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A Glossary of Elephant Terms

A Glossary of Elephant Terms

M. PhiliP Kahl \7e hope this glossary will be usefuI to anyone teading about Research Foundation, West , while encountering an unfamiliar tetm' 100 Mountain Road Sedona, Arizont 86351 Words have been collected ftom many soutce s, ovet a number USA of yeats. Please bear in mind that such a work will always be and less-than-complete....very much'a wotk-in-progtess' It is an Chades SantiaPillai on-going ptoiecg many defnitions v'ill need modification' DePattment of ZoologY lUfle invite you, please, to contribute yout cotnments' UniversitY of PeradeniYa SRI I-ANKA I7e realize that any such listing will always be a subjective choice and have tried to be "inclusive" rathet than the beginning' Now it is uP to other "exclusive", reasoning that a term can be skipped over more We have created to contribute and make it more useful easily than searched for elsewhete. elephant-workers to all. An online version of this glossary fi'Savanna Some words apply to in general. In those cases' we have tried to show how they relate to elephants, specifically' And several refetences ate given, uthich will lead the readet to furtlqer information. These refetences afe not meant to then be located with the "FIND" feature' be exhaustive but merely to show how a term applies to specific word can elephants. M. Philip Kahl & Charles Santiapillai We have surveyed many publications that contain glossaries, (compilers) and selected those items that have special televance to elephants. Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Billie Armsttong, for assistance with the Non-English terms [isted in italicsl, ate found especially in in manY other waYs. oldet regional publicatioos. Synonyms are listed under the references and heading of the most commooly used tetm' The senior autlror wishes to exPress his appreciatioo to the (Chicago, USA) fot a fellowship An online version of this glossaty will refect periodic MacArthur Foundation the compiling of this glossary and other updates and include changes and corrections' This version is which supported We thank the following persons for intended to be "downloaded" into yout personal comPuters' tesearch on .lepttants' corirments on eadier drafts of this glossary: whete a specific word can then be located with the 'FIND" theit helpful feature. Billie D. Atmstrong, Fiona Capstick, Robert H' I' Dale' Granli, Melissa Groo, Cynthia Moss' Readers are encouraged to send any comments/corrections/ Marion Garai, Petter Poole, Bruce A. Schulte, Hezy Shoshani' suggested changes to both authors. These may be sent by Debbie Olson,Joyce e-mail to: musthbull@sedona'net & csanti@slt'lk ot by post Sylvia L Taylor. to:

GtjthZ3: Suly 2004) Achin (Burmese): a-chin (Gale [also: ] 1974:757; Daniel Nidena (Sinha-lese): @eraniyagala 1955:48; Jayewardene 1 998:140) Afterbirth; placenta. 1994:20,121; Cannon & Davis 1995:38) Female with no tushes. Activity-pattern: [= time-energy budget] (Veir & Davison 7965:355,359; McKay 1973:53,61; Gry 1976:288- Alrya (Sinhalese): [see also: pussa, mul

Oldet juvenile: [+5-19 t ..r, Weaned, but sti]l near And-fold/anal-flap: (Sikes 1 97 1 :frontispiecefphoto]) mother; females start to look aftet younger siblings; Triangular flap of skin at base of tail, 'which when males form play-groups. lowered covers the anus.

Immatute: [+0-tO ] Not yet sexually matwe. Ani fiamil): [also: anay ] (Lahiri-Choudhury 1999:455) Elephant. Adolescent: [+10-15 yeats] Sexually mature, but have not yet reproduced. Anguli (Sanskdt) : (Edgerton 1931:114) "Finger" at the end of trunk. Sub-adult: [115-20 years] Females reproductively active; males reproductively "interested" but not usually Ankus ; [also: angusam, ankusa, ankush, angkus, choon, successfirl. Not yet firll-grown. crook, gajbag, goad, guide, haunkus, hawkus, hendoo, hendu, henduwa, thony, bull-hook, hook, driving-spike] Adult: years] [+20-55 Fully mature. (f{B: males (fennent 1 867 :1, 55,7 5 6; Carrington 1 9 58:17 4 ; Chadvdck continue to gfow throughout life.) 7992:18, 297 -298; Jayewardene 1994:51 -52,721 ; Cannon & Davis 1995:110,773 fthotol,172; Lak 7997:272; Old adulr [+55+ years] ReptoCuction slowing slightly; Lahiri-Choudhwy 1999:455) Short stick with a sharp, losing molars; nearing death. curved, finger-length metal hook at rhe tip, used to control and direct . A hooked goad for Aggregation: [see also: social organization] @Ioss & driving elephants. Euphemistically, sometimes, called Poole 1983:316,377,318; Poole & Moss 1989:112,114; "g"tde". Poole 1994:335) Gathering, which can be as large as 200-500; may include dozens of family units and a Artificial-insemination: [also: A.I.] (Schmitt, et zl. 1998; number of matue males; larger aggregations form Olson 1999) Impregnation of a female with semen mainly during the rainy-season in ateas where food is by artifical means. Only recently has this procedure plentifirl and usually associated with peak mating activity been successful with captive elephants, using modern also: breeding, seasonal]. [see Also sometimes seen techriques and fresh [rather than frozenf semen. tn populations that have been heavily decimated by or other disturbance. Asana (): @dgerton 1931:"175) Withers; place where sits. Agonistic behaviot: (Immelmann & Beer 7989:10; Estes 1991:263,559) Collective term for aggressive Askari (I(Swahili): (Buss 1 990:42,43; Smith 1992:1 40-1 41) [dominant/offeosive] and defensive [subordinate/ !flord meaning "soldier" or "guatd"; the attendant submissive/fearful] behavior. younger bull(s), often in the company of an old, very

Gajah23: (lulr 2004) Ankus (drawn by Maniula Wijesundara)

(-'ajah23: (July 2004) large bull. In Hindustani the tetm is chela (Iftishnan 1972: Bootmeergah (Hindustani): (Shand 1996:63) A type of 315; Daniel 1998:88). elephant that is a blend of the koomeiah and the Atha (Sinhalese) : (Denniyagala 19 55:48; Jayevardene 1 994: meetgah. 20,127; Spinage 7994:34; Cannon & Davis 1995:38; Katugaha 1997:67) Male vdth tusks; a tusker. Boto (Xlatz [Kenya]): @arker&Amin 1983:47) Malewitlr tusks of about 35 lbs. each. Ath-gala (Sinhalese): [see also: Hteddah,IcaalJ (Cannon & Davis 1 995:172) Method of captudng large numbers of Brachyodont: [also: brachydont; see also: hlpsodont, elephants by the use of a stockade. ] (Shoshani 1998:481) Refering to molars with low-ctowns; found in some eatly proboscideans. Athinne (Sinhalese): [also: atini] (Detaniyagala 1955:48; Cannon & Davis 1995:38; Jayewardene 1994:20,727) Breeding hetd: [also: cow-calf group; see also: social Female vrith tushes. otganization] Gtoup of mature females and their offspring. Especially in southern Africa, the term is Auntie: [see also: allomother] (Villiams 1950:60-61) often used as synonyinous with family unit. Female--often an older daughter--that stays with a mother and helps out with the newbotn baby. Auntie Breeding, seasonal: (I-aws 1969:199-200,203,275; Hanks and allomother are similar; in general the Iatter is a 797 2b:13,17,78,22-23; Williamson 797 6:89,90,91 ; Crug more prolonged assistance with the young. 1984; Hall-Martin 7987:616-617,678; Poole 7987: 285,305,309,313) Time of yezr when the maiority of B abesiosis : (VIcKenzie 199 3 :67 8) Tick-borne disease caused conceptions take place. In areas with a pronounced by a blood parasite, Babeda sp. wet/dry cycle, bteeding peaks dudng and following the rainy season when elephants are in good condition; in Bai (probably a creolization of the French baie, meaning areas urith a less pronounced wet/dty cycle, breeding bay): [see also: salt-lick] (Quammen 2003:54) In central may occur throughout the year. "Breeding peaks are Afi,cz, a wet clearing in the rainforest, where elephants probably a product of an increase in watet availabiJity and other animals come to drink and eat minerals. and the consequent dispetsions....away from ardLftcial waterholes [@ Hutarge NP, Zimbabwe], resulting in "Barnboo": (Sanderson 7962:216) Hollow, basal part of a favourable breeding conditions under reduced , ; also called the nerve-cavity pulp-cavity. and to the seasonal *ulzbitttJ of high qualiry food"

(Williamson 1, 97 6:9 7\. Bazaa4 elephantl [see also: melaf (Shand 7992:5,27,758- 193; HalI 2000:35) A fair; in this case an elephant fair, Briskec (lVfcKenzie 1993:678) Lower chest region. where elephants are bought and sold. The largest in the wodd is an annual affair fNovember], held at Sonepur Btowse: [see also: graze] (Owen-Smith 1982:360,372,373; at the confluence of the and Gandak Rivers in Shoshani 1992:54) To eat leaves, buds, turigs, shoots of Bihar, . trees and shrubs (i.e. woody vegetation).

