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An Understanding of Applications of NANO-Tech and NANO-Computing 1 2 K ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.04,Issue.55, December-2015, Pages:11784-11794 www.ijsetr.com An Understanding of Applications of NANO-Tech and NANO-Computing 1 2 K. J. SARMA , SMIEEE MREC, Kompally, Secunderabad, TS, India, E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract: This is the age of computing technologies, where in specialized software have evolved. For various specialized differing applications, different technologies are used. In the following an utmost modern technology of the 21 st century Nano- computing has been discussed. This paper is a review of the current state of nano-electronics and nano-computing technologies, and it also gives the prospects and the challenges that must be taken for the realization of solutions and applications. Keywords: Nano-Computing, Nano-Technology, Types of Nano-Computers, Applications, Future Scope, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Transistors, Nano-Scale. I. INTRODUCTION powers it. A channel opens periodically to the center of the Nano-computing deals with building computers whose protein alloying oxygen to pass from the outside and bind fundamental components measure only a few nanometers. with iron for transport throughout the body. In the next Such computers largely known as nano-computers, which decade more cleaner, stronger, lighter, and more precise have their circuitry is so small that it can only be seen through systems are likely to emerge. If we are to continue these a microscope. This field of Nano-computing is an emerging trends we will have to develop a new "post-lithographic" field of nanotechnology. Nano-computer is the logical name manufacturing technology which will let us inexpensively for a computer smaller than the microcomputer, which is build computer systems with mole quantities of logic smaller than the minicomputer, compared to original elements that are molecular in both size and precision and are (mainframe) computers. Nano (symbol n) is a unit prefix interconnected in complex and highly idiosyncratic patterns. meaning one billionth. Used primarily with the metric system, Industrial applications of Nanotechnology are perceived by this prefix denotes a factor of 10−9 or 0.000000001. It is Albert Franks[41 ] , as “ that area of science and technology frequentlyencountered in science and electronics for prefixing where dimensions and tolerances in the range of 0.1nm to 100 units of time and length. Three gold atoms lined up are about nm play a critical role” which with materials, devices, and one nanometer long. One-billionth (10-9): nanometer. There their applications, in areas such as engineered materials, are several ways nano-computers can be built, using electronics, computers, sensors, actuators, and machines, at mechanical, electronic, biochemical, or quantum technology the nano length-scale encompassing precision engineering as concepts. Nano-computers are thought to be made out of well as electronics; electromechanical systems (e.g. 'lab-on-a- semiconductor transistors (Microelectronic components), as chip' devices) as well as mainstream biomedical applications they seem to perform significantly less well when shrunk to in areas as diverse as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel sizes under 100 nanometers. Intel's 5 nanometer technology drug discovery techniques. outlook predicts 5 nm feature size is possible by 2022. The International Technology Roadmap (ITR) for Semicond- A. Applications of Nanotechnology uctors gives an industrial consensus on feature scaling Nanotech can be viewed as being part of an interdisciplinary following Moore's Law. It may be noted that a Silicon-Silicon area. Nanotech involves the work of scientists in chemistry, bond length is 235.2 pm, which means that a 5 nm-width physics, engineering, biology, computer science, and transistor would be 21 silicon atoms wide. Thus Nano- numerous related fields including medicine, to stain resistant technology is about building things atom by atom, molecule textiles and suntan lotions. On one hand, the DNA molecular by molecule. The goal of nanotechnology is to build tiny strands are the self-assembling templates for bio-sensors and devices called “nanomachines” built on a small scale. Atoms detectors, molecular electronics, and as the building blocks of placed precisely where we wish on a structure. all biological materials. On the other hand, some synthetic inorganic materials, such as carbon, boron-nitride or other All though we are yet to build a nanomachine, the principles nano-tubes or nano-wires, may also have similar and physical properties are based on atoms and molecules. In functionalities in some respects, but have exceptionally strong fact a protein in the human body could be thought of as a and stiff