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The Rise of the Raj and the Fall of Shergotty

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The Rise of the Raj and the Fall of Shergotty The Rise of the Raj and the Fall of Shergotty Painting by Dorothy Norton The farmer who witnessed the fall of Shergotty prays over the impact hole. "Shergotty" is written in Sanskrit around the Hindu god of the sky, Varuna. “I at first doubted whether it was a true aerolite or not, in consequence of the colour being different from the one that fell in the Furreedpore District in 1850... but I find from Mr. Peppe, the Sub-Deputy Opium Agent, that there can be no doubt of its being a true aerolite, as he has seen two that fell in the District...” This account is found in a deposition submitted in late 1865 by W.C. Costley, Deputy Magistrate of Shergotty, India to his supervisor A. Hope, Magistrate of Behar. Had Mr. Peppe not been in the neighborhood that day to oversee the opium crop, perhaps W.C. might have tossed the “wrong-colored” rock into the River Ganges. The deposition was accompanied by an aerolite, and both were presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal by S.C. Bailey, Officiating Secretary to the Government of Bengal, during their meeting of December, 1865. He also gave them communication No. 829, “with enclosures from the Commissioner of Patna, containing some particulars connected to the fall of the stone...”. The nearby city of Patna was the British government's opium processing center for product bound for China. Bailey was fulfilling a government edict hoping, “... your Society will be good enough to cause all the particulars of interest connected to this Aerolite to be communicated to the authorities of the British Museum.” That was code for “send the rock to Story-Maskelyne, Keeper of the Minerals”. Theater from the Sky The farmer's field where Shergotty landed was just a gritty corner of a grand stage stretching from somewhere on Mars to London, Calcutta and Shanghai. The actors you will meet in this performance filled roles both memorable and execrable. Before the lights dim, let's open the playbill and review the literature regarding the fall of Shergotty. The Calcutta Gazette was quoted in the August, 1866 Report of the 36th Meeting of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, “A stone fell from the heavens accompanied by a very loud report, and buried itself in the earth knee-deep. At that time, the sky was cloudy and the air calm, no rain. The stone has been forwarded by the government to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.” The Costley deposition and aerolite are mentioned in The New Englander, New Haven and Yale Review vol XXVII, P. 134, 1868. Referenced in “The Academy and Literature” vol.2, p 540, 1871, an analysis by Dr. F. Crook in 1868 purported to be of Shergotty is discovered to be of a specimen from another fall. On February 22, 1872, Von G. Tschermak submitted the first analysis of the achondrite writing of its recovery, “There is no information on the accompanying circumstances.” Shergotty is found to the south in this map of Bihar, India Most recently, Charles Meyer's (NASA) Mars Meteorite Compenium relates, “The Shergotty achondrite fell on August 25, 1865 at 9:00 a.m. near a town called Shergahti in Bihar State, India after detonations were heard (Graham et al. 1985). Duke (1968) refers to several stones with fusion crusts, but this has not been confirmed.” The Costley deposition best describes the circumstances of the fall of Shergotty. This document has been forgotten, archived in the British Library. It was retrieved by a librarian in Edinburgh for which we can be forever grateful. Now, almost 147 years after the fact, you will read the first complete description of the fall of Shergotty, the namesake of the largest class of meteorites from Mars- shergottites. Shergotty Meteorite on display in Vienna But before we discover how Shergotty was saved from the meteor-wrong pile by a government employed drug dealer, it's imperative to understand the political and cultural environment of the era surrounding this event and examine the key role India's first scientific associations played in revolutionizing historic attitudes. Shergotty as written in Sanskrit. Drawing by Dorothy Norton The Asiatic Society of Bengal Births a National Collection of Meteorites Sir William Jones (1746 – 1794) founded the Asiatick Society in Calcutta on January 15, 1784, advising thirty European invitees, “The bounds of investigations will be the geographical limits of Asia, and within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.” What evolved into The Asiatic Society of Bengal became instrumental in collecting and studying meteorites. First, those from India, then others acquired in exchange from around the world, breaking an intensely competitive