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Kuruman Wind Energy Facility Phase 2 Near Kuruman, Kuruman District, Northern Cape

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Kuruman Wind Energy Facility Phase 2 Near Kuruman, Kuruman District, Northern Cape 1 Palaeontological heritage: input for combined desktop and field-based EIA Assessment KURUMAN WIND ENERGY FACILITY PHASE 2 NEAR KURUMAN, KURUMAN DISTRICT, NORTHERN CAPE John E. Almond (PhD, Cantab.) Natura Viva cc PO Box 12410 Mill Street CAPE TOWN 8010, RSA July 2018 CONCLUSIONS / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project area for the Kuruman Wind Energy Facility Phase 2, situated in the hilly Kurumanberge region of the Northern Cape, is largely underlain by sedimentary bedrocks of Precambrian (Late Archaean – Early Proterozoic) age assigned to the Ghaap Group (Transvaal Supergroup). These sediments were laid down in shallow inshore to deep offshore marine settings on the margins of the ancient Kaapvaal Craton some 2.5 to 2.4 Ga (= billion years ago). Carbonate sediments (limestones, dolomites) of the Campbell Rand Subgroup crop out at several points along the eastern edge of the Kurumanberge but outside the Phase 2 project area (Small areas outlined in blue in Fig. 22). They are of high palaeobiological significance because they show several unusual and interesting geological and palaeontological features of early Precambrian platform carbonates, including a range of stromatolites (fossil microbial mounds). These fossiliferous carbonates will not be directly impacted by the proposed Phase 2 WEF development. The great majority of the WEF footprint overlies Proterozoic banded iron formation (BIF) of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup (Kuruman and Daniëlskuil Formations). These interlaminated basinal cherts and iron ores may contain microfossils, but no evidence of body fossils, trace fossils or bio- sedimentary structures such as stromatolites has ever been recorded within these units, so their palaeosensitivity is rated as low. The largely unconsolidated superficial sediments that mantle the Precambrian bedrocks in the WEF project area include widespread cherty surface gravels and scree, gravelly to sandy alluvium and soils (e.g. on the floor of the central valley within the Kurumanberge as well as lining drainage courses) and ferricrete. In addition, carbonate-cemented breccias, calcrete and calc-tufa or flowstone overlie the Campbell Rand outcrop outside the project footprint. These Late Caenozoic sediments are generally of low palaeontological sensitivity and no fossils were recorded within them during the present field study. Given the low overall low palaeosensitivity of the proposed footprint, it is concluded that in terms of palaeontological heritage resources the impact significance of the Kuruman WEF Phase 2 is low (negative), both before and after mitigation. This assessment applies to the construction phase and to all relevant components of the WEF infrastructure (e.g. wind turbines, internal and external access roads, underground cabling, on-site substation and construction yards). Significant impacts during the operational and de-commissioning phases are not anticipated. None of the fossil sites identified in the broader Kuruman WEF project area fall inside the Phase 2 development footprint and no specialist palaeontological mitigation is therefore proposed here. Small stromatolite-rich outcrop areas of Campbell Rand carbonates just outside and to the east of the WEF project area John E. Almond (2018) Natura Viva cc, Cape Town 2 (areas outlined in blue in satellite image Figure 22) should be protected from any disturbance or development. Should substantial fossil remains be encountered at surface or exposed during construction, the ECO should safeguard these, preferably in situ. They should then alert the South African Heritage Resources Agency as soon as possible (Contact details: SAHRA, 111 Harrington Street, Cape Town. PO Box 4637, Cape Town 8000, South Africa. Phone : +27 (0)21 462 4502. Fax: +27 (0)21 462 4509. Web: www.sahra.org.za). This is to ensure that appropriate action (i.e. recording, sampling or collection of fossils, recording of relevant geological data) can be taken by a professional palaeontologist at the proponent’s expense. A procedure for Chance Fossil Finds is tabulated in Appendix 2. These recommendations must be incorporated in the Environmental Management Programme for the WEF project. In the context of other alternative energy developments in the broader region, cumulative impacts posed by the Kuruman WEFs (Phase 1 and Phase 2), which are almost entirely underlain by the largely unfossiliferous Asbestos Hills Subgroup BIFs, are of low impact significance. There are no fatal flaws or objections on palaeontological grounds to authorisation of the WEF project, provided that the recommended mitigation measures – including the Chance Fossil Finds procedure – are fully implemented during the construction phase of the development. 1. GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT The project area for the Kuruman WEF is situated in the Kurumanberge Range which lies on the western edge of the Ghaap Plateau and forms part of the semi-arid Southern Kalahari Physiographic Region of the Northern Cape (Partridge et al. 2010). The Kurumanberge comprise a NNW-SSE trending series of low, flat-crested hills which range in elevation from c. 1600-1770 m amsl. (Fig. 1).These are erosional relicts of an elongate, low, dome-shaped upland area that has become highly dissected by numerous small water courses draining towards the Ghaap Plateau and Kuruman River in the northeast and to the west into the Lohatla Plains of the southern Kalahari. The geology of the Kuruman region is shown on the 1: 250 000 sheet map 2722 Kuruman (Council for Geoscience, Pretoria), for which a full explanation has yet to be published (Fig. 2); this map is now outdated in several respects. Excellent simplified geological maps and sections of the region are provided in the Kalahari Manganese Field volume by Cairncross & Beukes (2013) (Figs. 3 & 4). The silicicastic and carbonate bedrocks here are assigned to the Precambrian (Late Archaean to Proterozoic) Transvaal Supergroup (Griqualand West Basin) on the western margins of the ancient Kaapvaal Craton (McCarthy & Rubidge 2005, Eriksson et al. 2006) (Fig. 5). They lie within the Ghaap Plateau Subbasin of the Transvaal succession, situated to the NE of the Griquatown Fault Zone. The Transvaal Supergroup bedrocks here have been folded into a major NNW-SSE trending mega-syncline, known as the Dimoten Syncline, and are cut by several broadly N-S trending faults. Within the broader Kuruman WEF project area the bedrocks of the Ghaap Group – comprising shallow water carbonates of the Campbell Rand Subgroup overlain by deeper water banded iron formation (BIF) of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup - lie on the eastern flank of the syncline, dipping gently and younging towards the west. The youngest bedrocks in the Dimoten Syncline, assigned to the Proterozoic Postmasberg Group, are glacial sediments of the Makganyene Formation and the overlying Ongeluk Formation lavas. These younger rocks, unconformably overlying the John E. Almond (2018) Natura Viva cc, Cape Town 3 Ghaap Group, crop out in the core of the Dimoten Syncline to the west of the Kurumanberge Range and are not mapped within the WEF project area (although they may in fact occur here as well due to faulting). Throughout the study area a large portion of the Precambrian outcrop area is mantled by various, mostly unconsolidated superficial deposits of Late Caenozoic age, notably by BIF colluvial gravels on hillslopes and hillcrests as well as alluvial sediments along stream and river valley floors. Figure 1: Google Earth© satellite image of the highly-dissected Kurumanberge region c. 10 km to the southwest of Kuruman, Northern Cape, showing the land parcels making up the project area of the proposed Kuruman Phase 2 Wind Energy Facility (yellow polygons). Scale bar = 5 km. N towards the top of the image. John E. Almond (2018) Natura Viva cc, Cape Town 4 Figure 2: Extract from 1: 250 000 geology sheet 2722 Kuruman (Council for Geoscience, Pretoria) showing in purple the provisional footprint of both phases of the proposed Kuruman Wind Energy Facility as well as alternative route options for the proposed 132 kV overhead powerline connection to the Eskom grid – either eastwards to Segame Substation near Kuruman (c. 10 km) or westwards to Ferrum Substation near Kathu (c. 50 km) (Image prepared by CTS Heritage). The red rectangle encloses the Kuruman Phase 2 Wind Energy project area. N.B. This geological map needs altering for each EIA report to show (1) outline of WEF Phase 1 / 2 project area, (2) revised footprint of Phase 1 / 2, (3) scale and N arrow. John E. Almond (2018) Natura Viva cc, Cape Town 5 Figure 3: Schematic geological map of the Griqualand West region of the Northern Cape showing the approximate position of the project area for the Kuruman Wind Energy Facility and associated grid connection (red rectangle) (From Cairncross & Beukes 2012). This overlies the NNW-SSE Dimoten mega-syncline with bedrocks of the Campbell Rand and Asbestos Hills Subgroups on the flanks and younger rocks of the Postmasburg Group (Ongeluk and Makganyene Formations) in the core. John E. Almond (2018) Natura Viva cc, Cape Town 6 Figure 4: Stratigraphy of the Transvaal Supergroup showing the bedrock units of the Ghaap Group and unconformably overlying Postmasburg Group within the Griqualand West Basin that are represented in the Kuruman WEF project area and Lohatlha plains to the west (black rectangle). Campbell Rand Subgroup The Campbell Rand Subgroup (Vgd in Fig. 2) of the Ghaap Group - previously included within the Ghaapplato Formation in older literature - is a very thick (1.6 - 2.5 km) carbonate platform succession of dolostones, dolomitic limestones and cherts with minor tuffs and siliciclastic rocks. It was deposited on the shallow submerged shelf of the Kaapvaal Craton roughly 2.6 to 2.5 Ga (billion years ago) (See the readable general account by McCarthy & Rubidge, pp. 112-118 and Fig. 4.10 therein). A range of shallow water facies, often forming depositional cycles reflecting sea level changes, are represented here, including stromatolitic limestones and dolostones, oolites, oncolites, laminated calcilutites, cherts and marls, with subordinate siliclastics (shales, siltstones) and minor tuffs (Beukes 1980, Beukes 1986, Sumner 2002, Eriksson et al.
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