Bite-size: (NfcKay 1973:56,95; Guy 1975:2; Ruggierc 1992: Buccal deptession: (Albl 1971:135,138,140) Deptession 145) Average amount of food taken in rvith each in the cheek region of the sides of the head, below the trunkful; estimated between 27-200 g, depending on zygornttic-arch; depth is a good indication of age and- observer and type of food eaten. -to a lesser extent--of physical-condition.

Bolus: @enedict'1.936:178-179,181-184; Gry 1976:290; Budr Qanguage ? flanzanta]): @ushby 1953:137; Capstick Estes 1.997:262) Single ball of feces. An avetage of 1992:34) InTanzania, a tuskless elephant. 3-5 boli are dropped at each defecation, approximately 17 times per day, for an approximate total of 155 kg of BulL ford & Beach 1951:270) Adult male. feces/24 Lrr.

Bull area: [see also: retirement atea] @{oss & Poole 1983: Boma (KiSwahjli): (IvlcKenzie 7993:678) Any kind of 318,323; Hall-Matin 1987:61,6,618; Buss 1990:43; Moss raised structure for defensive or protective purposes; & Colbeck 1992:109) Region inhabited mainly by a stockade. In East and southern Africa, the term also mature males, during periods of sexual inactiviry. refets to an enclosure for the temDotarv containment of animals. Bull group: [= bul herd, bachelor hetd; see also: social organization] @IcKay 1973:81-84; Moss & Poole Bond group: 19 1 1 [also: kinship group; see also: social 83 :3 6,3 8,322,323,325 ; Hall-Marin 1 9 8 7 : 6 1 9 ; Bus s organizationl (I\4oss & Poole 1983:31 5,37t),321; Poole 1990:28,36; Estes 1991:261) Gathering of mature, 1994:332,334) Two or more related family uni'.s, who and sometimes a few adolescent [as young as 74-16 show a strong association over time; after a separation years] males; these males do not usually form any they greet each other with greeting rumbles or an Iong-term bonds wrth each othet, although some may Intense Greeting Ceremony. [@ Amboseli, Kenya, bull groups averaged 3.8, with a

Ga,jah23: flu)y 2004) it;, tl il,

A tusker (drawn by Manjula Wijesundara) :range of 2-25 (I\4oss & Poole 1983:316)]. Interactions a molar or tusk; softer than dentine and more like bone between members of a bull group are usually telaxed in structue. Its main function is to anchor the tooth to and amiable; whether a bull associates with other bulls the jaw-bone. or with females depends on its age and sexual state [see also: sexually active/inactive, musfh]; dudng the Changpeuak (Ihai): @aniel 1998:36) A rare and revered heightened sexual-stage of , males are qpically "". found with females or alone @oole & Moss 1989:116). Chang samkhan (fhai): (I(oma4 et a|.2000:31) A "white Bulling problem: (Alexander 2000:10) The problem of elephant". musth, in the keeping of captive male elephants. Chat-iarma (Hindustani ?): [also: charyama ] @aker 1890: Bunolophodont: (Savage & Long 7986:249; Tassy 1996: 48; Sanderson 1907:89; Carrington 1958:175; Lahiri- 21) Low-crowned tooth urith domed cusps which are Choudhury 1999:455) Seat on an elephant's back in transversely linked by a loph or ridge. Referdng to the which ridets sit back to back, facing sideways. For structure of the grinding-surface of elephant molars. ordinary travel it is preferred to the . Light riding harness, which can accommodate four or more Burying behavior: (I(tihme 1962:68-69; Kiihme 1963:117) persons, sitting back-to-back facing the flanks; it has By throwing objects (e.g. dirt, leaves, branches, etc.) on protective rails at both ends. top of it, an elephant attempts to bury an object, such as a prostrate (elephant or other species). Charkaatiya (Hindustani): (Shand 1992:6,24) Man who cuts fodder for a captive elephant. Calf: [see also: age groups] Q*e 1987:279) A young elephant, generally less than 4 years old. CheLa (Hindustani): @aniel 1998:88) Asian term for askari. Calf-disttess: (-ee 1987:287) When a calf is in distress, it glves a deep, low rumble or a loud bellow, cry, scream, Chena land (Sinhalese ?): (Iennent 1,867:64; Latttn- or roar, vrhich evokes dramatic responses by other Choudhury 1999:455) In , a patch of forest elephants. land that is cleared to raise a single crop, after which it is abandoned and teverts to jungle again. Capture myopathy: (l,IcKenzie 1993:678) Disease induced by excessive anaerobic muscular activity, usually Chryselephantine: (Sandercon L962: 220 Parker & Amin following exertion associated with capture; charactenzed 1983:98-99,99 [photo] ; Alexander 2000:7 0,7 1) Art form by lesions of skeletal and cardiac muscle. in which ivoty is mixed',rith solid gold, cedar, and other woods, gems, and other materials. Greek statues which Carcass-decompostion, stages of: @ouglas-Hamilton & were faced with plates and decorated with gold D ouglas -Hamil ton 199 2:7 09 -1 1 0; Poole 199 6:1 9 4) and gold leaf.

Fresh: bloated, blood, vulture-droppings. CITES: (Greaves 1996:141) Acronym for "Convention on International Trade in ", a tte ty Recent: less than one year; shrunken skin over bones, signed in 1975 by many countries to regulate the trade surrounded by bare patch of earth, the "rot patch". in ivory skins, and other animal products taken from the wild. Old: pile of white bones. Clan: [see aiso: socid organization] (I\4oss & Poole 1983: Very old: pile of gray, cracked bones. 315,317,322,323; Hal-Martin 1987:616; Moss 1988: 76,126,132; Estes 1991:261; Poole 1994:334) Family Carcass-ratio: (Barnes & Douglas-Hamilton 1982:474; units that use the same dry-season home-ranCe [@ Douglas-Hamilton & Michelmore 19\t6:325) The Amboseli, Kenya, 4 clans contained 9,8,5,5 family numbers of dead elephants, expressed as a percentage units, tespectively (Ir4oss & Poole 1983:317)]. Playback of all elephants seen, both dead and alive; usually from experiments show that elephants distinguish berween aerial surveys. clan and non-clan members (NdcComb, et a/.2000).

