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Replacement of Renewable Energies in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve Instead of Forest Wood

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Replacement of Renewable Energies in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve Instead of Forest Wood Replacement of renewable energies in Arasbaran Biosphere reserve instead of forest wood Mona Poorzady PhD in Environmental Policy September 2015 1 Abstract Affordable energy services are key elements of economic development and eradication of extreme poverty as called for in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The Arasbaran mountainous forest Biosphere reserve in North West of Iran has a great potential for the use of renewable energy. People residing in or close the biosphere reserves need to access clean and economically energy. Addressing the challenge of a new sustainable energy system involves an increased use of renewable energy sources. Renewable sources of energy offer win-win solutions by increasing the access to energy while reducing environmental impacts and mitigating climate change. This requires local competencies as well as endogenous scientific capacity as a foundation for an enhanced knowledge of the different related technologies and their adaptation to different contexts and needs. Aim of this research is to find most suitable kinds of renewable energies according to the socio economic, geographical and ecological situation of the study area, using Iran's wind capacity dispersion map, Iran solar energy map, Geothermal energy resources map of Iran. Results showed that geothermal energy in Arasbaran could be good choice because this region is close to Sabalan (North west) which has highest capacity for geothermal energy, also wind energy could be the second choice. 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….…….….…5-6 1.1. Arasbaran Biosphere reserve………………………………………………….……...….7-8 1.2. An over view of renewable energies in Iran…………………………………….……….8-12 2. Actors in renewable energy sector of Iran…………………………………………………...13 3. Wind Energy potential………………………………………………………………….…......14-18 3.1. Situation of Wind Energy in Iran……………………….....................................…...18-20 4. Solar energy potential………………………………………………………….…………….....23-24 5. Geothermal power potential……………………………………………..............………...….24-27 6. Biomass, biogas, hydrogen energy and fuel cell………………………………………….…....28-30 7. Fuel cell and hydrogen…………………………………………………..………….………….30-34 8. Non-governmental renewable power plant projects……………………..………….………....34 9. Conclusion and recommendations………………………………………..……………..……..35 10. References………………………………………………………………………………….....46-48 List of Tables: Table 1.situation of wind power plant projects in several provinces in Iran…………………..…..….15 Table2. Specification of wind turbines for various site in Iran…………………………….……..…...15 Table3. Electricity generation from several wind power plants………………………………..……...16 Table4. Specification of observation and executive program for wind power in Iran……….............16 Table5. Situation of Established Plants in Iran…………………………………………………….......18 Table6.The capacity of several power plant stomeet demands in2011–2014………………….……...20 Table7. The solar energy project completed or near completion…………………………….……...…25 Table8. Electricity generation from several solar power plants……………………………….…...….26 Table9. Different potentially geothermal regions investigated north and northwest Iran…….……….27 3 Table 10, Different potentially geothermal regions investigated north and north-west Iran……….….31 Table 11. Specification of geothermal energy projects of Ministry Energy of Iran…………………...31 Table 12. Iran s biomass type………………………………………………………………………..…34 Table 13. Specification ofbiomassandbiogasprojectsministryenergyofIran……………………………35 Table14. Iran s production capacity and domestic consumption of electricity from biogas power plant………………………………………………………………………………………………...….35 Table15. Specification of Full cell and Hydrogen projects of Ministry energy of Iran…………….…36 Table16. specification of renewable energy power plant projects in 2010, Non-governmental…….…37 List of Figures: Fig 1. World total final consumption from1971 to 2009………….……….………….……..8 Fig. 2. Renewables as a percent of total installed capacity worldwide……………..………..9 Fig. 3. Key drivers for renewable energy in developing economies…………………………………….13 Fig. 4. Global deployment potential of various renewable energy sources…………….……………….19 Fig. 5. Electricity generation from renewable and non renewable sources in Iran……………….....….19 Fig. 6. Variation of wind speed potential in different site in m/s……………………………………….20 Fig. 7. Iran's wind capacity dispersion at an altitude of80m………………………………………....….21 Fig. 8. Electricity generation from wind power plants…………………………………………….…….21 Fig 9. Iran solar energy map……………………………………………………………………………..24 Fig. 10. Main structural (tectonic) regions of Iran………………………………………………….