DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 14. Thunderstorm Fundamentals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 14. Thunderstorm Fundamentals Copyright © 2017 by Roland Stull. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science v1.02b 14 THUNDERSTORM FUNDAMENTALS Contents Thunderstorm characteristics, formation, and 14.1. Thunderstorm Characteristics 481 forecasting are covered in this chapter. The next 14.1.1. Appearance 481 chapter covers thunderstorm hazards including 14.1.2. Clouds Associated with Thunderstorms 482 hail, gust fronts, lightning, and tornadoes. 14.1.3. Cells & Evolution 484 14.1.4. Thunderstorm Types & Organization 486 14.1.4.1. Basic Storms 486 14.1.4.2. Mesoscale Convective Systems 488 14.1.4.3. Supercell Thunderstorms 492 14.1. THUNDERSTORM CHARACTERISTICS INFO • Derecho 494 14.2. Thunderstorm Formation 496 Thunderstorms are convective clouds with 14.2.1. Favorable Conditions 496 large vertical extent, often with tops near the tro- 14.2.2. Key Altitudes 496 popause and bases near the top of the boundary INFO • Cap vs. Capping Inversion 497 layer. Their official name iscumulonimbus (see 14.3. High Humidity in the ABL 499 the Clouds Chapter), for which the abbreviation is INFO • Median, Quartiles, Percentiles 502 Cb. On weather maps the symbol represents 14.4. Instability, CAPE & Updrafts 503 thunderstorms, with a dot •, asterisk *, or triangle 14.4.1. Convective Available Potential Energy 503 ∆ drawn just above the top of the symbol to indicate 14.4.2. Updraft Velocity 508 rain, snow, or hail, respectively. For severe thunder- 14.5. Wind Shear in the Environment 509 storms, the symbol is . 14.5.1. Hodograph Basics 510 14.5.2. Using Hodographs 514 14.5.2.1. Shear Across a Single Layer 514 14.1.1. Appearance 14.5.2.2. Mean Wind Shear Vector 514 A mature thunderstorm cloud looks like a mush- 14.5.2.3. Total Shear Magnitude 515 room or anvil with a relatively large-diameter flat 14.5.2.4. Mean Environmental Wind (Normal top. The simplest thunderstorm (see Figs. 14.1 & Storm Motion) 516 14.2) has a nearly vertical stem of diameter roughly 14.5.2.5. Supercell Storm Motion 518 equal to its depth (of order 10 to 15 km). The large 14.5.2.6. Bulk Richardson Number 521 top is called the anvil, anvil cloud, or thunder- 14.5.2.7. The Effective Layer 522 head, and has the official nameincus (Latin for 14.6. Triggering vs. Convective Inhibition 522 anvil). The anvil extends furthest in a direction as 14.6.1. Convective Inhibition (CIN) 523 blown by the upper-tropospheric winds. 14.6.2. Triggers 525 14.7. Thunderstorm Forecasting 527 14.7.1. Outlooks, Watches & Warnings 528 INFO • A Tornado Watch (WW) 529 14.7.2. Stability Indices for Thunderstorms 530 14.8. Storm Case Study 532 14.9. Review 533 14.10. Homework Exercises 533 14.10.1. Broaden Knowledge & Comprehension 533 14.10.2. Apply 534 14.10.3. Evaluate & Analyze 537 14.10.4. Synthesize 542 “Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science” by Roland Stull is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. View this license at © Gene Rhoden / weatherpix.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ . This work is Figure 14.1 available at https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/ Airmass thunderstorm having a single mature cell. 481 482 CHAPTER 14 • THUNDERSTORM FUNDAMENTALS If the thunderstorm top is just starting to spread (a) anvil out into an anvil and does not yet have a fibrous or updraft streaky appearance, then you identify the cloud as tower cumulonimbus calvus (see the Clouds Chapter). z rain & For a storm with a larger anvil that looks strongly downdraft glaciated (i.e., has a fibrous appearance associat- ed with ice-crystal clouds), then you would call the x cloud a cumulonimbus capillatus. tropopause Within the stem of a mature thunderstorm is the cloudy main updraft tower topped by an updraft upper-level updraft anvil bubble winds bubble (Fig. 14.2b). When this rising air hits the tropopause, it spreads to make the anvil. Also in (b) the stem is a downdraft with precipitation. When cloudy wake virga the downdraft air hits the ground it spreads out, the leading edge of which is called the gust front. z cloud When viewed from the ground under the storm, the base arc cloud arc cloud main updraft often has a darker cloud base, while gust front gust front the rainy region often looks not as dark and does not precipitation x have a well-defined cloud base. Not all cumulonimbus clouds have lightning y and thunder. Such storms are technically not thun- anvil derstorms. However, in this book we will use the word thunderstorm to mean any cumulonimbus (c) cloud, regardless of