Berry/Vegetable Times Berry/Vegetable Times December 2004

December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times Berry/Vegetable Times December 2004

In this issue... From Your Extension that produce early fruit, freezes in Strawberry Freeze Protection Page 2 February and March are of great Agent… concern. Fruit and open flowers will Blueberry Cold Protection Early Season Arthropod Pests in Page 2 freeze at higher temperatures than the Strawberry Crop: Cyclamen flowers that have not opened, and Mites Now that a couple of cold dormant buds are even more cold fronts have come through and we see Early Season Arthropod Pests in Page 3 hardy. the Strawberry Crop: the cold weather the rest of the Factors to pay attention to Lepidopterous Larvae, Aphids country is having, we are starting to are temperature, wind speed, and dew think about cold protection. An Pesticide Registrations and Page 5 point. The predicted low temperature Actions excellent publication entitled plays a part in deciding whether to “Protecting Blueberries from Freezes cold protect and the method of Pesticide Potpourri Page 5 in Florida” by Drs. Paul Lyrene and protection. Wind speed can GCREC Center Update Page 6 Jeff Williamson came out this year influence the effectiveness of the on EDIS. I will give a brief overview sprinkler irrigation method of freeze SPECIAL GCREC FACT Page 7 here, but be sure to read the paper to protection. And dew point (an SHEET learn all the helpful information that Powdery Mildew of Strawberries indicator of the amount of water it contains. The paper can be found vapor in the air) affects how quickly at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS216, or air temperature drops. Moist air get in touch with me for a copy. retains more heat than dry air. Also, Blueberries enter a dormant when the dew point is low, the rate of condition in the winter where there is evaporative cooling is high, which is no growth and this aids in surviving of concern when sprinkler irrigation cold weather. If the blueberry plant is used for freeze protection. is fully dormant it is very cold hardy, Site selection can influence and in Florida air temperatures temperatures in the field. For usually do not get low enough to example, hillsides can be warmer Calendar of Events cause plant damage. Also, blueberry than bottomland when nights are still. plants need a certain amount of Also, making sure soil is moist, Dec. 14 Pesticide License Testing. Hills. chilling to break dormancy and grow compacted, and free of weeds prior to Co. Extension Office. (813) 744-5519. and flower well the next spring. a freeze can help maximize moisture Each variety has its own in the air, and thereby maximize air Jan. 11/05 Pesticide License Testing, Hills. characteristic chilling requirement, Co. Extension Office. (813) 744-5519 temperature. and this is the main reason why some If you use overhead varieties do better in central Florida irrigation for freeze protection you than others. Plants in our area of the must be able to pump large volumes A monthly newsletter of the University of Florida IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, state frequently do not lose all their of water to get good protection. and Florida Cooperative Extension Service. leaves and this can affect the amount Remember that when the air is dry it Hillsborough County Cooperative Ext. Service of chill time they accumulate. Plants 5339 CR 579, Seffner, FL 33584 will take even higher volumes of (813) 744-5519 SC 541-5772 that retain at least some of their water to give protection to the plants. Alicia Whidden, Editor Mary Chernesky, leaves will not have their chill On calm nights, the sprinkler system Director requirement satisfied as quickly as can be turned on when the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center plants that loose all their leaves. temperature in the coldest part of the 13138 Lewis Gallagher Road, Dover, FL 33527 Since the industry in west (813) 744-6630 SC 512-1160 Christine Cooley, Layout and Design central Florida is based on varieties (Continued on page 2) Jack Rechcigl, Director