materials. It is the cross-correlation and fertilization machine that moves molecule. This is an oxygen pump used among many of the constituent disciplines enabling in red blood cells. The heat of other molecules around it technologies for molecular nanotechnology. Characteristics Copyright @ 2015 IJSETR. All rights reserved. K. J. SARMA, SMIEEE of Computational Nano-Devices are going to be regular and contact decoder, Randomized mask-based decoder. [42 ] Crossbars are a promising structure for DNA. These are Randomized-Contact Decoders are Gold particles which are programmable and may be used to produce templates for scattered at random with a Probability of p ≈ 0.5 a particle wires, gates. Nanowires, Nanotubes, Carbon nanotubes between NW/MW pair. Particle(s) between a MW and a NW (CNTs) are being used in regular 2D arrays (Nantero). forms a FET. Mask-Based Decoder Using High-K Dielectric Semiconducting nano-wires (NWs) are prepared and Regions is high-K dielectric couples doped NW & MW each assembled fluidic-ally in groups and stamped on chips. NW given a code. Regions stamped or defined litho- Encoded NWs are Nano-wires Grown / Encoded by Chemical graphically. Ethical Considerations of Nanotechnology raises Vapor Deposition. Semiconducting NWs are grown from some very important issues. In the future, as more and more seed catalysts. Their diameters are controlled by seed. Fluidic nano-based technologies increase, scientists working on them Assembly of Encoded Nanowires of Random sample of coded are likely to encounter issues that will require sound ethical NWs are floated on a liquid, deposited on chip, and dried. deliberation and decision-making. A highly-efficient nano- NWs are self-assemble into parallel locations. Processes are processor that will be integrated into a system used to collect repeated at right angles called crossbar. The Crossbar and store massive amounts of personal data of unknowing Programmable molecules (PMs) at NW cross points form citizens.Modern transistors are engineering marvels, requiring contacts groups. hundreds of careful processing steps performed in ultraclean environments. Transistor is expected to reach a minimum size NW / MW junctions form FETs. NWs are controlled by in the future; therefore new techniques or structures will be mesoscale wires (MWs). Dense memories (1011 bits/cm 2) needed to continue advancements in both speed and storage- and circuits predicted. Multiple Simple Decoders reduce the size of computers (e.g.-Moore’s Law). number of NW types needed for aw1 aw2 aw3 awb Ohm. Nonvolatile RAM Crossbars of Carbon Nanotubes have Transistor Acts as a switch, or an amplifier of signals electrostatic attraction used to make contacts, repulsion Collector, Base, Emitter. “Artificial atom allows an electron breaks them. These are permanently nonvolatile memory to be contained inside operating on “wireless” principle, devices having speed comparable to DRAM / SRAM and versus other directions taken in nano-computing which uses have density comparable to DRAM, Unlimited lifetime and electrical fields, or the natural repulsion of electrons to immune to soft errors used in the LSI production line. The transmit signals. Nanoscience Technology Center Located at available architecture of Nano computers are of two ways. Research Pavillion Millions of dollars in funding Working The first approach simply increases existing machine with numerous organizations and industries Aerospace, resources - more or larger caches; more on-chip processors, Physics, Bio-molecular Science, Electrical and Computer direct multi-threading support (i.e. exploiting parallelism Engineering. Nanotech is popping up in academic institutions between concurrently running tasks rather than within a single all around the world. Until the mid-1990s, the term algorithm) and other similar techniques. The second "nanoscale" generally denoted circuit features smaller than approach uses modular and hierarchical architectures to 100 nm. As the IC industry started to build commercial improve the performance of traditional single-thread devices at such size scales since the beginning of the 2000s, architectures. Three main classes of parallel architectures the term "nano-computing" has been reserved for device based on the characteristics, applicable to the nano-computer features well below 50 nm to even the size of individual domain. They are highly regular, locally connected; molecules, which are only a few nm. Scientists and engineers peripherally interfaced, data-parallel architectures offer a are only beginning to conceive new ways to approach good match to the characteristics of nano-electronic devices. computing using extremely small devices and individual Data parallel architectures represent only a small portion of molecules. Contemporary digital computers use currents and the interesting
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