duopoly formed by the British and Vienna museums. Shergotty became one of the first Indian meteorites not to be wholly and dutifully transported by the British bureaucrats governing India to the Natural History Museum in London. For fans of trivia, besides the Shergotty meteorite fragments and the report of its fall, other gifts to the Society during that fateful December meeting in 1865 included: • a “brass image of the Dhurm Rajah of Bhotan”, a populist leader worshiped by the Bhooteas (Bhutanese). The statue was “preserved from destruction” when the British captured a fort on the frontier of India. • twelve copies of “a brief analytical review of the Administration of Lord Mornington, afterwards Lord Wellsley.” • and lastly, “from Babu Rajendra Mullick, a dead Gayal.” A gayal was an oxen never put to work, treated well, then slaughtered and eaten. Society founder Jones was not born into wealth even though his father was the mathematician who devised the symbol for pi. William graduated from Oxford and became a recognized “Orientalist”, writing history books and articles about past Asian societies. Preceding the American Revolution, Jones journeyed to Paris and met with Benjamin Franklin, but was unable to negotiate a work-around to the Colony's' demands. Assigned to Calcutta, he sat as a judge and was knighted for his service. After Jones' death, the Asiatic Society opened India's first public library in 1808 and the country's first public museum in 1814. In 1829 the Society integrated, opening its membership to Indians. Libraries amass books and papers. Museums amass collections of objects. The pursuit of these needs resulted in the end of England's colonial practice of harvesting every object of historic or scientific value from the sub-continent for its own institutions. By the time of the fall of Shergotty in 1865, the Society was India's most influential scientific organization, their publications in demand by scholars in Europe. Besides those who sought to belong to this group, the Asiatic Society increased its prestige by offering honorary memberships to influential persons in Europe. Some members of note included: 1. Major H.H Godwin-Austin, famed for performing a difficult topographical survey of India, he had the world's second highest mountain (now called K-2) named after him; 2. W.J.Herschel, the son of the astronomer, who realized fingerprints could be used for identification; 3. Allan Hume, the 'father of Indian ornithology' was the founder of the Indian National Congress, the country's powerful political party; 4. Isaac Newton; 5. Charles Darwin; 6. H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh. Meteorite Legends of the Sub-Continent Meteorites have long influenced Indian culture. One story tells of two merchants who offer Buddha food and request a souvenir to commemorate the occasion. He gives them a hair and pieces of his nail clippings. Buddha tells them that should a stone fall from the sky, they should erect a pagoda on the site and worship the hair and nails as if they were Buddha himself. In 1867, a meteorite fall of many stones near a small town in India causes the local people to suspect they are objects of vengeance from an offended God. They gather the fragments, pound them into dust, and throw the pieces into the wind. Concurrent with the fall of Shergotty is a report of “meteor stones which fell in this Talook” near Bangalor on September 21, 1865. After describing the angle of incline, the witness Mahamed Ali investigates whether the stones were put there by villagers maliciously attempting to alarm their neighbors. Because no similar colored stones are nearby, he is convinced that they are meteorites. Kenda, another eyewitness, is picking grass only 200 meters from where one of the stones fell. He had heard the “report of a cannon fired three times” before watching something fall from the sky. He was “extremely terrified, his eyes were closed up from the rush of the smoky dust which rose directly after the fall of the stone, he did not go close to it, because he thought that some calamity had descended from the heavens.” Kenda eventually took yet another eyewitness to the spot were they found something black, half of which was buried in the sandy soil of the field. “They touched it with a stick. When they found it was safe enough, he took it out of the hole with his hands and brought it to the village.” It was turned over to the authorities. That meteorite is Maddur L5, two specimens with a combined weight of about two kilograms remain extant. We also have an account by Bakerooddin Shaikh of the fall of Gopalpur, a stone donated to the Asiatic Society earlier in 1865. “I had been to the field to fetch home my cattle. All of a sudden a hissing noise... the sound was like that made by the flight of a buzzard.
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