whether it has lightning. precip. More complex thunderstorms can have one or more updraft and downdraft regions. The most se- upper- vere, long-lasting, less-frequent thunderstorms are level gust front supercell thunderstorms (Figs. 14.3 & 14.4). winds at surface x 14.1.2. Clouds Associated with Thunderstorms Figure 14.2 Sometimes you can see other clouds attached to (a) Sketch of a basic (airmass) thunderstorm in its mature stage. thunderstorms, such as a funnel, wall, mammatus, (b) Vertical slice through the storm. Light shading indicates arc, shelf, flanking line, scud, pileus, dome, and bea- clouds, green and red shadings are moderate and heavy precip- ver tail (Fig. 14.4). Not all thunderstorms have all itation, and arrows show air motion. (c) Horizontal composite, these associated clouds. showing the anvil at storm top (as viewed from above by sat- Arc clouds (official name arcus, Fig. 14.2b) or ellite), the precipitation in the low-to-middle levels (as viewed shelf clouds form near the ground in boundary- by radar), and the gust front of spreading winds at the surface. layer air that is forced upward by undercutting cold air flowing out from the thunderstorm. These cloud bands mark the leading edge of gust-front outflow from the rear-flank downdraft (Fig. 14.4), usually associated with the flanking line. Often the un- dersides of arc clouds are dark and turbulent-look- ing, while their tops are smooth. Not all gust fronts have arc clouds, particularly if the displaced air is dry. See the Thunderstorm Hazards chapter. The beaver tail (Fig. 14.4) is a smooth, flat, narrow, low-altitude cloud that extends along the boundary between the inflow of warm moist air to the thunderstorm and the cold air from the rain-in- duced forward flank downdraft (FFD). A dome of overshooting clouds sometimes forms above the anvil top, above the region of stron- gest updraft. This is caused by the inertia of the up- © Gene Rhoden / weatherpix.com ward moving air in the main updraft, which over- Figure 14.3 shoots above its neutrally buoyant equilibrium Photo of supercell thunderstorm. R. STULL • PRACTICAL METEOROLOGY 483 level (EL). Storms that have overshooting tops Overshooting Top or Pileus are often more violent and turbulent. Dome EL The flanking line is a band of cumuliform Anvil clouds that increase from the medium-size cumu- Mammatus lus mediocris (Cu med) furthest from the storm Main to the taller cumulus congestus (Cu con) close Pileus Updraft z to the main updraft. Cumulus congestus are also Cu Virga Cu med informally called towering cumulus (TCu). The con Striations flanking line forms along and above the gust front, Flanking Line Beaver Tail LCL which marks the leading edge of colder outflow air from the rear-flank downdraft (RFD). Rain If humid layers of environmental air exist above SW Scud NE rapidly rising cumulus towers, then pileus clouds Wall Cloud Tail Cloud can form as the environmental air is pushed up and out of the way of the rising cumulus clouds. Pileus Funnel Cloud are often very short lived because the rising cloud or Tornado tower that caused it often keeps rising through the Figure 14.4a pileus and obliterates it. Sketch of a classic supercell thunderstorm (Cb) as might be The most violent thunderstorms are called viewed looking toward the northwest in central North America. supercell storms (Figs. 14.3 & 14.4), and usu- The storm would move from left to right in this view (i.e., to- ward the northeast). Many storms have only a subset of the ally have a quasi-steady rotating updraft (called a features cataloged here. Cu med = cumulus mediocris; Cu con mesocyclone). The main thunderstorm updraft = cumulus congestus; LCL = lifting condensation level; EL = in supercells sometimes has curved, helical cloud equilibrium level (often near the tropopause, 8 to 15 km above striations (grooves or ridges) on its outside similar ground); NE = northeast; SW = southwest. to threads of a screw (Fig. 14.4a). Supercells can pro- duce intense tornadoes (violently rotating columns of air), which can appear out of the bottom of an iso- lated cylindrical lowering of the cloud base called a wall cloud. The portion of the tornado made vis- Storm ible by cloud droplets is called the funnel cloud, Anvil edge Movement which is the name given to tornadoes not touching Forward Flank Downdraft the ground. Tornadoes are covered in the next chap- ter. Most thunderstorms are not supercell storms, Rain FFD Rain Beaver Tail and most supercell storms do not have tornadoes. Attached to the base of the wall cloud is some- times a short, horizontal cloud called a tail cloud, Rear Flank T Downdraft Main which points towards the forward flank precipi- RFD Updraft tation area. Ragged cloud fragments called scud Outflow T (cumulus fractus) often form near the tip of the tail Boundary- cloud and are drawn quickly into the tail and the Layer Line Winds Cu wall cloud by strong winds.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparing Historical and Modern Methods of Sea Surface Temperature