Caste: (Cannon & Davis 1995:36,37,1,09,772) Separating Colot-vision: (Owen-Smith'19 82:387 ; Sukumar 20031. 40) elephants into categories, according to their attributes Ability to see colors, as opposed to simply variations of of usefulness in domestication. intensity-of-grey (i.e. black & white). Elephants may see in shades-of-grey in bright light, but have limited color- Cathemeral: [see also: diurnal,/nocturnal/ctepusculat] vision in dim light. Alimals, such as elephants, that are or can be active in portions of the day and the night. Colostrum: (I\4cKenzie 1993:678) First milk secreted by Cementum: @,spinoza & Mann 7992:29; Spinage 7994:219) mother after birt\ contains high levels of antibodies. Moderately calcified tissue sutrounding the dentine of

Ciajah23: (ulv 2(){).1) A herd of Asian elephants atHandzpanzgala, Sri Lanka (photo: courtesy Dt. H. I. E. Katugaha)

Cajah23: flu\'2004) Comfort suckling: [also: allosuckling see also: nutsing] Culling: [see also: poaching] (Hanks 1979:17,15,39- Q,ee 7987:288-290) Permitting a calf, not her own, to 67,155,157,164; Spinage 1990:1,5; Gavron 1993:131- attempt to suckle. Usually observed in adolescent 132,134-135,192-193; Hall-Martin 2000) The legal females who cannot provide milk; but adult females may killing of excess animals in a population; used as a game- also suckle calves not their own. In many cases these are management by vildlife officials. With elephants, the calf's gtandmother, and the calf probably receives the usual aim is for entire family units to be removed nourishment. May also be provided by the mother, to a at once. calf that has experienced stress. Dadnabas (.Wata [Kenya]): @arker & Amin 1,983:47) Large Compression hypothesis: (Sukumar 1992:99) Oveta females. bundance of elephants, owing to compression of their range by setdement. Dambo (language ?): [see also: vlei ] @ratt, et al. 1966:380; Snelson 1997) InZanrbia, a fat, grassy &ainage channel Consort behavior: [= consorting, consortship] (I\4oss 1983: that foods in the rainy season and supports no trees. 176-177; Estes 1991:560; Moss & Colbeck 1992:177) Association of z lrrzle, usually in musth, with a female Dana (Sanskrit): [also: temporal gland secretion, T.G.S.] in estrus. May persist for several days, during which @,dgerton 1937:'118) Fluid that flows from the temporal multiple copulations may take place. glands in musth.

Contagious behaviot: [= movement, coordination ofl Danas (anguage ?): (Shand 1996:50) Food for captive (Ifthme 7963:175; McKay '1,973:4,75,77; Moss 1983: elephants, made ftom wheat and salt rolled in abanzna 170) Behaviot in which the actions of one individual stalk. result in similar actions by companions. Decoy elephant: (Cannon & Davis 1995:172) Tame Coppice: (Greaves 1996:141) Secondary regrowth of elephant used to lue wild elephants for capture. damaged woody vegetation.

Dentine/dentin: [see also: ivoty] (Spinage 1994:218; Nelson Coprolite: (Savage & Long 1986:249) Fosslized dung. 1997:24) Hatd, mineralized connective tissue that forms the main substance of a molar or tusk. Formed of Coptophagy: (I(ihme 1961:290) Eating of feces. collagen, calcium, phosphate, and carbonate.

Corpus luteum [meaning "yellow body''; abbreviated C.Ll: Diestrus: [also: dioestrus; see also: estrus, pre-estrus, (?lotka et al. 1988:310,373-374; Buss 1990:111-120) metestus] (Arey, et a/. 1957:384;Jainudeen, et al. 1977: Yellow mass in the ovary formed when an ovum is 323) Period of sexual quiescence occuring between discharged [ovulation]. If conception occurs, the C.L. metestrus and pre-estrus in female . secfetes Progesterone during gestation. Diploe: Pneumatized bone containing air cells making the Cow: (Fotd & Beach 7957:272) Adult female. bone light-weight, yet strong; honey-combed bone. In elephants, the skull especially is of this form. Cow-calf group: [also: bteeding herdl see a]so: social organization] (I\4oss 19831168; Poole & Moss 1989: Displacement activity: (finbergen 1952; Estes 1991:561) 113,114; Buss 1990:28; Moss & Colbeck 7992.40; Type of behavior, usually found in conflict situations, in Poole 1994:337,332) Gatherhg of one or more mature which activities are performed that seem out-of-context females and their offspdng. There is some confusion (e.g. comfort-movements during a hostile encounter). h the use of the terms tfamily unittt and "cow-calf Often the origin of behavior patterns shown in group", because families may not always be stable. Here titualized displays [q.v.]. z"cow-calf gtoup" is any gathering of cows and calves, without regard to their relatedness. It may consist of Display, ritualized: (finLegen 1952; McFadand 1987: anything from two to hundreds of individuals. 483-485; Estes 1991:561; Katrl & Armstrong 2000) Behavior-pattetn that has been derived, modified, and Crgpp.., @aket 1890:50; Shand 1992:25) Unit that passes stereotyped t}rough evolution, and which commurucates under an elephantt tail to help secure the howdalry information to other animals about the sender's mood often made of metal; smoothness, not softness, is and/or intention. Approximately 100 such displays have lmPortznt. been described in dephants.

Ctush: [also: elephant-restaint-device, E.R.D., E.R. Diurnal/nocturnal/crepuscular: @4cKenzie '1993: chute, E.R.C.; see also: silinguva) (Williams 1950: 679,681) [see also: cathemeral] Most active during 70,87xphoto]; Sanderson 7962: 191,197[dtawing]; the daytime/nighttime/around sunser and sunrise, McKenzie 1993:679) Enclosue used for the mechanical respectively. restraint of elephants; a safety measure when petforming procedures that may be dangerous.

G\2,h23: fluly 2004) A female and her catf:if tcalf can walk undet the belly of its mother, it is less than one yeat old' (drawn by Maniula Wiicsundara)

Ga;ia}23: (uly 2004) Dominant frequency [abbreviated D.F.]: [see a]so: Family unic [also: family, matriarchal family, matriarchal fundamental frequency, peak frequency] (B.tg unit; see also: social otganization] Related adult 1983:65) Frequenry of highest intensity in an elephant females and their immature offspring. They fotm very vocalization. close long-term associations and, after a period of separation, gfeet each other with greeting rumbles or an Dudurucha (Wata [Kenya]): (Patker & Amin 1983:44) Intense Greeting Cere mony. In l-.oxodon ta africaxa, usually Young male less years of than 8 old. 9-20 individuals [e.g. at Amboseli, Kenya, family units avetaged 9.4, with t^nge of 2-29 (I\4oss & Poole 1983: ^ : (Czloi, et al. 1996; Roth 1996) Smaller 315-316)1. African forest elephanrs (txodonta ey/0rt1, forms of , usually found islands in howevet, on are usually found in smaller family units [e.g. prehistoric times [= ]; now extinct. To 2.7 in Cental African Republic (Iurkalo & ^ver^gjlrg be distingurshed from pygmy elephant [q.v.]. Fay 1995:48)]. There is some confusion in the use of the terms "fzmily unit" and.'cow-calf groupt'. Here a *fanily Dwasala (language ?): [also: samkitna, mistal @dgerton unit" consists of related females and their young 7931:1.2,16; Sanderson 1.907: 83,84) Second-rate that stay closely associated over dme. elephant, classed betwe en z koomeriah znd z rneetgah. Probably a half-breed mixtute of those other two. Most Femde-choice: [also: mate-selection] (I\{oss 1983: ordinary elephants are of this type. 183,186,192,193; Poole 1987:311) Active selection, by females, of specific males [usually those in musth ] as Eburnian: Made of or pertarring to ivoty. sexual pattners.

Ek-danteya (Sinhalese): (Cannon & Davis 1995:38; Fighting: (Poole 1989a:143,145,147,150,151; Estes 1991 : Katugaha 1997:67) A single-tusked male. 263;Poole 1994:337) Generally refers to serious combat (e.9. the escalated contests between mustb-bulls), as Enamel: (Spinage 7994:219; Nelson 1997:24) Hard, glossy opposed to play-fighting (e.g. the Sparring ofren seen covering of tip-of-tusk when it first emetges;euickly between young bulls). worn away, Fil (Atabic): rJ7ord for elephant. Enrichment, environmental: [= endchment, behavioral] (Abramson & Catden 1998) Provision of social Flatlining: [also: fatliner; see also: reproductive cycling] interaction (i.e. other elephants) and interesting things (Schulte 1998:220; Brown 2000:356-358) Lack of for captives to dq play with. estrous cycling, especially in older captive females.