IFAS is an Equal Employment Opportunity —Affirmative Action Employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards1 of the County Commissioners Cooperating. December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times field is 32°. If there is a low dew soaking and cracking), spread strawberry farmer, and sometimes point (i.e., the air is very dry), the disease inoculum, and result in the many farmers, discover cyclamen system should be turned on when the loss of bed integrity. mites in their crops. The problem temperature is 34°. Turn the system Most of the freeze events in needs to be recognized early and off when icicles are falling from the Hillsborough and Manatee County treated immediately to avoid plants, or the wet bulb temperature (where the main strawberry detrimental effects on yield. This has risen above 32°. If wind speeds production area is located) are mite can be a very serious pest in the are high, it may be difficult to radiation freezes (little or no wind), area. Infested plants are stunted and achieve uniform coverage, and with air temperature typically produce a late and reduced crop. The watering may cause more damage bottoming out in the low 30s or high cyclamen mite is found frequently on than it prevents. Fortunately, windy 20s. In this type of freeze, growers ornamental crops in Florida, freezes are not common in west will generally wait to turn on their particularly those crops produced in central Florida. sprinkler irrigation system until the greenhouses. However, widespread In most situations, watering air temperature just above the plastic infestations in Florida strawberry the field the afternoon before a mulch, in an area open to the sky, is fields occur only occasionally. In the freeze can reduce damage. For pot 31 °F. Standard practice for a northeastern United States, culture, water the pots and the system where sprinklers are spaced California and the Pacific Northwest ground around the pots – if possible. 50 ft. x 50 ft. is to use 9/64-inch cyclamen mites in strawberry crops Just remember: there are nozzles in the sprinkler heads and are common. The following more factors to consider in a freeze run the system so that there is 75 summarizes points concerning this event than just the expected pounds of water pressure to the pest that are important to Florida minimum temperature. Watering for heads. Such a system should apply strawberry growers. cold protection is not always the best water uniformly and in sufficient choice. If you do use the sprinkler quantity (about 0.15 inch per hour). irrigation method, make sure the It is important that sprinklers make system 1) applies water uniformly at least one revolution per minute for over your planting, and 2) puts out adequate freeze protection. the volume of water needed for When an advective (windy) adequate freeze protection. freeze is expected, and temperatures A happy and joyous holiday are predicted to drop into the low to season to everyone! mid 20s, it is common practice to use Alicia Whidden 11/64-inch nozzles (to provide the (813) 744-5519 Ext. 134 additional water needed for Cyclamen mites. protection) and turn the sprinkler [email protected] Symptoms of Attack on system on when the air temperature reaches 34 °F. However, if wind Strawberries from Hillsborough speeds are 10 mph or greater, at least County: When local strawberry some flower and fruit damage is fields are infested we find that likely to occur. strawberry leaves are small, Strawberry Freeze Once the sprinkler system chlorotic, highly wrinkled, Protection has been turned on, it should remain thickened, and possess short petioles. Craig Chandler on until the wet bulb temperature has Runners oftentimes have numerous risen above 32 °F. small "thorns" rather than a smooth While strawberry crown texture. Additional symptoms include dark brown, dry flowers, tissue isn’t usually injured until it reaches a temperature of about 20 ° russeted berries and poorly F, damage to flowers and fruit can developed root systems. start to occur when tissue Early Season Arthropod Examination of plants under a temperature reaches 30 °F. Sprinkler Pests in the Strawberry stereomicroscope reveal cyclamen irrigation is the standard method for mites in the crevices of leaf wrinkles, protecting strawberry flowers and Crop: Cyclamen Mites on unopened and opened flowers, on fruit from freeze damage. This James F. Price and Silvia I Rondon newly formed fruit and in the plant method of protection is convenient bud. Some plants contain as many as and can be highly effective, although Almost every year from a few hundred of these mites. it can also damage fruit (water Thanksgiving into early January (Continued on page 3) some Hillsborough County 2 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times