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, 2013 Open Access www.ocean-sci.net/9/683/2013/ Ocean Science doi:10.5194/os-9-683-2013 Ocean Science Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, Discussions field comparisons and dataset adjustments J. B. R. Matthews School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Correspondence to: J. B. R. Matthews ([email protected]) Received: 3 August 2012 – Published in Ocean Sci. Discuss.: 20 September 2012 Revised: 31 May 2013 – Accepted: 12 June 2013 – Published: 30 July 2013 Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained 1 Introduction from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds
    3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds 1 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification An isolated thundercloud in the central New Mexico, with rudimentary indication of how electric charge is thought to be distributed and around the thundercloud, as inferred from the remote and in situ observations. Adapted from Krehbiel (1986). 2 2 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification A vertical tripole representing the idealized gross charge structure of a thundercloud. The negative screening layer charges at the cloud top and the positive corona space charge produced at ground are ignored here. 3 3 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification E = 2 E (−)cos( 90o−α) Q H = 2 2 3/2 2πεo()H + r sinα = k Q = const R2 ( ) Method of images for finding the electric field due to a negative point charge above a perfectly conducting ground at a field point located at the ground surface. 4 4 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification The electric field at ground due to the vertical tripole, labeled “Total”, as a function of the distance from the axis of the tripole. Also shown are the contributions to the total electric field from the three individual charges of the tripole. An upward directed electric field is defined as positive (according to the physics sign convention). 5 5 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification Electric Field Change Due to Negative Cloud-to-Ground Discharge Electric Field Change Due to a Cloud Discharge Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Distance, km Distance, km Electric field change at ground, due to the Electric field change at ground, due to the total removal of the negative charge of the total removal of the negative and upper vertical tripole via a cloud-to-ground positive charges of the vertical tripole via a discharge, as a function of distance from cloud discharge, as a function of distance from the axis of the tripole.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Line in the Sand: Accounts of USAF Company Grade Officers In
    ~~may-='11 From The Line In The Sand Accounts of USAF Company Grade Officers Support of 1 " 1 " edited by gi Squadron 1 fficer School Air University Press 4/ Alabama 6" March 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From the line in the sand : accounts of USAF company grade officers in support of Desert Shield/Desert Storm / edited by Michael P. Vriesenga. p. cm. Includes index. 1. Persian Gulf War, 1991-Aerial operations, American . 2. Persian Gulf War, 1991- Personai narratives . 3. United States . Air Force-History-Persian Gulf War, 1991 . I. Vriesenga, Michael P., 1957- DS79 .724.U6F735 1994 94-1322 959.7044'248-dc20 CIP ISBN 1-58566-012-4 First Printing March 1994 Second Printing September 1999 Third Printing March 2001 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts . The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication hasbeen reviewed by security andpolicy review authorities and is clearedforpublic release. For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents US Government Printing Office Washington, D.C . 20402 ii 9&1 gook L ar-dicat£a to com#an9 9zacL orflcF-T 1, #ait, /2ZE4Ent, and, E9.#ECLaL6, TatUlLE. -ZEa¢ra anJ9~ 0 .( THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Essay Page DISCLAIMER .... ... ... .... .... .. ii FOREWORD ...... ..... .. .... .. xi ABOUT THE EDITOR . ..... .. .... xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ..... .. .... xv INTRODUCTION .... ..... .. .. ... xvii SUPPORT OFFICERS 1 Madzuma, Michael D., and Buoniconti, Michael A.