Estrus: [noun= estrus; adi.= estrous; also: oesffus/ Flehmen: [see also: testing, vometonasal organ] oestrous] [see also: diestrus, pre-estrus, metestrus, (l,asmussen, a/ al 1982; Schulte & Rasmussen 1999b: reproductive cycling] (Hess e/ al. 7983; Moss 1983: 1269) In elephants, it refers to the placing of the 179,180-181; Buss 1990:111-114; Poole 1994:336; ttunk-tip in the mouth aftet olfactory testing of Brown 2000:348) Period of "heat" .in females; another elephant or its by-products. Presumably done associated with ovulation and the time that conception in order to determine the sexual status (i.e. esftous ot is most likely to occur. Only duing this period do non-estrous) of the female. Mosdy done by mdes to females permit copulation by males; they usually show females, but may also be performed by femaies ro males a preference for older males, especially those in musffi. or other females. Estrus cycles are approximately 72-17 weeks (85-120 days) in sexually mattrie, non-pregnant females, and the Ftee-contact: [see also: protected-contact] @oyle 1993) estrous period usually lasts 2-6 days. In captiviry estrus Working with captive elephants, in'which there is no can be detected by a progesterone surge in the blood barder between the human and the elephant. around the time of ovulation. Ftugivory: (Savage & Long 7986:249; Estes 1991 :561) Fruit Ethogtam: (Immelmann & Beer 7989:91-92; Abramson eaung. & Carden 1998:206) Descriptive inventory of the elements which make up the entire behavior z of Fundamental frequency [abbreviated F.F.]: [see also: peak species, especially the genetically-inf uenced ritudized ftequency, dorninant frequency] @.rg 1983:65) displays that communicate signals from one individual Lowest frequency of sound in an elephant vocalization. to another. Gaiah (Sanskrit/Indonesian): gaja, gadja, gadjah, hathi Ethology: [also: @ilson 7975:584; Immelmann & Beer 1989: ] (fennent 1867:viii) Elephant, generally with no tusks, 92-93) Study of behavior under natural conditions, in Sri Lanka. .including the causaticn, external stimulation, internal physiological mechanisms, ontogeny, and evolution of Gaja-mukta (Sanskrit/Hindustani): [also: gaja-moti ] behavior. (Shand 7996:143; Lahiri-Choudhury 1999:455; Hall 2000:1 62) See lvory-peads.

Ga,ia,623: (Julr 2(X)4) (iajah23: flulv 2004) Gaja-saste (Sanskit/Hindustani): [also: gziz-sasfta, 1992:54) To eat grass, forbs, etc. (i.e. herbaceous gaja-shastra ] (Cannon & Davis 1995:172; Shand 1996: vegetation). 24;Lut 1997:269,277) Ancient text on the science of .,elephant elephants; wrinen about 600-500 B.C.; Iiterally Gtooming: (Laursen & Bekoff 1978:6; Estes 1991:262) knowledge", "elephantology'' [n the term Collective term for comfort-movements that deal with is kochasaat ; in Sri Lanka it is hasti-silpe ; in Burma it bodily-care; includes: wallowing, mudding, dusting, is sin-kyan]. bathing rubbing, scratching, etc.

Ganai: (Eltringham 7982:206) Hard ivory, especially that Group: [also: herd] General term for number of elephants coming ftom forest elephants (I_.oxodonta rychtis). showing coordinated movement and behavior. The term "group" is preferted (e.g. bull group, cow-ialf Ganesh ftlindustani): [also: Gunesh , Ganesa ] (Sandetson group, mixed group, etc.) 7907: 67; Sanderson 1962: 77; Ktishnan 1972:300: Lahiri-Choudhury 1999:456) Elephant born urith Gud.a-matge ftIindustani): [also meet2ut (Burmese)] only one tusk-frightfully holy India, in especially if it (Gale 197 4:1 57,1 58) Anal-fold lq.v.l. happehs to be the right tusk. Name given to an Asian bull that has only one tusk visible. Loosely, an elephant Gudda (I{industani): [also: guddie ] (Shand 7992:24; Shznd with a single tusk, as in the icon of the Hindu deity 7996:72; Lahiri-Choudhuty 7999:456) Saddle or pad . that goes under the howdah .

Ganesha (Flindustani): (Cannon & Davis 1995:30-34,172) Guide: A euphemism for ankus [q.v.]. Short stick with a The elephant-headed Hindu god. shatp, curved, fingerJength metal hook at the tip, used to control and direct captive elephants. A hooked goad Gestation petiod: [see also: pregnancy] (Moss 1983: for driving elephants. 180; Buss 1990:37; Estes 1991:265) Pedod between conception and birth of a calf; usually glven as 22 Habituation: (Immelmann & Beer 1989:726-727) \faning months. At Amboseli, Kenya, the mean gestation of original behavioral response to something that shows period was 656+4 days. Twinning occurs in less than no significance. In general terms, learning to ignore 17o of births; Laurs (1969:205) found nvins in 3 out of something that does not matter. 222 pregnancies, whereas Moss (2001:150) found only one instance :-r:'1192 births . Hadflm (Arabic): (Baker 1890:29) The working tusk-- usudly the right-is used more than the other to dig, etc., Goondah (Hindustani): [also: goonda ; see also: saun] and is, therefore, more worn down. (Iennent 1867:48; Carrington 1958:170; Sukumar 1994: 139,169; Lahiri-Choudhury 7999:456) A wild single IIan (Butmese): [see also: aliya, hine, hinge, mukhna, male elephant; a mischievious elephant. Hindustani pussa, tajl (Williams 7950:44; Gale 7974:757; Latrtti- for "thug', bad character, towdy. In , this term Choudhury 7999:456) Bull with short, stour rusks. refers to a rogue. Thete is some confusion over the Tuskless bull with only small tushes. such as females meaning of this term, It refers to adult male elephants. carry. Not generally used in S. India. In NE India, it refers to zlarge rnul

Graveyard, elephanu [also: elephant cemetery] ftIall 2000: .Elathi ftIindustani,/Sanskrit): [also: haathi, hat'hi, hasti, 256) Fictional place where elephants are said to go to hasthi, hasthin, gai, gaiah, pil I (Sillar & Meyler 1968: die. Perhaps based on the fact that they ftequently die 112; Daniel 1998:796; Lahid-Choudhurv 1999:456) near water, thereby causing carcasses to be clustered in Uford for elephant. certain areas. Hathi jokat (Hindustani): (HilL 2000:229) The ..elephant- Graviportal lirnb: (Savage & Long 1986:249) A thick, shivers", a term used by to describe how it columnar leg; adapted for bearing grcat weight. feels to come face to face with a wild rogue.

Gtaze: also: browse] (Guy 197 [see 6:288,289 ,Zg7 ,293: Hanks Hathisar Q.{epalese): (.Wemmer 2000:59) In , elephant 1979:167; Owen-Smith 1982:360,372,373; Shoshani stable with facilities fot mahout families.

Gaiah23: flulv 2004) I

Ganesh (photo: Charles Santiapillai)

Ga,1ah23 fluly 2001) flelper: (NI. Garai, pers. comm.) Females that help the range of human-hearin g !_20-30 Hzl; n a 10 hr sample maftiarch defend the group. of rumble-vocalizations at Amboseli, Kenya, onl1, 27%o of the recorded calls were audible to the human Fletd: group] [also: @,stes 1991:562) General term for observers @oole & Moss 1989:117). Some of these number of elephants showing coordinated movement low ftequency calls are extremely powerful. Elephants and behavior. The ..group" term is preferred (e.g. bull are able to identift calling individuals up to 1.5 km away group, cow-calf group, mixed group, etc.) (Ir4cComb, et al. 2000), but infrasonic calls can ptobabll, be heard up to 5-10 Lm away. Hindgut fermentet: (Estes 1991:562) Nonruminant herbivore, such as elephant, in which bteakdown of Inter-calf intetval [see also: lactational anesttus, cellulose occws in the cecum and large intestine. recruitment, natality] Q-aws 1969:203-205,214_215; Hanks 197 2b:1 3,7 8,24; lTilliamson 1 97 6: 89,90; Ilrne Moss @urmese): [also: haing, hinge ; see also: mul

Fankda: Tusks, from males, weigh.ing from 4.5-9 kg. Hyperthermia/hypothermia: (IlcKenzie 1993: 680) Higher/lower, respectively, than normal body Maksub: Tusks, from either sex, werghing fuom 2.3-4.5 temPerature. kg.