Development of the Mite Infestation: Control of an Kelthane? . All pesticide label Problem on Strawberries: outbreak of cyclamen mites is restrictions must be observed. Problems with the cyclamen mite on difficult to achieve, so strategies Special predatory mites are sold to strawberries in Florida develop from should be directed toward preventing control cyclamen mites, however the setting infested plants imported from an outbreak through the use of plants predators cannot control an the north. In more northern climates, certified to be free of the pest. To infestation sufficiently under our where strawberries are grown for late control cyclamen mites established conditions to avoid excessive losses. spring fruiting, cyclamen mites in a fruiting crop in Florida, it is Summary of Precautions overwinter as adult females in the extremely important to detect the Against Cyclamen Mites: crowns of infested strawberry plants. infestation early before plant growth 1. Plant only stock from reputable Populations begin to develop in the has been affected significantly and nurseries that has been and is early spring and reach peaks in before the numbers of mites have strawberries free of cyclamen mites. midsummer. become too large. A regular program 2. Inspect fields regularly for Cyclamen mites move of crop scouting should insure the outbreaks. along runners from mother plants to earliest detection of this pest. 3. Restrict movements of possibly daughter plants. New fields Thiodan? (endosulfan), Kelthane? contaminated personnel and established from the daughter plants (dicofol) and diazinon are the machinery into noninfested sites. are rarely heavily infested unless the miticides available for cyclamen 4. As the cyclamen mite has few daughter plants had been severely mites on strawberries, but none weed hosts on which to survive the infested earlier. Plants grown for a provides the rapid control of this pest non-cropped summer, the second year are much more likely to that is desired. Thiodan? should be elimination of strawberry plants be heavily infested, and thus should from the area of an infested farm is not be used as planting stock. applied at 2 pounds of active ingredient in 400 gallons of important to prevent reinfestation in This pest, once introduced preparation per acre. This material the following year. into fields in Florida, can move 5. Kelthane? , Thiodan? or diazinon along runners to infest neighboring cannot be applied more than once in 35 days. There is a 4-day waiting should be used to control any plants or can be carried by bees, period between application of the infestations discovered. other insects, birds, field workers or machinery to infest other fields. The product and the earliest permissible harvest. movement of mites along the soil or Kelthane? should be on plastic mulch is not likely since the mite requires the humid applied twice at 1.5-2 pounds of environment of plant surfaces. active ingredient in 400 gallons Early Season Arthropod Appearance and preparation per acre at 10 to 20-day Pests in the Strawberry Development of the Mite: All forms intervals. There is a 3-day waiting Crop: Lepidopterous are so small that they are only faintly period between application of visible without optical Kelthane? and the earliest Larvae, Aphids magnification. In the field, they can permissible harvest. Silvia I. Rondon and James F. Price be seen with a 14X or stronger hand Diazinon should be applied lens. Eggs, nymphs and adult at 1 pound of active ingredient in After strawberries are females are the forms most 100 gallons of preparation per acre established, growers must pay frequently observed. Eggs are about and directed to the plant crown and attention for the next several weeks half as large as adult females, oval leaves. A maximum of four to early-season pests such as and smooth, opaque white. Several applications can be made, but no lepidopterous larvae (“worms”), eggs may be found bunched application should be made within 5 aphids, cyclamen mites and spider together. The adult female is slightly days of harvest. mites. Scouting should start as soon tan with its hind legs reduced to High volumes of spray as transplant establishment irrigation thread-like structures. Males are preparations are favored for ends to determine level of pest smaller and with hind legs modified miticides to contact the mites deep in infestations and to be in position to with claspers to hold onto and the plant bud. At least 150 psi is choose among the best control transport adult females and immobile required to penetrate the strawberry methods. This article discusses the pupae. Nymphs (larvae) are opaque canopy and contact mites in crevices. early-season aphid and worm white with a triangular enlargement Application machinery and methods problems. Another article discusses on their posteriors. must be adjusted in order to achieve cyclamen mites. Controlling a Cyclamen proper delivery of Thiodan? or (Continued on page 4) 3 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times

