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40625783.Pdf Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Pacific Region Science Response 2017/031 REVIEW OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH RECENT AND PROPOSED OKANAGAN SOCKEYE SALMON FRY INTRODUCTIONS TO SKAHA AND OKANAGAN LAKES Context The Columbia River Basin supports a Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) aggregate that is composed of three Sockeye Salmon populations including: the Okanagan population from British Columbia (BC), Canada, the Wenatchee Lake population from Washington State, and a small population from Redfish Lake in Idaho that is listed under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). On average, the Okanagan population has accounted for greater than 80% of all Sockeye Salmon returning to the Columbia Basin in the most recent decade. Anadromous Sockeye Salmon and freshwater-resident kokanee are two ecotypes within Oncorhynchus nerka that occur frequently as sympatric paired populations sharing a common nursery (juvenile-rearing) lake. The closely related ecotypic pairs typically develop naturally, with the presence of Sockeye Salmon believed to give rise to the subsequent development of kokanee. Okanagan Lake currently provides no access to Sockeye Salmon but contains shore- and stream-spawning kokanee that display limited morphological and genetic differentiation and may constitute incipient ecotypes. Okanagan Lake has experienced extensive environmental perturbation over the past 100 years and the evolutionary trajectory of the kokanee ecotypes (stable, increasing or decreasing genetic differentiation) is not known. As part of a program to introduce Sockeye Salmon into Okanagan Lake, the Okanagan Nation Alliance (ONA) initiated introductions of hatchery-origin Sockeye Salmon to Skaha Lake as an initial, 12-year experiment to provide results to inform future introductions to Okanagan Lake. The ONA conducted an evaluation phase on Skaha Lake from 1999 to 2003; and then began introducing hatchery-origin Sockeye Salmon fry to rear in Skaha Lake, as part of a collaborative “Skaha Re-introduction Project”. Observational data to assess both disease and other ecological impacts have been gathered on an ongoing basis by the ONA and subjected to annual review by the three-party (ONA, DFO, BC-FLNRO) Canadian Okanagan Basin Technical Working Group since the program’s inception (Alexander and Hyatt eds. 2015). A recent genetic study suggests that significant introgression has occurred in the Skaha Lake Sockeye/kokanee Salmon populations since the introduction of Sockeye Salmon in 2004 (Veale and Russello 2016); with unknown long term consequences on resident kokanee salmon. In British Columbia, a federal – provincial Introductions and Transfers Committee (ITC) reviews applications to introduce or transfer cultured aquatic species to assess risks for possible disease, ecological and genetic effects on native species and ecosystems, and to ensure that the licensing requirements of s. 56 of the Fishery (General) Regulations are met. When issuing a licence, the ITC may also prescribe certain measures to minimize risks associated with transfer activities (e.g. egg disinfection, quarantine of stock). Specifically, the ITC can recommend the Minister issue a licence if: a) the release or transfer of the fish would be in keeping with the proper management and control of fisheries; July 2017 Science Response: Review of Sockeye Salmon fry introductions to Pacific Region Skaha and Okanagan Lakes b) the fish do not have any disease or disease agent that may be harmful to the protection and conservation of fish; and c) the release or transfer of the fish will not have an adverse effect on the stock size of fish or the genetic characteristics of fish or fish stocks. The ONA has applied to release up to 750 000 Sockeye Salmon fry into Okanagan Lake in 2017, and has indicated that their hatchery facility has the capacity to rear 7 million fry; with maximum single-year introductions estimated at 3.5 million fry. To provide a recommendation regarding whether or not to authorize the release application, the ITC requires science advice on potential ecosystem disruption, pathogen transfer, or genetic interference impacts associated with the proposed release. Consequently, DFO Aquaculture Management Division has requested that DFO Science review the literature and results from the ongoing assessment of the Skaha Lake experimental re-introduction program, as well as other applicable sources of information, and provide advice regarding the potential risks, impacts and uncertainties associated with variable scale introductions of Sockeye Salmon fry into Okanagan Lake. The assessment and advice arising from this Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Science Response (SR) will be used to assist in