Hypsodont: also: molat, brachyodont] [see (Owen-Smith Dandia: Tusks, from either sex, weighing less than 2.3 1982:384; Estes 1991:562; Sukumar 1992:81; Shoshani kg. 1998:481) Referring to molars with high-crowns and relatively fl at grinding-surfaces. Tall teeth. Chinai: Defective tusks of any weight.

Imrnobilization: (I\4cKenzie 1993:680) Term used for the lvory pearls: [see also: gaja-mukta, gaja-moti ] (I_ahiri_ chemical restraint of an animal. Tranquilizing. Choudhury '1999:455; HalI 2000:162) Small, round inclusions that appear to be composed of rhe same Incisor: (Hanks 7979:168) Premaxillary tooth of a . material as the tusk, which are sometimes found in the tio Elephants have one, the second upper incisor: the tusk of the pt'lp of a tusk. HighJy valued in Asia. Necklaces or tush. of "elephant pearls" are frequently mentioned in ancient Sanskrit litetature. Infrasound: (?ayne, a 1 g6,39 * l. 9 86; P oole et a l. 1 988 :385,3 1 ; PooIe 1994:332,347,344) Sound frequencies below the

(irjeh2-3: (f Lrh 2t)t)-1) A bull elephant (drawn by Manjula \iliiesundara)

(iaiah23: (Julv 20t14) otgan: vometonasal Jacobson's [also: org,rn; see also: Kinship group: [also: bond groupr kin group; see also: testing] (X.asmussen a/ al 1982:160; Rasmussen a/ al social organization] (Nloss 1988:34,35; poole 1994: 1984:360; Estes 1991:263,565-566) Area, located in the 331,332) Two ot more related family units, who show roof the mouth, of that is sensitive to olfactory cues, a strong association over time; after a separation thev especially those associated with urine. greet each other with greeting rumbles or an Intense Greeting Ceremony. Juvenile: [see also: age-gtoups] Q-ee 1987:279) Sub- adolescent individual; often divided into juvenile young Kalouk Qanguage ?): [also: khalauk ] (Gale 1974:158) p-5 yeats old] juvenile and old [5-10 years old]. Wooden or iron bell ied on the neck of an elephant to track its whereabouts; mosdy used in Asia. Juvenile-care unit: [see also: nutsing unit] (N4cKay 1973: 72-75,79-80) A type of cow-calf group among Etepbat, Koomeriah (Hindustani): [also: koomerah, komeriah, composed of females and post-weaning but no koomra, iuveniles bhadra ] (Sanderson 1 907: 83,84,85x [drawing],g infants. 5,92; Sanders o n 7 9 62: 260 ; Lahrti-Choudhury 1 9 9 9 : 457) Thoroughbted; a high caste of elephant that is calm, Juvenile-musth: [see also: moda] (Chan&asekhartn et al. btave, disciplined, deliberate, ingenious, and strong, 1992:71-72; Rasmussen et aL. 2002:975) Near-musth favored as a work elephant. In India, captive elephants condition sometimes shovm by young [1 1-20 years old] are often referred to, as to vzhich caste of elephants the1, males in captiviry. They may show some sigrrs of mustb belong. The most prized body-srrucrure in elephants. but not attain fi:ll-musdr.

Koonkie (Hindustani/Burmese): [also: koomkie, khoonki, Kalasha (anguage ?? [Kenya]): Q.itreumann 1898:46) Cow koonki, kunkie, kumchee, kumki ] (Sanderson 1907:70- rvory. 7 1,126; Lut 1997 :47,80; Daniel 1 998: 1 1 0,208dphotol) Burmese for "schoolmaster". A well-trained domestic Kataka ((Swahili): (Smith 1992:146,148) KiSwahili tetm elephant; often a tuskless male between 45-50 years for the worn patch on the hind edge of the heel of of age, chosen for his dociliry and patience. Used for an old elephant; a good indication of age/size....and, catching and training working elephants. Sanderson therefore, possible tusk-size. (1907: 126) says in Bengal they were all females; word derived from Hindustani "kumuk ", meaning a.d. Can Kan (Sanskrit): (Shand 1996:55) Ancient wotd for elephant. be either male or female, depending on the arca jn Disease of the feet of elephants. which the wotd is used. [See long discussion in Lahiri- Choudhury'1999 :457 -458.1 Kataputna (Sanskrit) : [see also: kherr mustlr] @,dgerton '1931:116) "Full-in-the-temples"; bull in the first stage Ktaal (angaage ?): [also: kotahl, corral; see also: l

Kumla (Hindustani): [see also: mela-shikar) 199g: I{heddah (Hindustani): @anieJ [also: keddah, , kheda, 271) Man who remahs in camp and is responsible for kheddha, khedna, k'hedah, gad shikar ] (fennent feeding the .koonkies. 1.867:1.04; Sanderson 7907: 72; Sukumat 1992:38,217; Spinage 199 4:280-282; Daniel 1 998:208a[photo],208b- Kyan zit @urmese): (Sanderson 1962:215) Odd tusk-form cphoto],210,212-225) Method of capturing elephants, "in which both tusks are regularly ringed, consrricted, in India, whete entire herds are driven into a corral or and ridged throughout their length and right .,drivets,'. up to their stockade using trained elephants as The high- roots, Iike a bamboo." walled stockade, made of togs or wooden poles, into which elephants are driven. In Sti Lanka the term is Lactating female: [see also: nursing] (_ee 19g7:2g0) kraal; in Burma is it kyone ; in Sanskrit it is vari . Female who is producing milk. Khett musth ftIlndustani): [see also: katapurna, neat- Lactational anestrus: [see also: inter-calf interval] musffi, pen-mustfi] (Edgerton 1937:37; McGaughey (Hanks '1972b:'18; Williamson '1976:90) period during 1963:"105; Daniel 1998:14) First sr,ge of musth; in which a female does not come into estrus sometimes called "temple-filled,,, which refers to the and, therefore, does not conceive. Usually lasts 2_ swollen temporal gland.s. 4 yrs, resulting in 4-6 year intewal between births (exfteme intervals can be much wider, depending on

Ga,jah23: (f ulr' 2t)t):1) 1;

Asian elephant size classes: it is difficult to assess the age of an elephant in the field but after some experience ooe can get a rough idea of the immature ones by comparing their size against that of a full grown adult. (picture drawn by Manjula Wijesundara)

C:riah23: flulv 2004) 1u

environmentd conditions). Manswe @urmese): [see also: swe'Pyat'swe-byat ] @aniel 1,998:93) Tusk, or piece of tusk, broken off in a fight Laibat; (Gale 1974:158) Breast-band which is part of the between two bulls; a good luck charm that should be dragging gear. kept.

(Hin du s tani) Lanugo: (tr4cKay 1973:73; Eltringham 1982:12) Term for M arfi : [als o : karivenn a Qtlalzy alam), kankush ta ; the fetal-hair remaining on a newbotn; the fine hair on see also: otdute] Qfenon, et a|.7997:40); Capstick 1991: the body of the fetus. 182) Elephantdung.

Laterzl recumbency: [see also: stetnal recumbency] Mastutbation: [see also: Male-Male Mountingl (Knhme (1\4cKenzie 1993:681) Lying on the s.ide. 1961:290[drawing]; Kiihme 1963:11'7) Sexual gratification by other than normal maie-female

Lohitiya (Hindustani): [see also: mela-shika] (Daniel 1998: copulation. 211) Man who hangs on behind and prods the koonkie near the root of the tail when speed is required. Mate-seatching: lsee also: esttus, musth] Qoole et al. 1'98t): 386,391;Poole & Moss 1989) Process of searching for a member the opposite sex. Lop-e ar: [also : fl oppy-] (Sikes 197 7 :120,20 4) Pathological suitable, receptive of condition in which a portion of the ear is folded forrrard and hangs down at an abnormal angle. May be due to Matriarch: (Buss 1990:30-32; Estes 1991:2560; Moss & arterial disease or injury. Colbeck 7992:1.55-156) Mature female who acts as leader of a family unit; qpically the eldest and most Lumbar: (I\4cKenzie 1993:681) Area of the back between experienced individual in the group. the last rib and the pelvis. Matriarchal family: [also: family, family unit, matriarchal Lumbar depression: (Albl 1971:134,135,137,139,140) A unit; see also: social organization] Group of related longitudinal depression in the lumbar region of the sides mature females and their young; ranging between 2-45 of the spine; depth is a good indication of physical- individuals (@ Amboseli, Kenya). See discussion under condition. family unit.