Lepidopterous Larvae. mother’s body scales (Fig. 3). Larvae end. There are two principal species of feed on young strawberry leaflets worms that cause early losses in the and buds as they develop. Dark, Plant City production area. These small fecal pellets on the tops of the are the fall armyworm (Fig. 1) and leaves or on the plastic mulch southern armyworm (Fig. 2). These indicate larval feeding. worms are the immature stage of the Scouting should be Lepidoptera family of moths and performed once or twice per week develop through a complete during the early season to check for metamorphosis including egg, plant young leaves with holes and missing eating larvae (worm), hidden and margins. When larvae are found, resting pupae and the night flying pesticidal interventions are usually adult (moth) stage. warranted and most insecticides Fig. 4. The cotton aphid (Credit. S.I. Rondon, offer better control when they are UF). Notice the characteristic dark relatively short cornicles. applied at early stages of larval development. Several products are available to control these worms. SpinTor® and formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (“B.t.”) can be effective and neither of these is very hazardous to beneficial arthropods, although, of the two, B.t. is the less damaging. For instance, in moderate Fig. 1. Larva of the fall armyworm (Credit. usage these insecticides are J.L.Capinera, UF). Larva has two compatible with Phytoseiulus characteristic dark bands along the side of the Fig. 5. The ‘winged form’ of cotton aphid body. persimilis, the predatory mite widely (Credit S.I. Rondon, UF). used to control the twospotted spider mite. Lannate® Brigade® and Danitol® can also be effective; Aphids are sucking insects that feed however, they are broad-spectrum by thrusting their long beaks into the insecticides that have a detrimental strawberry plant tissue and can cause effect on many parasites and wrinkling of the leaves. They predators. None of the latter three remove great quantities of sap then insecticides should be applied if P. excrete the sugary excess as persimilis predators have been "honeydew". The honeydew makes Fig. 2. Larva of the southern armyworm released. These predators should not the plant sticky and the fruits (Credit J.L. Capinera, UF). Larva has be released within 3 weeks of a displeasing. A sooty mold often triangular patterns on its upper surface. Lannate® application or within 6 develops with the honeydew that can weeks of a Brigade® or Danitol® blacken stems, foliage and fruit. application. Aphid damage reduces Aphids. There are two photosynthesis when leaves are species of aphids found in Florida distorted. Well established strawberries, the strawberry root strawberry plants can tolerate low to aphid and the cotton aphid (the medium levels of aphids. Usually cotton aphid has another accepted parasitic wasps, predators and name, the melon aphid). Aphids may diseases that contribute greatly to be green, black, brown or some other aphid control can be found in the color depending on the sap color of field (Fig. 6). the host plant. These slow-moving The use of trade names in this publication is insects with pear-shaped bodies Fig. 3. Egg masses of armyworms (Credit. solely for the purpose of providing specific J.K. Clark, UC). ranged from 1 /16 to 1 /8 inch long information. It is not a guarantee or war- (Fig. 4). Only a few aphids have ranty of the products names and does not wings (Fig. 5), but all have a pair of signify that they are approved to the exclu- sion of others of suitable composition. Use Eggs of both are laid in cornicles, siphons or “exhaust pesticides safely. Read and follow direc- masses and covered with the pipes”, one on each side of the rear tions on the manufacturer’s label.

4 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times

?? Based on a request by Bayer vegetables (group 2) and root CropScience, tolerances are and tuber vegetables (group 1). approved for fenamidone. This (Federal Register, 9/29/04). is an imidazolinone fungicide, ?? Based on a request by ISK which inhibits respiration in Biosciences Corporation, water molds as well as some tolerances are approved for the ascomycetes and Alternaria. fungicide cyazofamid. This is a Tolerances of importance to cyanoimidazole, which inhibits Florida include cucurbits (group mitochondrial transport. It is 9), tomato, and tuberous and reportedly efficacious against corm vegetables (group 1C). water molds and downy mildew. (Federal Register, 8/29/04). Tolerances of importance to Fig. 6. Brown paper-like texture of a ?? Based on a request by IR-4, Florida include cucurbits (group parasitized aphid (right). (Credit S.I. Rondon, 9), potato, and tomato. (Federal UF). tolerances are approved for the fungicide fludioxonil (Maxim®/ Register, 8/30/04). Among the products Scholar®). This is a ?? Based on a request by Dow registered in Florida for aphid phenylpyrrole fungicide that is Agrosciences and IR-4, control are: Diazinon, malathion, active against a number of fungi tolerances are approved for the methomyl, naled, azadirachtin, including Fusarium, insecticide tebufenozide Beauveria bassiana, bifenthrin, Rhizoctonia, Aspergillus, (Confirm®). Tolerances of endosulfan, oils, and soap. Alternaria, Sclerotinia, and importance to Florida include Good control of early-season worms Septoria. Tolerances of citrus (group 10) and tuberous and aphids leave the crop in importance to Florida include and corm vegetables except excellent condition for the high- snap bean, citrus (group 10), potato (subgroup 1D). (Federal value, early-season yields. This leafy greens except spinach Register, 9/24/04). alone is sufficient to give these (group 4A), melon subgroup 9!, ?? ORGANIC —Oro Agri Inc. is problems very special attention at and yam (Federal Register, developing a new organic this time of the year. 9/29/04). miticide/insecticide/fungicide ?? On September 1, the FDACS that contains orange oil, borax, conditionally registered the and surfactants. The use sites fumigant Profume® (sulfuryl include berries, fruits and nuts, Pesticide Registrations flouoride) for control of vegetables, and ornamentals. and Actions Postharvest pests and rodents. (Agricultural Chemical News, (FDACS PREC Agenda). 9/15/04). ?? On September 1, the FDACS ?? OTHER ACTIONS— The ?? Based on a request by FMC issued the Special Local Needs EPA has begun movement on Corporation and IR-4, tolerances registration SLN FL-040008 to the methyl bromide critical use are approved for the herbicide Syngenta for the use of Bravo® exemption allocation process. carfentrazone (Aim®). This is a Weatherstik on blueberry plants The following are the amounts triazolinone herbicide that after harvest to control rust. (in metric tons) available to controls many broadleaf weeds. (FDACS PREC Agenda, Florida growers of tomato Tolerances of importance to 10/7/04). (2,347), pepper (721), Florida include all tropical ?? Based on a request by Dow strawberry (344), and eggplant fruits, herbs and spices (group AgroSciences and IR-4, (58). (FFVA Presentation of 19), fig, citrus, okra, peanut, tolerances are approved for the 9/1/04). persimmon, strawberry, insecticide methoxyfenozide sugarcane, bulb vegetables (Intrepid®). Tolerances of (group 6), fruiting vegetables importance to Florida include (group 8), legume foliage black sapote, mango, papaya, Pesticide Potpourri vegetables (group 7), leafy pea, and succulent bean ?? The EPA recently released vegetables (group 4), leaves of (subgroup 6A & 6B), sapodilla, “Pesticide Industry Sales and root and tuber vegetables (group star apple, strawberry, legume Usages: 2000 and 2001 Market 2) and root and tuber vegetables foliage vegetables (group 7), Estimates.” As of 2001, (group 1). (Federal Register, leafy vegetables (group 4), conventional pesticide use was 9/29/04). leaves of root and tuber (Continued on page 6)