arriving at a regulatory authorization decision. This Science Response Report results from the Science Response Process of May 2017 Review of proposed Okanagan Sockeye fry introduction to Skaha and Okanagan Lakes: history, uncertainties, and implications. Analysis Potential impacts of Sockeye Salmon fry introductions on the Okanagan Lake ecosystem and resident fish Sockeye Salmon fry (from the anadromous ecotype), and all age groups of kokanee (freshwater ecotype of O. nerka), share the same zooplankton taxa as food; consequently, competitive interactions are potentially a concern with respect to management of either allopatric or sympatric populations of O. nerka. More than a decade of results from bioenergetics, fish population and food-web assessments in Osoyoos, Skaha and Okanagan lakes have been considered to anticipate the potential impacts of proposed introductions of 750,000 to 3.5 million Sockeye Salmon fry (equivalent to 30 – 141 per ha) on the pelagic ecosystem of Okanagan Lake. Although each of the three principal lake systems providing results for this review has a unique nutrient profile and species composition, there are general similarities which provide the basis for meaningful comparisons. For example, both Okanagan and Skaha lakes have undergone a documented decrease in biologically available phosphorus loads, and a decrease in several lake productivity metrics (including kokanee densities) since the 1970s; and Okanagan lake presently supports about half the O. nerka biomass as Skaha Lake. Nevertheless, both Skaha and Okanagan Lake are currently classified as oligotrophic systems and share similar zooplankton species composition, and similar age, species, biomass structure and diets of their pelagic fish communities. Consequently, it is anticipated that from a bioenergetics perspective, the pressure exerted by age-0 fry on their forage base in Okanagan Lake, where detailed bioenergetics analysis has not been done, will be proportionate to their relative biomass contribution, as in Skaha Lake, where detailed bioenergetics analysis has been done. Additionally, the ranges of Sockeye Salmon fry densities reported for Skaha and Osoyoos Lake during the past 12 years exceed the range of the sum of both Sockeye Salmon and kokanee fry densities expected in Okanagan Lake due to the proposed introduction described in the 2 Science Response: Review of Sockeye Salmon fry introductions to Pacific Region Skaha and Okanagan Lakes application under review. Consequently, the results from bioenergetics, fish population and food-web studies from the Skaha and Osoyoos Lake systems are considered applicable and relevant to anticipating potential impacts, and identifying uncertainties, associated with the proposed introduction of Sockeye Salmon fry into Okanagan Lake. Bioenergetics and Food-web Assessments for Evidence of Impacts O. nerka fry are numerically dominant in the pelagic fish communities in Osoyoos, Skaha and Okanagan Lakes (e.g. 65-85%), but make up a much smaller proportion of the total biomass of all pelagic fish (e.g. only 6.3-7.8% in Skaha and Okanagan lakes). In both Osoyoos and Skaha lakes, detailed assessments of the bioenergetics of growth and zooplankton consumption by various classes of pelagic fish (O. nerka fry, older and larger kokanee, Lake Whitefish), along with production of zooplankton, indicate that Sockeye salmon and kokanee fry as a group consume less than 5% of the common, zooplankton forage-base consumed by all pelagic fish. These results support the conclusion that O. nerka fry in these lakes have little to no controlling impact on their prey (e.g. O. nerka fry do not strongly affect the total prey biomass). The food webs and resident fish community of Skaha Lake have been subjected to introductions of Sockeye Salmon fry initiated since the spring of 2004. Annual to seasonal comparisons of food-web and resident fish community attributes before, during and after introductions of a wide range (0-800 per ha) of Sockeye Salmon fry to Skaha Lake indicate: • No detectable change in the Skaha Lake food webs attributable to Sockeye Salmon fry introductions. • No detectable association between annual variations in kokanee fry survival and variations in introduced Sockeye fry numbers or biomass. • Minor reductions to kokanee fry summer growth, and no impacts on the size of kokanee fry by the end of the growing season attributable to Sockeye Salmon fry introductions. • Detectable density dependent interactions appear to be restricted to impacts of larger older fish on each other and on O. nerka fry, independent of Sockeye Salmon fry stocking. Demonstrations of statistically significant associations between increasing fish abundance and decreasing growth or survival of various classes of fish (species, age groups, etc.) are generally
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