    [Show full text]
  • Soaring Weather
    Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven­ contributions to meteorology. For example, soar­ tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun­ altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be­ denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur­ a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • American Meteorological Society Revised Manuscript Click Here to Download Manuscript (Non-Latex): JAMC-D-14-0252 Revision3.Docx
    AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology EARLY ONLINE RELEASE This is a preliminary PDF of the author-produced manuscript that has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. Since it is being posted so soon after acceptance, it has not yet been copyedited, formatted, or processed by AMS Publications. This preliminary version of the manuscript may be downloaded, distributed, and cited, but please be aware that there will be visual differences and possibly some content differences between this version and the final published version. The DOI for this manuscript is doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0252.1 The final published version of this manuscript will replace the preliminary version at the above DOI once it is available. If you would like to cite this EOR in a separate work, please use the following full citation: Wang, Y., and B. Geerts, 2015: Vertical-plane dual-Doppler radar observations of cumulus toroidal circulations. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-14- 0252.1, in press. © 2015 American Meteorological Society Revised manuscript Click here to download Manuscript (non-LaTeX): JAMC-D-14-0252_revision3.docx Vertical-plane dual-Doppler radar observations of cumulus toroidal circulations Yonggang Wang1, and Bart Geerts University of Wyoming Submitted to J. Appl. Meteor. Climat. October 2014 Revised version submitted in May 2015 1 Corresponding author address: Yonggang Wang, Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82071, USA; email: [email protected] 1 Profiling dual-Doppler radar observations of cumulus toroidal circulations 2 3 Abstract 4 5 6 High-resolution vertical-plane dual-Doppler velocity data, collected by an airborne profiling 7 cloud radar in transects across non-precipitating orographic cumulus clouds, are used to examine 8 vortical circulations near cloud top.
    [Show full text]
  • 911 Communicator Questions to Ask Of
    911 Communicator Questions to ask of Severe Weather Spotters 1. Name, home address, and telephone number. 2. Is caller a trained severe weather spotter. 3. Time of call. 4. Time of severe weather event (may be different than call time). 5. Location of severe weather event, which may be different from location where spotter called from. (If spotter doesn’t say 1.2 miles southeast of Anytown, then request names of streets at nearest intersection). 6. Type of Weather Event – (most common to least common order) a. If it’s a wind report, ask if the reported speed is measured or estimated. b. If it’s a wind damage report, ask caller to estimate how many trees are damaged, uprooted, etc., or extent and severity of structural damage. c. If it’s a hail event, ask if the reported size is measured or estimated. (penny, nickel, quarter, golf ball, soft ball, etc.) d. If it’s a flood report, ask caller to estimate depth of water on roads or on lawns, ask if the water is stationary or moving, and extent or severity of damage. e. If it’s a “rotating wall-cloud” report, i. Persistent rotation (usually on backside of storm) = true rotating wall-cloud. ii. No rotation = scary-looking cloud (scud), or a non-rotating wall-cloud. f. If it’s a funnel-cloud report, ask caller if the funnel-shaped cloud is actually rotating. If the caller is too far away from the funnel-cloud they may not be able to see rotation. i. No rotation = just a scary-looking cloud (scud).