5 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times nearly one billion pounds per GCREC Center Update A Strawberry Farmer’s year. Addition of chlorine and Christine Cooley wood preservatives brought that Christmas figure to nearly 5 billion pounds. Construction will soon be Herbicides were the number one completed at the new Balm Research Twas the night before harvest type of pesticide based on user Center and occupancy for the and all through the farm expenditures and volume. With Bradenton faculty and staff is slated not a creature was stirring 85 to 90 million pounds used in for January 16th. The Dover faculty till they hear the alarm. 2001, the herbicide glyphosate and staff will be relocating to the replaced atrazine as the most new center during the month of April A hard freeze was a’coming, widely used pesticide in the 2005. The address for the center is: and all they could do agricultural market. (EPA Gulf Coast Research and is get that water going, Pesticide Program Update, Education Center, 14625 Balm sit up, and stew. 10/5/04). Road, Wimauma, FL 33598. ?? An industry group (RISE) The Dover research center With the water’s protection recently commissioned a poll of will be closed for the holidays on the berries were fine. Americans regarding pesticide December 24 and will remain closed The farmers were tired, and repellent use in light of until January 3rd. However, the but got their pickers in line. West Nile virus. The survey faculty and staff will be checking examined respondent’s their voice mail and email messages Soon baskets were full knowledge of the virus, their throughout the holiday closing. and off to market they went. perceptions of the severity of the To places up north is threat and the measures they where they were sent. have taken to prevent being bitten by mosquitoes. The The strawberries of Florida survey found that 73 percent of are a northerner’s treat. respondents have used insect During the holiday season repellents containing DEET, they can’t be beat. while 25 percent have used non- DEET repellents. Seventy So thanks to the farmers percent also removed standing and their hard working hands water around their residence. for bringing some sweetness Sixty-three percent made sure to those cold barren lands. their family members used a repellent, and 77 percent said Congratulations to Dr. Joe Happy communities “definitely should” Noling with the Citrus Research or “probably should” implement Center in Lake Alfred. Dr. Noling mosquito control measure such was recently presented with the Holidays! as fogging or spraying when the Public Service Award at the threat of the virus is present. Strawberry Jam held by the Florida (Pesticide & Toxic Chemical Strawberry Growers Association. News, 8/30/04). Dr. Noling has worked extensively ?? A recent comparison between with local strawberry growers on U.S. Air Force veterans who various nematode problems, and his sprayed herbicides in Vietnam hard work and dedication is truly with those who served in appreciated by the industry. Vietnam but did not spray herbicides revealed little difference between cancer rates. However, the comparison did reveal that incidence of prostate cancer increased with the amount of time served in Vietnam. (Chemical Regulation Reporter, 9/13/04).

