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Tese Bárbara a V Da SILVA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA BÁRBARA ASSIS VIANNA DA SILVA A PERGUNTA PELO REAL NA OBRA DE FRIEDRICH HEINRICH JACOBI: DAVID HUME SOBRE A CRENÇA OU IDEALISMO E REALISMO, UM DIÁLOGO (1787) Belo Horizonte 2019 BÁRBARA ASSIS VIANNA DA SILVA A PERGUNTA PELO REAL NA OBRA DE FRIEDRICH HEINRICH JACOBI: DAVID HUME SOBRE A CRENÇA OU IDEALISMO E REALISMO, UM DIÁLOGO (1787) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito para a obtenção do título de doutor em filosofia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Joãosinho Beckenkamp Belo Horizonte 2019 Nossas ciências, meramente como tais, são jogos que o espírito humano inventa para si a fim de passar o tempo. Inventando esses jogos ele somente organiza sua ignorância sem se aproximar do caminho do conhecimento do verdadeiro. Em um certo sentido, ele, com isso, antes se afasta do verdadeiro, pois ele somente se dispersa, ele não sente mais a pressão da ignorância, inclusive passa a amá-la porque ela - é infinita; porque o jogo, que ela joga com ele, torna-se sempre mais variado, mais divertido, maior e mais arrebatador [...] O jogo fica arruinado para nós pelo fato de que nós o compreendemos, pelo fato de que nós o sabemos. JACOBI. Jacobi an Fichte (1799). Werke. Band 2/1: Schriften zum transzendentalen Idealismus, p. 206. AGRADECIMENTOS Em especial e com grande admiração ao professor Joãosinho Beckenkamp pela orientação e por todos os ensinamentos destes anos. Ao professor Leonardo Alves Vieira e à professora Giorgia Cecchinato por todas as sugestões e críticas no exame de qualificação. Ao meu amor Luís Henrique pelo apoio e incentivo constantes. Aos meus Pais, Tatá e Vó Lourdes pelo carinho e por apoiarem desde sempre minhas escolhas. À Secretaria do PPG-FIL / UFMG. À CAPES pela concessão dos quatro anos de bolsa. RESUMO As principais objeções de F. H. Jacobi (1743-1819) em sua obra David Hume sobre a crença, ou idealismo e realismo. Um diálogo (1787) referem-se, por um lado, à sua oposição à filosofia kantiana a partir de sua concepção de realismo e, por outro, ao suposto espinosismo de G. E. Lessing (1729-1781), trazido a público pela obra de Jacobi Sobre a doutrina de Espinosa em cartas ao Senhor Moses Mendelssohn (1785), que gerou aquela que ficou conhecida como “querela do panteísmo”. A concepção filosófica de Jacobi se traduz num ato de apreender imediatamente o real, o que também se pode denominar como um “nascer e viver na crença”. Tal concepção parte de um saber imediato e de primeira mão. Como é sabido, o pensamento de Jacobi se insere no período circunscrito pela recepção da filosofia crítica e constitui a gênese do que será desenvolvido dali em diante, a partir de sua proposta de um salto mortale como única saída das especulações teóricas vazias, indicando, assim, que o “verdadeiro reside fora da ciência”. Jacobi, portanto, recusa toda tentativa de demonstração racional a respeito da realidade e sua concepção se aproxima bastante de uma filosofia da vida. O real jamais poderá ser demonstrado, somente vivido. O esforço de pensamento dos filósofos do período denominado de “idealismo alemão” será o de mostrar que é possível conciliar vida e discurso filosófico. Pode-se inclusive supor que tanto a fecundidade como as obscuridades de seus sistemas derivam-se, em grande parte, desta pretensão. O resultado, por certo, é que é possível continuar fazendo filosofia teórica em nova concepção – se não mais como conhecimento científico, ao menos reivindicando seu lugar necessário. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fr. H. Jacobi; Iluminismo alemão; querela do panteísmo; Crença; Realismo; Filosofia da vida. ABSTRACT F. H. Jacobi’s (1743-1819) main objections in his work David Hume on Belief, or Idealism and Realism: A Dialogue (1787) have to do, on the one hand, with his opposition to Kantian philosophy, due to his own conception of realism; and, on the other, to G. E. Lessing’s (1729-1781) presumed Spinozism, which came to the fore with Jacobi’s work Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785) and eventually led to the debates surrounding that which has since been known as the “Pantheism Controversy”. Jacobi’s philosophical conceptions go back to an act of immediate apprehension of the Real, which can also be called “being born and living in belief”. Such a conception begins with immediate, first-hand knowing. As is well known, Jacobi’s thought gains momentum in the period marked by the reception of critical philosophy. All the same, it constitutes the genesis of the immediately following philosophical developments, especially as it proposes a salto mortale as the only way out of the vacuity of theoretical speculation, signaling