Machan (Hindustani): (Gzle '1974:758) Platform used for Maturity, sexual: [see also: puberry] (Laws 1969:1'93,197- shooting or photographing; a hide or blind. 198,214-21.5; Hanks 1972b:1'3,17,19,20; Williamson 797 6:89,90,97 ; Buss 1 990: 1 1 0-1 1 1,17 5; Poole 1 994:33 5- Mahout (Hindustani): [also: carnac, c rnax, cawadie (S. 337) Age at which reproduction becomes physicalJy India), cornac, kotnack (French; possibly originally possible; approximately 9-72 years for females, 14- Sinhalese), mahawat, ooziefuzi (Burma), ponnekella 15 years for mzles. Under adverse environmental

(Sri Lanka), kao-Chang (Ihailand) ; pawang ()] conditions (e.g. very high population-densities) maturity '1969 197,214). In (Iennent 1 867 :1 22; Jayewardene 199 4:52,727 ; Cannon may be delayed until 20+ years (I-aws & Davis 199 5:1 09,7 1'2,17 2; Ivercet 799 5:66; Lajt 1997 : captiviry both sexes may reach sexual maiurity much 85,209-2'1.1.; LahiriChoudhury 1999:458) Trainer, earlier (e.g. 4+ years in a female [Dieringer 1997)). keepet, driver of an elephant. Especially in wild males, physical maturity does not mean they will mate successfully. Successful mating is Male-male Mounting: [also: femoral coPulation, often delayed until males become significandy larger and interfemoral intercourse] (Ford & Beach 1957:274;Kahl attain musth, tt 29* years of age. & Armstrong 2000:20) Sexual mounting of one male by another. Penis is rubbed on inside of thighs; eiaculation Maxilla: [see also: mandible] (]Icl(enzie 1993:681) Upper often occurs, penetration does not. Generally found )^w. among young adult males, who have little success in mating with mature females. Meconium: (?oole 1996:94) Fetal stool, passed by a newborn an hour or so after birth. Maligawa tusker (Sinhalese): (Cannon & Davis 1995:172) Generic term for the tusked elephant that carries the Meergah (Hindustani): [also: meerga, meergha, mirga, mrga ; relics of the Buddha in the Kandy, Sri Lanka, procession s ee als o: sowar\ (Sanders on 1 9 07 :83,84,84x [drawingl,S 5 ; f= Esalz peraheta] inJdy /August each yeat. Sanderson 7962:260; Lahiri-Choudhury 1999:458) LongJegged elephant, favored for use as a transPort Marnmae: Mammary glands or breasts that secrete milk. In animal and taught to carry loads on its back or haul elephants they are between the front legs (i.e. pectoral carts. According to Sanderson (1907: 84) it is not a very mammae). desirable elephant. A body-type: thin, long legs, small head, light body usually faster than the koomeriah , but Mandible: [see also: maxilla] @4cKenzie 1993:681) Lower lacking in courage and endurance. law

Ga1rh2.i: (lLrl\ ll )l l-+) t9

Gajeh2-j: (f ulv 2[t04) Mela (Hindustani): [see also: bazaar, elephanl (Shand 1992:5,27,158-193;HalI2000:35) A fair; in this case an Mortdity: (Buss 7990:12-17,37; Moss 2001:152-153) elephant fair, where elephants are bought and sold. The Referring to the death-tate, or loss, in a population; largest inthe wodd is an annual affair [November], held includes factors such as disease, accidents, starvation, at Sonpur/Sonepur at the confluencebf the Ganges and predation. Gandak Rivers in Bihar, India. Mrigahastin (Sanskdt): (Shand 1996:49) "the beast with one Mela-shikar (Hindustani): lilso: I

G;rjah2-3: (fulr 2t){t4) 21

An Asian bull elephant in musth

G\ah23: fuly 2004) 22

and ear which produces temporal gland secretion. which females and infant calves occur. Tempord gland is a much better name than "musth gland", as its secretion sometimes has nothing to do Nyika (I{Swahili): [also: osrlalei (].{aasai)l Qtatt, et a/. 1966: with musth (..g. ir females and young, especially of 381; Spinage 1994:187) Commiphora-Acacia rhotn scru6, L.oxodonta). found in much of SE Kenya andTanzania.

Natality: [see also: recruitment] (Hanks 197 2b:73,20; Calef Oozie @l:rmese): [also: oozy, oozr, uzi ; see also: mahoutl 1988; Buss 1990:86,93-94) Refering to the birth-rate (!filliams 1 950:50-56; \Williams 1989 :124,127 -128,135; in a population. Usually 6-8oh pet ye t, il a healthy La:r. 1.997:129) Trainet, keeper, driver of an elephant. elephant population. Otdure: [see also: marfi] (Stockley 1953:94,95-96) Another, Nautch-khana (anguage ?): [see also: bai, sah-lickf (Shand more gentile, name fot dung. 1996:121) A clearing in the forest that is devoid of vegetation; the elephants' bdlroom. Ovarian cycle: @Ioss 1.983179,1.80,181; Brannian et a/. 1988:

357,3 59,3 63 ; Plotka e t a l. 1 9 8 8 : 309, 3 1 0, 3 1 2,3 1 4) P erio d Near-musth: [see also: musth, stages of; intet-musth, between ovulations. in females that do rrot become peri-musth] @oole e/ al. 1984:259; Rasmussen et al. pregnant during their first cycle. Generally believed tcr 1984:354,358; Poole 1987:295) Period immediately be 12-17 weeks in Laxodonta and . before and after full-musth, when testosterone levels may be partially elevated and some--but not all--of the Pachyderm: (IVlcKenzie 1993:682) Historical name for manifestations of full-musth are seen. When shown large, thick-skinned hoofed mammal (e.g. elephant, by young males, it may be called iuvenile-musth. rhino). Not a natural taxomonic grouping. Mahouts call, it Hten musth (N4cGaughey 1 963: 1 05). Pakala (Sanskrit): @dgerton 1931:26,104,1.20) A fever of Nerve-cavity: [also: pulp-caviry] (Laursen & Bekoff 1978: elephants. 2) Hollow of a tusk, filled primarily with mesemchymal connective tissue witl'r vascular and lymph sinuses. Pan: (Grezves 1996:131; Ben-Shahar 1999:316) In southern Afuica, another name for a waterhole or depression that Netsu.ke flapanese): (Chadwick 1992:207) Round fills during the rains. The bottom is permeated with ornaments--often made of ivory-with a hole in the calcium (calcrete), which forms a hard pan that holds center, used in Japan to secure the sash of a kimono. w2ter.

Nictitating-membrane: (Sikes 1971:43) Unpigmented Pannikan (Sinhalese): [also: Pannikers, PanickeasJ third eyelid, approximately 4 X 1 cm in size. (fennent 1867:97; Jayewardene 1,994:121; Cannon & Davis 1995:87-88,173) Muslim tribe in N and NE Sri NiIa (Sanskrit ?): (Sikes 1971:137; Derzntyzgzlz 1955:68- Lznka, known for capturing elephants. 70,140-142; Cannon & Davis 1995:709,711,,132,172) Sensory points on an [Asian] elephant, which may be Pattutition: (Ford & Beach 1951,:283) Giving birth. stimulated by the mahout to discipline, control, or direct the animal. Pawang (Indonesian): pair 1997:85) Indonesian namefor a mahout or elephant-handler. Nipples: QQrdong 1998:213[drawing]) Raised epidermal papilla that include multiple lactiferous ducts, releasing Peak frequency [abbreviated P.F.]: [see also: fundamental milk to the infant. They are prevalent among mammals; frequency, dominant frequency] @.rg 1983: humans and elephants have pectoral mammae with 65) Highest frequency of sound in an elephant nipples. ['Teats", sometimcs erroneously said to vocalization. be found in elephants, include a cistern and a single lactifetous duct; they are found in derived artiodactyls, Peieik (Burmese): (Gale t974:159) Attendant who does such as , sheep, cows.] odd jobs fot the oozie.

