Histoplasmose

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Histoplasmose IBMR – LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES CURSO DE BIOMEDICINA KARINE BRUCATT DA SILVA PIRES HISTOPLASMOSE RIO DE JANEIRO 2017 KARINE BRUCATT DA SILVA PIRES HISTOPLASMOSE Trabalho de conclusão de curso apresentada ao IBMR – Laureate International Universities como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de Bacharel em biomedicina em 2017. ORIENTADOR (A): Jorgenilce Sales RIO DE JANEIRO 2017 KARINE BRUCATT DA SILVA PIRES HISTOPLASMOSE Trabalho de conclusão de curso apresentada ao IBMR – Laureate International Universities como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de Bacharel em . Biomedicina em 2017. Aprovada em 14 de novembro de 2017. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alan Carneiro IBMR - Laureate International Universities _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Couto IBMR - Laureate International Universities Dedico esse trabalho primeiramente a Deus, minha mãe, irmã e madrinha por serem primordiais na minha vida e por terem me ajudado a prosseguir com a graduação. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço em primeiro lugar a Deus por ter me concedido a vida e me dado forças para chegar até aqui. Agradeço aos meus pais, especificamente a minha mãe, pela boa educação que se propuseram a me dar e por me incentivarem a crescer na vida. A vocês meus sinceros agradecimentos e gratidão por tudo que fizeram de melhor para mim. De forma especial agradeço a minha tia e madrinha Dagmar Esteves, por realizar o meu sonho, por estar ao meu lado sempre que precisei e que sem ela na minha vida eu nada seria. Um agradecimento ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) por ter me concedido uma bolsa de iniciação cientifica na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. A toda minha família por todo amor e carinho, por me encorajar nos momentos de angustias em que pensei em desistir de tudo e pelos momentos de alegria em toda a minha vida. À minha orientadora durante a iniciação cientifica (IC) na Fiocruz, Drª Rosely Maria Zancopé, grande pesquisadora que me proporcionou essa monografia dando-me conhecimento sobre o assunto em questão, por me acolher nos momentos em que precisei, por todos os ensinamentos, pela cordialidade, paciência, por toda a dedicação que teve com esse trabalho me explicando nos momentos de dúvida e pela sua atenção. À minha orientadora e professora durante a preparação do trabalho de conclusão de curso Jorgenilce Sales, por me auxiliar sempre que foi preciso sendo amigável, atenciosa e por me estimular a fazer sempre o melhor não duvidando da minha capacidade. Ao meu co-orientador durante minha IC, Marcos Almeida, que no decorrer desse tempo se propôs a me ensinar sendo bastante paciente e amigável nos vários momentos que necessitei de sua ajuda. Ao pessoal do laboratório de Micologia do setor de Imunodiagnóstico, do Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas: Dr. Mauro Muniz, Drª Claudia Vera Pizzini, Dr. Leonardo Barbedo, Luã Cardoso, Fernando Almeida e Vanessa por estarem sempre presentes me auxiliando nos momentos de dúvidas, agradeço por tudo que aprendi com vocês e por me proporcionarem momentos felizes durante a minha IC. Aos meus amigos da faculdade Natália Cassilhas, Fernanda Silveira, Michely Moraes, Luís Felipe, Elisabeth Pereira, Élida de Souza e Claudio Coelho pela paciência que tiveram comigo nesse processo, pela amizade de cada um e por me ajudarem a ser uma pessoa melhor me trazendo conhecimento de coisas que eu não tinha. Aos meus professores e coordenadores do IBMR que tiveram importância na minha formação profissional. RESUMO A histoplasmose é uma doença sistêmica causada pelo fungo dimórfico chamado Histoplasma capsulatum, descrita pela primeira vez em 1905 por Darling, após a realização de uma autopsia de um paciente nativo do Panamá que apresentava hepatoesplenomegalia. As principais fontes de infecção são locais como grutas, cavernas, galinheiros, árvores ocas, construções antigas ou abandonadas e áreas rurais. A histoplasmose é a micose endêmica mais comum nos Estados Unidos, atingindo em maior número indivíduos HIV positivos. Atualmente a histoplasmose apresenta distribuição mundial, com a maior prevalência nas regiões temperadas e tropicais. Este fungo possui inúmeros fatores de virulência que lhe conferem resistência para sobreviver a diferentes condições ambientais. A infecção humana se dá pela via respiratória, onde ocorre a inalação dos microconídios de H. capsulatum presentes no meio ambiente. Estes conídios alcançam os alvéolos pulmonares e induzem uma resposta inflamatória por parte do hospedeiro. Em imunocomprometidos, essa infecção primária assume quadro progressivo podendo levar a fatalidade. O diagnóstico da histoplasmose é clínico-epidemiológico e laboratorial. O isolamento de H. capsulatum em meios de cultura específicos é padrão ouro no diagnóstico laboratorial, porém requer maior demanda de tempo. O histopatológico oferece agilidade no diagnóstico, no entanto possui sensibilidade menor que 50%. Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura científica comparando as metodologias tradicionais e alternativas no diagnóstico imunológico da histoplasmose baseado na detecção de antígenos e anticorpos específicos. A revisão literária incluiu artigos originais e utilizou como seleção as plataformas de consulta PubMed, Scielo, Google acadêmico e também livros de editoras nacionais e internacionais. O imunodiagnóstico é de grande importância no diagnóstico laboratorial da histoplasmose, pois apresentam sensibilidade superior a 90% e detectam de forma indireta a existência do patógeno no hospedeiro. O diagnóstico imunológico tem sido usado rotineiramente auxiliando no diagnóstico da histoplasmose. Técnicas moleculares como PCR, têm sido utilizadas recentemente como alternativa de um diagnóstico rápido para a histoplasmose, porém apresenta baixa sensibilidade quando aplicado diretamente a amostras clínicas. Palavras-chave: Histoplasma capsulatum, histoplasmose, diagnóstico, sorologia ABSTRACT Histoplasmosis is a systemic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, first described in 1905 by Darling after performing an autopsy on a native patient from Panama who had hepatosplenomegaly. The main sources of infection are sites such as caves, caves, chicken coops, hollow trees, old or abandoned buildings and rural areas. Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis in the United States, reaching more HIV-positive individuals. The histoplasmosis is currently distributed worldwide, with the highest prevalence in temperate and tropical regions. This fungus has numerous virulence factors that give it resistance to survive different environmental conditions. The human infection occurs through the respiratory pathway, where the inhalation of H. capsulatum microconidia present in the environment occurs. These conidia reach the pulmonary alveoli and induce an inflammatory response on the part of the host. In immunocompromised patients, this primary infection is progressive and can lead to fatality. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis is clinical-epidemiological and laboratory. Isolation of H. capsulatum in specific culture media is a gold standard in laboratory diagnosis, but requires a greater time demand. The histopathology offers agility in diagnosis; however, it has a sensitivity of less than 50%. This study aims to conduct a review of scientific literature comparing traditional and alternative methodologies in the immunological diagnosis of histoplasmosis based on the detection of antigens and specific antibodies. The literary review included original articles and used as a selection the consultation platforms PubMed, Scielo, Google academic as well as books of national and international publishers. Immunodiagnosis is of great importance in the laboratory diagnosis of histoplasmosis, since they have sensitivity greater than 90% and indirectly detect the existence of the pathogen in the host. Immunological diagnosis has been routinely used to aid in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Molecular techniques such as PCR have recently been used as an alternative to a rapid diagnosis for histoplasmosis, but it presents low sensitivity when applied directly to clinical samples. Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum, histoplasmosis, diagnosis, serology. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Ilustração 1: Diferenciação celular de Histoplasma capsulatum. .......................................... 19 Ilustração 2: Distribuição geográfica de H. capsulatum var. Capsulatum (roxo) e H. capsulatum var. Duboisii (área sombreada). Os círculos indicam o número de casos publicados de histoplasmose autóctone associada à AIDS. A maioria dos casos africanos foi observada fora da África........................................................................................................... 20 Ilustração 3: Distribuição da histoplasmose no Brasil, conforme indicado pela positividade do teste cutâneo de histoplasmina.. .......................................................................................... 21 Ilustração 4: Ciclo biológico do fungo Histoplasma capsulatum no hospedeiro.. ................ 23 Ilustração 5: Radiografia do tórax de paciente do sexo masculino com histoplasmose pulmonar aguda, com múltiplos nódulos pulmonares, resultante da grande quantidade de conídios presentes em galinheiro. ............................................................................................. 24 Ilustração 6: Radiografia do tórax de paciente com histoplasmose pulmonar crônica, sendo visível cavitações e perda de volume no pulmão
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