6 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times

SPECIAL GCREC FACT SHEET leaves in the nursery. Thus, infected the foliar infections helps to prevent transplants are normally the primary fruit infections. source of inoculum in fruiting fields. Powdery Mildew of When conditions are favorable, Strawberries conidia produced on infected plants Natalia Peres and Jim Mertely are wind dispersed to infect new growth. Development and spread of Pathogen and Symptoms. Powdery powdery mildew is favored by mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca moderate to high humidity and macularis, occurs in most areas of temperatures (60 to 80 F). Rain, dew the world where strawberries are and overhead irrigation inhibit the grown. The disease affects leaves, fungus. Because dry conditions and flowers and fruit. Early foliar high humidity are common in infections are characterized by small greenhouses and plastic tunnels, white patches of fungus growing on powdery mildew is typically more the lower leaf surface. On severe in protected culture. In open susceptible cultivars, dense mycelial fields in Florida, the disease is growth and numerous chains of typically most severe in November Fig. 1. Mycelia of Sphaerotheca macularis on and December, usually subsides in leaf surface. Photo: UF, GCREC conidia (spores) give these patches a powdery appearance (Figure January and early February, but may 1). Under favorable conditions, the reappear in late February and March. patches expand and coalesce until the entire lower surface of the leaf is Control. Use of transplants free of covered (Figure 2). At times, round powdery mildew is a good method fruiting structures (cleistothecia) are for controlling the disease but even produced in the mycelia on the disease free fields can become undersides of leaves (Figure 3). infected by conidia blown in from Cleistothecia are initially white but neighboring fields. Cultivars differ turn black as they mature. In some widely in their resistance to powdery cultivars, relatively little mycelium is mildew. Unfortunately, the most produced, making it difficult to see popular cultivars, ‘Strawberry the white patches. Instead, irregular Festival’ and ‘Camarosa’ are fairly yellow or reddish brown spots susceptible to the disease. Fields develop on colonized areas on the with susceptible cultivars should be surveyed regularly for powdery Fig. 2. Lower leaf surface covered with lower leaf surface, and eventually powdery mildew. Photo: UF, GCREC break through to the upper surface mildew, especially during the early (Figure 4). The edges of heavily season. To control powdery mildew infected leaves curl upward (Figure on susceptible cultivars, fungicides 4). The fungus can also infect the should be applied at the first sign of fruit, producing fuzzy mycelia disease. This is especially important growth on the achenes (seeds) when using protectant fungicides (Figure 6). Infection of flowers and such as elemental sulfur. Systemic fruit may reduce fruit quality and fungicides like the benzimidazoles marketable yields. (Topsin M®) and the sterol inhibitors (Nova® and Procure®) Disease Development and Spread. can effectively control powdery Sphaerotheca macularis is an mildew if the pathogen population obligate parasite that only infects has not become resistant to them. living tissue of wild or cultivated Strobilurin fungicides such as strawberry. In temperate areas, the Abound®, Cabrio®, and Pristine® are also effective in suppressing the Fig. 3. Microscope picture of cleistothecia on pathogen may survive by producing leaf surface. Photo: UF, GCREC cleistothecia, but these structures are disease, but caution should be taken rarely produced in Florida. The not to exceed four to five fungus readily infects living, green applications per season. Controlling

7 December 2004 Berry/Vegetable Times

PHI or REI Trade name Active ingredient Type Comments (hours)

Do not add silicone surfactants or Abound azoxystrobin strobilurin 4 mix with EC formulations

No more than two sequential ap- Cabrio pyraclostrobin strobilurin 24 plications.

Do not apply more than 40 oz./A/ Nova myclobutanil sterol inhibitor 24 season.

boscalid + carboxamide + No more than 115 oz. product per Pristine 24 pyraclostrobin strobilurin season.

Procure triflumizole sterol inhibitor 24 No more than 32 oz./A/season.

No more than 4 lbs. product/A/ Topsin M thiophanate methyl benzimidazole 24 season.

potassium bicarbon- Do not mix it with highly acidic Armicarb, Kaligreen protectant 4 ate products.

Supresses mites, including preda- Wettable sulfurs elemental protectant 24 tory populations in biological con- (numerous trade names) sulfur trol programs.

Fig. 4. Necrotic spot reaction caused by Fig. 5. Curling leaves on severely in- Sphaerotheca macularis in some cultivars. fected plants. Photo: UF, GCREC Photo: UF, GCREC

Fig. 6. Sphaerotheca macularis on ache- nes (seeds). Photo: UF, GCREC

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