    [Show full text]
  • More Observations of Small Funnel Clouds and Other Tubular Clouds
    3714 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 133 PICTURE OF THE MONTH More Observations of Small Funnel Clouds and Other Tubular Clouds HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma (Manuscript received 14 March 2005, in final form 20 May 2005) ABSTRACT In this brief contribution, photographic documentation is provided of a variety of small, tubular-shaped clouds and of a small funnel cloud pendant from a convective cloud that appears to have been modified by flow over high-altitude mountains in northeast Colorado. These funnel clouds are contrasted with others that have been documented, including those pendant from high-based cumulus clouds in the plains of the United States. It is suggested that the mountain funnel cloud is unique in that flow over high terrain is probably responsible for its existence; other types of small funnel clouds are seen both over elevated, mountainous terrain and over flat terrain at lower elevations. 1. Introduction which the benign funnel clouds occur so that if they are observed, severe weather warnings are not issued. Fur- Bluestein (1994) and others (e.g., Doswell 1985, p. thermore, the small funnel clouds are of interest in their 107; McCaul and Blanchard 1990) have documented, in own right because their dynamics are not well under- the plains of the United States, small funnel clouds pen- stood, and they have not been discussed in the litera- dant from convective clouds whose updrafts appear to ture to the much greater extent that the dynamics of be rooted above the boundary layer. Above many of tornadoes have (e.g., Davies-Jones 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Touching the Clouds Activity Guide
    Touching the Clouds Activity Guide Purpose Provide a mental representation of each cloud type Create a tactile cloud identification chart Overview Individuals will construct and touch a tactile model of common types of clouds to learn how to describe the clouds based on their shape and texture. They will compare their descriptions with the standard classifications using the cloud types identified in the GLOBE Clouds Protocol. Time: 45 minutes to 1 ½ hours, depending on individual’s age Level: All Materials (per person) One large sheet of cardstock (18” x 12”) Tape One set of Braille labels for each cloud type and/or markers One small feather A layered piece of blanket or soft fabric (eight 1’ X 1” pieces) Cotton balls of varied sizes One tissue Organza or a similar material, cut into pieces, one layered 1” x 1” piece Pillow stuffing, one 1” x 1” piece A tsp of sand Three paper clips Liquid glue Scissors Baby Wipes Preparation Use tape to divide the large cardstock sheet in four sections: one for the cloud title at the top and three for the altitudes: using a portrait layout, place three pieces of tape horizontally, from side to side of the sheet. 1. 1” off the upper edge of the sheet 2. 8” off the upper edge of the sheet 1 Steps What to do and how to do it: Making A Tactile Cloud Identification Chart 1. Discuss that clouds come in three basic shapes: cirrus, stratus and cumulus. a. Feel of the 4” feather and describe it; discuss that these wispy clouds are high in the sky and are named cirrus.
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE FORECASTING CALIFORNIA THUNDERSTORMS a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Re
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE FORECASTING CALIFORNIA THUNDERSTORMS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in Geography By Ilya Neyman May 2013 The thesis of Ilya Neyman is approved: _______________________ _________________ Dr. Steve LaDochy Date _______________________ _________________ Dr. Ron Davidson Date _______________________ _________________ Dr. James Hayes, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ii ABSTRACT iv INTRODUCTION 1 THESIS STATEMENT 12 IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 13 LITERATURE REVIEW 17 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 24 TRADITIONALLY RECOGNIZED TORNADIC PARAMETERS 28 CASE STUDY 1: SEPTEMBER 10, 2011 33 CASE STUDY 2: JULY 29, 2003 48 CASE STUDY 3: JANUARY 19, 2010 62 CASE STUDY 4: MAY 22, 2008 91 CONCLUSIONS 111 REFERENCES 116 iii ABSTRACT FORECASTING CALIFORNIA THUNDERSTORMS By Ilya Neyman Master of Arts in Geography Thunderstorms are a significant forecasting concern for southern California. Even though convection across this region is less frequent than in many other parts of the country significant thunderstorm events and occasional severe weather does occur. It has been found that a further challenge in convective forecasting across southern California is due to the variety of sub-regions that exist including coastal plains, inland valleys, mountains and deserts, each of which is associated with different weather conditions and sometimes drastically different convective parameters. In this paper four recent thunderstorm case studies were conducted, with each one representative of a different category of seasonal and synoptic patterns that are known to affect southern California. In addition to supporting points made in prior literature there were numerous new and unique findings that were discovered during the scope of this research and these are discussed as they are investigated in their respective case study as applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphical Area Forecast User Guide a Guide for the Transition from Arfors to GAF
