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Soil Survey of the Kettle River Valley

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Soil Survey of the Kettle River Valley SOIL SURVEY of ihe KETTLERIVER VALLEY in the BOUNDARY DISTRICT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA P. N. SPROUT and C. C. KELLEY British Columbia Department of Agriculture Kelowna, B.C. Report No. 9 of the British Columbia Soi1 Survey British Columbia Department of Agriculture sud Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture 75402-l ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The British Columbia Department of Agriculture surveyed the soils of the Kettle River valley. The Water Resources Division, Canada Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, provided financial assistance. The Provincial Department of Lands, Forests and Water Resources supplied base maps and aerial photographs. The Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, prepared the soi1 maps for printing and published the maps and report. The writers wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following surveyors, who assisted in classifying the soils: A. L. van Ryswyk, W. D. Holland, A. B. Dawson, C. H. Brownlee, and M. Schaedle. Dr. J. E. Armstrong and the late Dr. W. E. Cockfield, Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, and H. Nasmith, Provincial Department of Mines, Victoria, gave advice on the surface geology of the area. A. McLean, Ecologist, Canada Range Experi- ment Station, Kamloops, prepared the section on native vegetation. Dr. C. A. Rowles, Professor of Soi1 Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, J. F. Carmichael, District Agriculturist, Grand Forks, and other officers of the university, and the British Columbia and Canada departments of agri- culture, gave advisory assistance. Dr. J. Baker, Soi1 Survey Branch, Department of Agriculture, Kelowna, supervised the analyses of the soils and assisted in preparing the manuscript. Dr. A. Leahey, Associate Director (Soils) , Branch Executive, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, gave advice on the classification of the soils in the field and suggested improvements in the manuscript. ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. QUEEN’S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY OTTAWA, 1964 Cat. No. A57-418 CONTENTS PAGE ACKNGWLEDGMENTS ................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 7 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA Location and Extent ........................................... 9 History and Development ....................................... 9 Towns, Population, and Industries ............................... 9 Transportation .................................................. 11 Agriculture ..................................................... 12 Climate ........................................................ 17 Native Vegetation ............................................... 20 Physiography ................................................... 23 Drainage ....................................................... 25 Geology of Soi1 Parent Materials ................................ 25 SOIL MAPPINGAND CLASSIFICATION ..................................... 28 Soi1 Development ............................................... 28 DESCRIPTION OF SOILS Regosol Soils ................................................... 30 Saunier soi1 complex .................................... 31 Dark Brown soils .............................................. 33 Kermel silt loam ....................................... 33 Bubar series ........................................... 37 Ingram silt loam ...................................... 39 Tuzo gravelly sandy loam ................................ 40 Boldue gravelly sandy loam ............................. 42 Black Soils .................................................... 43 Stevens loam ........................................... 43 Mires gravelly sandy loam ............................... 46 Republic gravelly sandy loam ............................ 48 Dark Gray Soils .............................................. 49 Marble sand ........................................... 50 Brown Wooded Soils ............................................ 51 Mogul very fine sandy loam ............................. 52 Beaverdell gravelly sandy loam ......................... 53 Burrell sandy loam ...................................... 56 Zamora loamy sand ..................................... 57 Ferroux sandy loam .................................... 59 Phoenix sandy loam .................................... 61 Fiva sandy loam ....................................... 62 Coteay sandy loam ..................................... 63 Gray Wooded Soils ............................................. 65 Conkle silt loam ........................................ 65 Spion loamy sand ...................................... 68 Wilkinson silt loam ..................................... 68 Carmisandy loam ....................................... 70 Hoolan sandy loam ..................................... 72 Thone silt loam ........................................ 73 3 75402-1: CONTENTS-(Continued) PAGE Brown Wooded-Gray Wooded Intergrade .......................... ‘76 Sidley silt loam ......................................... ‘76 Gray Forested Soils ............................................. 78 Taurus loam ............................................ ‘78 Brown Wooded-Gray Forested Intergrade .......................... 80 Gregoire loam .......................................... 80 Acid Brown Wooded Soils ....................................... 82 Hulme gravelly sandy loam .............................. 82 Humic Gleysol Soils ............................................ 83 Myncaster silt loam .................................... 83 Gleysol Soils ................................................... 85 Wilgress muck ......................................... 86 Organic Soils .................................................. 87 Peat ................................................... 87 Miscellaneous Land Types Swamps ................................................ 88 Ponds ................................................. 88 Smelter and concentrator dumps ......................... 89 Bluffsandravines ....................................... 89 CLASSES OF SOILS ACCORDINC TO SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION ............. 90 CLASSES OF LAND FOR DRY FARMING ................................... 91 SOIL MANAGEMENT .................................................. 94 ANALYSES OF SOILS .................................................. 95 REFERENCES ........................................................ 103 GLOSSARY .......................................................... 106 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. Areas of British Columbia in which the soils have been mapped 6 2. The Kettle Valley near Grand Forks ........................ 13 3. Irrigated wheat on McCoy gravelly sandy loam ................ 15 4. Barley on Stevens loam .................................... 16 5. Monthly precipitation patterns .............................. 19 6. The Midway Range northeast of Rock Creek ................. 24 7. The Kettle Valley near Ingram bridge ....................... 26 8. Cultivated Saunier soi1 complex .............................. 32 9. Profile of Kermel silt loarn ................................... 35 10. Topography and vegetation of McCoy gravelly sandy loams ..... 37 11. Profile of Bubar sandy loam ................................ 39 12. Profile of Ingram silt loam ................................. 41 13. Landscape of Stevensloam ................................... 44 14. Profile of Stevens loam ..................................... 45 15. Profile of Mires gravelly sandy loam ........................ 47 16. Profile of Marble sand ...................................... 51 17. Landscape of Beaverdell gravelly sandy loam .................. 52 4 CONTENTS-(Continued) PAGE FIGURES-Continued 18. Profile of Beaverdell gravelly sandy loam ..... ............... 53 19. Landscape of Ferroux sandy loam ............ ............... 59 20. Profile of Spion loamy sand .................. ............... 68 21. .Forest on Wilkinson silt loam ............... ............... 69 22. Profile of Wilkinson silt loam ................ ............... 71 23. Mature forest on Thone silt loam .............. ............... 75 24. Profile of Thone silt loam ................... ............... 75 25, Landscape of Taurus loam ................... ............... 78 26. Northward view of the plateau landscape ..... ............... 84 27. Profile of Myncaster silt loam ............... ............... 86 28. Soi1 textural classes ........................ ............... 110 LIST OF TABLES TABLES 1. Average seasonal temperatures .............................. 17 2. Extreme temperatures and average snowfall .................. 18 3. Summer rainfall ............................................ 20 4. Soils and parent materials ................................... 29 5. Approximate acreages of the soils ........................... 89 6. Classes and acreages of the soils according to suitability for irrigation .................................................. 91 7. Classes and acreages of the soils according to suitability for dry farming .................................................... 93 8. Cation exchange capacities, percentage base saturation, and ex- changeable cations ......................................... 96 9. Total organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium ................................................. 98 10. Silica, sesquioxides, and titanium ............................ 100 11. Percentages of Sand, silt, and clay ............................ 101 APPENDIX A. Average monthly
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