that “the true resides outside science”. In this way Jacobi rejects all attempts at rational demonstration of reality, and as a matter of fact so much so that his conception comes very close to a form of philosophy of life. What is real can never de proved, only lived out. The thought efforts of the philosophers of so-called “German idealism” will amount to showing that it is possible to reconcile life with philosophical discourse, and vice-versa. One might suppose that both the fruitfulness and the vagueness of their systems derive to a great extent from that intent. The final result is to endorse the continuation of the task of theoretical philosophy, albeit in new forms – if no longer as straight scientific knowledge, then at least with the assurance of its necessity. KEYWORDS: Fr. H. Jacobi; German Enlightenment; Pantheism Controversy; Belief; Realism; Philosophy of Life. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG F. H. Jacobis (1743-1819) Haupteinwände, die in seinem Werk David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus. Ein Gespräch (1787) vorgelegt sind, lassen aufgrund seines Realismus-begriffs einerseits seinen Gegensatz zur kantischen Philosophie hervortreten. Andererseits sind sie aber auch gegen den vermeinten Spinozismus G. E. Lessings (1729-1781) gerichtet, der durch Jacobis Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn zum Vordergrund kam und den berühmten Pantheismusstreit hervorbrachte. Jacobis philosophisches Konzept läuft auf einen Akt des unmittelbaren Auffassens des Wirklichen hinaus, was auch als ein „im Glauben Geborenwerden und Leben” genannt werden kann. Dieses Konzept geht augenscheinlich von einem unmittelbaren, aus erster Hand gewonnenen Wissen aus. Jacobis Denken gehört, wie bekannt, zur Rezeption der kritischen Philosophie. Gleichwohl trägt es aber auch grundsätzlich zur Genese der weiteren Entwicklung bei. Das tut er u. a. aufgrund seines Vorschlags eines salto mortale als den einzelnen Ausweg aus der leeren theoretischen Spekulation, wobei er dann auch zeigt, daβ „das Wahre auβer der Wissenschaft besteht”. Jacobi weist jeden Versuch rationalen Beweisens eines Wirklichen zurück. Dadurch nähert er sich grundsätzlich einer Philosophie des Lebens. Demnach kann aber das Wirkliche nur erlebt, nicht bewiesen werden. Gegenläufig dazu wird der denkerische Aufwand der Philosophen des sogenannten deutschen Idealismus darauf beruhen, zu zeigen, daβ eine Versöhnung des Lebens und des philosophischen Diskurses letztlich möglich ist. Man kann sogar vermuten, daβ aus diesem Vorhaben sowohl die Stärke als auch die Undurchsichtigkeit ihrer Systeme zum beträchtlichen Teil herrühre. Das Ergebnis ist aber wohl, daβ man trotz der Grenzen der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis das Recht einer neukonzipierten theoretischen Philosophie notwendig fortschreiben müsse. STICHWÖRTER: Fr. H. Jacobi; (Deutsche) Aufklärung; Pantheismusstreit; Glaube; Realismus; Philosophie des Lebens. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 9 CAPÍTULO 1- SOBRE A QUERELA DO PANTEÍSMO ...................................... 31 1.1 A retomada da querela do panteísmo no Diálogo ................................................... 31 1.2 A respeito das cartas sobre a doutrina de Espinosa ................................................. 46 CAPÍTULO 2 – JACOBI ENTRE A METAFÍSICA ALEMÃ E A FILOSOFIA ESCOCESA DO SENSO COMUM .......................................................................... 62 2.1 Thomas Reid e a filosofia do senso comum ........................................................... 62 2.2 O realismo de Jacobi e a metafísica de Espinosa .................................................... 74 CAPÍTULO 3 - JACOBI, HUME E KANT ............................................................... 79 3.1 Crença, fé e revelação .............................................................................................. 71 3.2 Jacobi como leitor dos textos pré-críticos: O único argumento possível para uma demonstração da existência de Deus (1763) e Investigação sobre a evidência dos princípios da teologia natural e da moral (1764) ......................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO 4 - RAZÃO E SENSIBILIDADE ........................................................ 105 4.1 Sobre a razão submetida à Glaubenskraft .............................................................. 105 4.2 Crer como verdadeiro saber .................................................................................... 121 CAPÍTULO 5 - NIILISMO E FILOSOFIA ............................................................ 136 5.1 Sobre a doutrina do Ên kaì p£n e ausência de fundamentos ...............................
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