    Graphical Area Forecast User Guide A guide for the transition from ARFORs to GAF October 2017 | Version 1.2 Graphical Area Forecast User Guide Document Control Revision history VERSION DATE DESCRIPTION AUTHOR 1 15 September 2017 Final version Elizabeth Heba Update to provide clarification on AIRMETs 1.1 13 October 2017 Elizabeth Heba and SIGMETs Update to GAF samples and worked example 1.2 20 October 2017 Additional text in Area Briefing (NAIPS) Ashwin Naidu Section Update to abbreviation examples Approval for release DATE NAME Position Signature National Manager Aviation 20 October 2017 Gordon Jackson Meteorological Services Version number Date of issue th Version 1.2 20 October 2017 © Commonwealth of Australia 2017 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Bureau of Meteorology. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Production Manager, Communication Section, Bureau of Meteorology, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne 3001. Information regarding requests for reproduction of material from the Bureau website can be found at www.bom.gov.au/other/copyright.shtml ii Graphical Area Forecast User Guide Table of Contents 1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Climatic Information of Western Sahel F
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Clim. Past Discuss., 10, 3877–3900, 2014 www.clim-past-discuss.net/10/3877/2014/ doi:10.5194/cpd-10-3877-2014 CPD © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 10, 3877–3900, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Climatic information Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. of Western Sahel V. Millán and Climatic information of Western Sahel F. S. Rodrigo (1535–1793 AD) in original documentary sources Title Page Abstract Introduction V. Millán and F. S. Rodrigo Conclusions References Department of Applied Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de San Urbano, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain Tables Figures Received: 11 September 2014 – Accepted: 12 September 2014 – Published: 26 September J I 2014 Correspondence to: F. S. Rodrigo ([email protected]) J I Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 3877 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract CPD The Sahel is the semi-arid transition zone between arid Sahara and humid tropical Africa, extending approximately 10–20◦ N from Mauritania in the West to Sudan in the 10, 3877–3900, 2014 East. The African continent, one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, 5 is subject to frequent droughts and famine. One climate challenge research is to iso- Climatic information late those aspects of climate variability that are natural from those that are related of Western Sahel to human influences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Chemical Incidents on First Responders
    2019 The Effect of Chemical Incidents on First Responders: An Interview with Bruce Evans (MPA, NRP, CFOD, SEMSO), Fire Chief, Upper Pine River Fire Protection District A massive leak of liquefied chlorine gas created a dangerous cloud over the city of Henderson, NV, in the early morning hours of May 6, 1991. Over 200 people (including firefighters) were examined at a local hospital for respiratory distress caused by inhalation of the chlorine and approximately 30 were admitted for treatment. Approximately 700 individuals were taken to shelters, and between 2,000 and 7,000 individuals were evacuated from the area. ASPR TRACIE interviewed Chief Bruce Evans (who was a firefighter- paramedic at the time of the incident), asking him to share his my first large-scale incident: the experiences and highlight how the PEPCON explosion. PEPCON was Access these U.S. Fire Administration Technical Reports fire and emergency response to a rocket fuel plant that supplied propellant used for the space for more information on these chemical incidents has changed incidents: over the years. shuttle program. This explosion sent a shock wave over the • Fire and Explosions at Rocket Corina Solé Brito, ASPR TRACIE entire Las Vegas Valley, blew out Fuel Plant (CSB): Can you please share windows that were miles away, • Massive Leak of Liquefied your experience in Henderson and created a small, multicolored Chlorine Gas and other related incidents, how mushroom cloud on the south end you think the field has changed of the valley. The Professional since then, and what you think Golfers’ Association (PGA) was the future holds? also in town, so there were satellite or injuries from flying debris were I am fortunate trucks and news trucks present.
    [Show full text]