……29 Fig. 11. Geothermal energy resourcesmapofIran.The14geothermal areas are ranked inorder of importance (Sabalan the highest rank and Lar- Bastakthe lowest)………………………………..………………...30 Fig. 12. Share of potential energy of biomass waste in Iran………………………………..............….32 4 1. Introduction Biosphere reserves are sites for social learning in the local community; without a sense of responsibility in the neighborhood, solidarity on a global level will never be reached. Through information exchange and cooperation in a worldwide network, biosphere reserves can also help to promote collective action in the battle against climate change. Energy is at the heart of human, social, economic, and sustainable development issues. Decisions taken on the use of energy sources and on the technologies to use have a major influence on opportunities for development, as well as on the wellbeing of human beings and ecosystems. Energy and environment issues cannot be dissociated with development concerns and they are linked to other physical resources like forest and agriculture, water, land, air, in fact the entire biosphere. [1] Energy is also at the core of the climate mitigation agenda. As energy demand continues to grow, the ability to address energy issues, including energy access, efficiency, and renewable energy sources, will be paramount in enabling development and climate change priorities to be met in a mutually reinforcing way. In the phase following the 18th Climate Change Conference - COP18, and as identified by the UN Conference on Sustainable Development - RIO+20, there is a need to address energy as the main and critical driver of sustainable development and the new global Climate Change deal. [2] In this context, renewable energy has become a cornerstone of the UN strategy. The aim is to anticipate the solutions to avoid events that mortgage our common future over time. Access to basic, clean and affordable energy services is essential for sustainable development and poverty eradication and can provide major benefits in the areas of health, non-delocalized job creation, socio economic 5 empowerment and equity. Addressing the challenge of a new sustainable energy system involves an increased use of renewable energy sources. Renewable sources of energy offer win-win solutions by increasing the access to energy while reducing environmental impacts and mitigating climate change. This requires local competencies as well as endogenous scientific capacity as a foundation for an enhanced knowledge of the different related technologies and their adaptation to different contexts and needs. [3] Addressing the challenge of a new sustainable energy system involves an increased use of renewable energy sources. Renewable sources of energy offer win-win solutions by increasing the access to energy while reducing environmental impacts and mitigating climate change. This requires local competencies as well as endogenous scientific capacity as a foundation for an enhanced knowledge of the different related technologies and their adaptation to different contexts and needs. Biosphere reserves are an effective instrument for mitigating climate change and serve as models for adaptation to the impacts of this change. This applies particularly in the domains of sustainable land use, green economies, safeguarding ecosystem services, energy efficiency and the use of renewable energies. Biosphere reserves are learning sites for sustainable development. The large number of UNESCO Sites around the world, in critical ecosystems ranging from small islands to mega cities, makes it possible to build and share a comprehensive knowledge base on good practices and policies on the use of environmentally sound energy technologies and their adaptation to specific contexts and needs. [4] 6 1.1. Arasbaran Biosphere reserve Arasbaran biosphere reserve situated in the north of Iran at the border to Armenia and Azerbaijan belongs to the Caucasus Iranian Highlands. In-between the Caspian, Caucasus and Mediterranean region, the area covers mountains up to 2,200 meters, high alpine meadows, semi-arid steppes, rangelands and forests, rivers and springs. Arasbaran is the territory of about 23,500 nomads who are mainly living in the buffer and transition zones (2000). Economic activities in the biosphere reserve are mainly agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, apiculture, handicrafts and tourism, but business activities can also be found in urbanized areas. At the level of local communities and households, renewable energy can ensure access to basic energy services even in the most remote areas, including lighting and communications, transport, cooking, heating and cooling and pumping water. Thus, besides contributing to climate change mitigation, it will also help address local sustainable development. Most protected areas are part of the socio-economic
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