Nullip arous female : [see als o: multiparous, primipatous] Pengasoh Celd"y)' [see also: auntie] @aniel 1998:102) [,ee 7987:279-280) A female that has not conceived or Foster-mother. given birth. Perahera (Sinhalese): flayewardene 1994:'121; Cannon & Nursing/nurse: [see zlso: lactating female, weaning, Davis 1995:135-149,173) In Sri Lanka, a procession- comfott suckling, suckle] (N4oss & Colbeck 1992: -mainly o6 2 lsligious --in which domesticated 90,144-145; Shoshani 1992:53,54) To obtain milk from elephants often participate. the mother. Peri-musth: [see also: musth, stages ofl inter-musth, Nursing unit: [see also: iuvenile-care unit] $lcKay 1973: near-musth] @oole e/ at. 1984:259; Rasmussen et al. 72-75,79-80) Type of family unit among Elephas in 1984:354,358; Poole 1987:295) Period immediatell'

(iajrh2.3: (Julr 2t)t)4) Elephant Training Centte at Way Kambas Nationd Park'

Gajah23: (uly 2004) before and after full-musth, testosterone when levels may Post-pubertat [see also: pre-pubertal] (Hanksl 979: 1 68) A be partially elevated and some--but not all--of the female that has ovulated at least once. or a male that has manifestations of full-musth are seen. Mahouts call it produced sperm. Hrctt musth (N4cGaughey 1963:105). Pouch, pharynged: (Sikes 1971:79; Shoshani, et al. 7997; Phand (language ?): [see also: mela-shika\ (Shand Shoshani 1998:485; Shoshani & Dudley 2000) A 1996:38,150; Daniel 1998:211,212) Noose used to receptacle in the floor of the mouth, in which water capnlre elephants, by a rider on the back of another can be stored; such water can be drawn ouq later, and [domesticated] elephant. sprayed on the eats to cool the body-temperature.

Phandi 0*go"g. ?): [also: nooser; see also mela-shikat] Pranidhi (Sanskrit): (Edgerton 1931:120) Direction; (Shand 1,996:38; Lm 7997:67; Hall 2000:35,245,249) methods of a mahout in driving an elephant...by means Rider who captures wild elephants with a noose, from of verbal commands, feet, and hook the back of a domesticated elephant. A bot-phandi is a master catcher. Pte-estrus: [also: proestrus, pro-estrus, pro-oestrus; see also: estrus, diestrus, metestrus] (Arey, et al. 1c)57: Phara Qangaage ?): (Shand 1996:150) A broad belt that is 384,1110;Jainudeert, ct al. 7977:323; Poole & Moss 19u9: wound atound the chest of the koonkie during mela- 120) Period of heightened foll-icular activity preceding shikar. ttue estrus,. Cow may exhibit some--but not all--of the signs ofestrus. Pil-khana (Hindustani/Urdu): [also: pil Htana, pilkhatia, peelkhana, pheell (Sanderson t907 :91,125; Sukumat Ptegnancy: [see also: gestation period] (Buss 1990:31; 7994:752,169; Lahiri-Choudhury 1999:459) Stable, Moss & Colbeck 1992:52-53) Having conceived but not camp, or uaining place--usually permanent--where yet borne an offspring. domestic elephants are kept. Pte-musth: [also: pro-musth] @ernando, et al. 1963: Piosphere: (.Western 7973; Ayen 1977:376) Area around a 111) Period befote full-musrll, during which the rvater-source that shows ecological effects (i,e. damage), manifestations of musth slowly begin to appear; mosr owing to proximity to that water-source. likely caused by a gradual increase in testosterone levels in the blood. Plant secondary compounds: (Owen-Snith 7982:367,394) Protective chemical compounds in plants that make Pre-pubetal [see also: post-pubertal] (Flanksl 979: 1 68) A the vegetation telatively unpalatible or indigestible to female that has not yet ovulated, or a male that has not herbivotes. yet produced sperm--owing to young age.

Poaching: (Poole 1989b) Illegal killing usually for rhe ivory Primiparous female: [see also: multiparous, nulliparous] but can also be for meat. May have serious effects on Q,ee 7987:279-280) A female that has conceived and is social structute of the population. about to give or has given birth to one offspring.

Pocketed herd: (Seidensticker 1984:72; Sukumar & Problem Elephant Control: [= P.E.C.j QooLe'1996:254) Santiapillai 1996:329) Group of elephants confined Means of dealing with 'problem elephants"--repear in a relatively small area, from which they are unable offenders of certain elephantine crimes, such as fence- to leave; usually surrounded by hurnan development. breaking, crop-raiding, killing of and humans. May be thought of as 'tslands of elephants in a sea of Solution is sometimes translocation or exclusion (i.e. humaniqy''. with ditches, electric-fencing) or, often, killing. Polyovular: [see also: monovulat] (Hanks 7979:168) Ptoboscidean: (Shoshani & Tassy 1996; Nelson 1997: Ovu-lation of two or more eggs at a time. 24) A member of the order Proboscidea. Elephants and elephant-relatives--living and extinct--with a long, Population: [see also: social organization] (Moss & flexible snout, such as a trunk. Poole 1983:315,318,322) All the elephants in a region, including sub-populations of females and their Proboscis: [see also: trunk] (Sikes 1977:39-41.; Shoshani offspring, plus the adult males; they may all have some 1997) The long, muscula! prehensile extension of an contact vith each other, e specially during the v/et-season elephant's upper-lip and nose. when latge aggtegations may form. Protected-contact: lsee also: free-contact] Q)oyle 1993) Population-density: [see also: home-nngef (Spinage Managing unconfined captive elephants through or 1990:75,76,17; Barnes, a a/. 7999) Average number from behind a shielding barrier. of elephants per unit atea'rn a region; usually given as elephants/km2. Puberty: [see also: maturity, sexual] Q,avs 1969:193,197- 1.98,274-215;,Hanks 1972b:13,17,79,20; \filliamson

G4iah23: flulrr-Znt4) Gtlah23: (July 2004) 7976:89,90,91; Buss 1990:110-111,175; Poole 1994:335- Retirement area: [see also: bull atea, sexually-activef 337) Age at which reproduction becomes possible; inactive] @Ioss & Poole 1983:318; Estes 1991:261; approximately 9-72 yeats for females, 1475 yearc for Moss & Colbeck 7992:50,109,777) Region inhabited males. Under adverse envitonmental conditions (e.g. mainly by bulls-either singly or in bull groups--in very high population-densities) maturity may be delayed a sexually-inactive condition. When they become until 20* years (Laws 7969:197,2'1,4). In captivity, both sexually-active, bulls leave the retirement area and sexes may reach sexual maturity much eadier (e.g. associate with females; individual bulls usually return 4+ years in a female [Dieringet 1997]). Especially in to the same retirement area aftet their period of wild males, matudty does not mean they will mate association with females. successfully. Successful mating is often delayed until they anain musti, zt29* yezts of age. Rogue: (S?illiams 1950:41,739-747 ; De:aruyagala 1,955:7 48; Carringon 1958:51; Estes 1991:260 Vernacular term Pulp: (Laursen & Bekoff 1978:2) Material that fi.lls the fot a particulady aggressive and dangerous elephant, hollour [pulp-cavity, nerve-cavity] of a tusk; it is most often a bull. The animal may be sick or injured composed primarily of mesemch)nnal connective tissue and may also be in musth. They seem to have a deep vrith vascular and lymph sinuses. hatred of people. [n Sri Lanka, the term is hora allia or hora or sora (from Sanskrit chora ) or ronkedoors pulp-cavity: [also: nerve-cavity] paursen & Bekoff 1978: (Dutch).1 2) Hollow of a tusk, filled pdmarilywith mesemchyrnal

connective tissue udth vascular and lymph sinuses. Rutting: (Poole 1 987:283,284,31 1,313) Heightened sexual state in male ungulates; similar in many respects to Pussa (Sinhalese): [see also: mu.[

