will be explored through the role of female engineers in academia as it is the education sector which has the most critical influence on recruitment and retention, not just in academia itself but in the public and private sector generally. Using the “tinkering, tailoring, transforming” model developed by Rees (1995), the chapter will explore the history of women in engineering, highlighting those interventions which appear to be having the greatest positive impact. In spite of the dearth of rigorous evaluation in terms of sustainability and scaleability, there is a growing body of evidence pointing to best practice in this area. This indicates that a significant shift in attitudes and culture is required in order to reach the critical mass of 30% when the process becomes embedded and sustainable. Keywords: diversity in engineering, women in engineering Introduction Engineering is concerned with the application of scientific and mathematical principles towards practical ends.