Recruitmene [see also: natdity] (Calef 1988; Spinage 1990: Saun Qanguage ?): [see zlso goondah] (Carrington 1958: 15; Spinage 1994:184) Increase in a population, usually 160) r0fild, single, male elephant. as tlre result of biths exceeding deaths; may also be augmented by immigation. Savanna: (Hanks1979:168; Estes 1991:564) Subtropical or ropical gassland vrith widely spaced trees, characterized Reinforcemenc (Shyan 7993:23) In animal raining by extended wet and dry seasons. any condition that strengthens learning ot increases the probability that a response urill occut Positive Schteger pattetn/lines: @,spinoza & Mann 1992:30; reinforcement indeases the likelihood that a tesponse Spinage 1994:220) System of ctossing lines, which is vdll be petformed by gi"g it a "good,/pleasant, unique to cross-sections of probosidean ivory. [positive] consequence after the response has occurted, whereas negative reinforcement also increases the Scrimshaw/scrimshanding: (Parker & Aniin 1983:147; likelihood that a response vrill be performed to avoid a Espinoza & Manrr 1992:30) An art fotm, developed "bad/unpleasant" [negative] consequence. mainly in , in which designs are engraved on the surface of ivory. [AJso performed on walrus- Reproductove cycling: I see dso: estrus, flatlining] (I-aws ivory and spetm-whale-teeth.] 7969:205; Laws, Parker, & Johnstone 7970:77 4; Har.Irrs 797 2b:73,27,25; rtrTilliamson 797 6:9 1 ; Shoshani 1 992: Scrivelloes: Q,yelJ 7924:175; Sanderson 1962: 2'17; Daniel 57; Moss 2001:150-751,155) Periodic ovuldtion of 1998:39) Name used in the ivory-tade for smalJ tusks, matufe non-pregnant females; of reptoductive unoer 10-20 lbs. 'zite [4.5-9 kg]; shott.tusks, projecting a few life. In wild female elephants @ Amboseli, Kenyal the inches from the lips. May sometimes be synonymous reptoductive-rate seeras to peak by 18-19 years, slows vrith tushes [see Krishnan 1972:300]. after about 40-50 years, and neady ceases by 56-60 years of age, We have litde evidence of complete cessation Senescence: (Hanks 1979:18; Moss 2001:151,153,155) of breeding (sometimes refetred to as "menopause,) in Deteriorating physical condition, owing to old age. rvild eleohants.

Sexual-dimorphism: (I-aws 1 969:1 96; Poole 1 994) Phvsical or behavioral differences between the sexes.

Gajah2.i: (fuh 2{)(t4) no adult males presentl Sexually-active/inactive: @Ioss & Poole 1983:378,322; Sub-population [with Poole a/ al. 7984256,258,259; Poole 1987:286,290; males and cow-calf Poole 1989a:141) Adult mdes who are sexually-active Mixed groupings [with adult associate with femdes and can mate successfully even grouPs both Present] though not kI musthr' adult males urho are sexually- inactive usually stay with all-male gtouPs or alone. The Aggregation various categories of adult male sexual condition are: Sub-population non-musth inactive, non-musth active, inter-musth, Population near- musd5 full-musth; th"y probably [p.ti-] bachelor herd, repfesent increasing levels of plasma testostefone' All-male groupings BuIl group: [also: Older adult males who periodically come into musth bull hetdl are referred to as "socially matufe"; yorurger males who 1907:88; Lahiri- do not come into musth are teferted to as "socially Sowari; [see also: meeryal\ (Sanderson Choudhury 1999t459) Light-weight elephant, trained immature", [Females are receptive to sex only during the short period of esrusl for riding.

(Sikes 1971:320-321) Sign Shikar (Hindustani/Bengali/Assamese) : (Lahiri-Choudbury Spoot: [see also: frlizzle,bolus] mainly of twizzles, 7999:458,459) The sport of hunting or shooting game' left by passing elephants; composed dung, tracks.....also broken ftees, mud rubbed on ffee- Shikad [also: shikarie, shikatee, shekatry ; moksoh trunks, diggogs in dirt dust], etc. @urmese)] is the "spottsman-hunter". [to tecumbency: also: lateral recumbencyl Sibling: @ord & Beach 1957:287) Offspring of the same Sternal [see on the brisket or sternum' mother, i.e. brothers and sistets. (McKenzie 1993:683) Lying

Stereotypical behavior: stereotypy] (Immelmann & Sidor (fhai): [see also: ranulona, tuskleseness] Tetm for [= repeated niovements, most tuskless males in Thailand. Beer 7989:291) Panern of often seen in captive elephants. Probably related to intentions' Some such Sikara (Sanskrit) : (Edgerton 7931:36) Fluid that z musth anxiety, frustration or thwarted a very low-intensiry bull sprays from its trunk. behavior-patterns may be found-in or abbreviated form--in vild individuals'

Silinguva (Sanskrit ?): [see also: crush] (Deraniyagala 1955: organization] (Moss & 1,42; Cannon & Davis 1995:109) Structure restricting a Sub-population: [see also: eocid that occupy distinct captive elephant while it receives treatrnent. Pooli t983:315,377,322) Families dry-season home-tanges but may mix freely in the wet Amboseli one sub-population contained 27 Singoung @urmese): (Gale 1974:159) Head elephant-man. season [@ 1983:317)]' Oozies and peieiks come under him. family units in 4 clans (Moss & Poole

dso: lactating female, weaning, Sin-oke @urmese): (Gale 1974:159) Very senior and Suckling/suckle: [see Colbeck 1992: experienced elephant-man, Singoungs, oozies, arr'd comfort suckling nursing] (Moss & Permitting z cilf to peieiks come undet him. 90,144-745; Shoshani 7992:53,54) nurse and obtain milk; to nourish from the breast' Sinpyudaw @tlmese): [also: Sin-byu'dasvl (Gile 7974: Elephant with his 159; Daniel 1998:35) A tare "white elephant", widi 20 Swe-gat (Surmese): (Gale 1974:159) toes, peady eyes, ted mouth, light colored and smootlr tusks growing outward. skin. Swe-pyat @urmese): [also: swe-byat' see also: manswe] Social otgarirization: (trIoss & Poole 1983; Moss 1988; (Gale 1974:'159) Elephant with his tusks cut or broken Poole & Moss 1989:112) Hieratchical otgznizaion, off, owing to accident or other causes. below. See definitions under each term, individudly' Tactile: (Ford & beach 1951:288) Referring to the sense of show many tactile social behaviors, Femde & young gtoupings [also: cow-calf group] touch. Elephants most of which are probably related to the collection of statrrs of other Family unit [also: family, matriarchal farnily, olfactory cues about the physiologrcal matriarchal unit] elephants.

a]so: mukhna, han, fu'ne] (Villiams Bond group [also: kinshiP grouP] Tar' (Butmese): [see 1950:44;Gale7974:760) BuLl with only one n:sk, either Clan Ieft or right.

?): (Shand 1996:60) Referring to tusks, Aggtegation [v'ith no adult males present] Tal-betal (anguage one of which points upward, the other downward'

()aiah23: fluly'2004) Tan @urmese): (Gale 1974160) Elephant born with only & Moss 1981; Poole 1987:286,307) See definirion one short tusk, either left or right. under temporal gland secretion. Perhaps it is better to feserve the term temporin for the non-musth secretion Taphonomy: (Haynes 1991; Nelson 1997:24) The study only, as is done by Sukumar (1994:38,39-40,95-96). of how are formed. How bones are affected by geological and biological processes. Tetai (Hindustani): [also: tata[ (Sukumar 7994:'169; U7emmer 2000:60) Moist land; the region in the foothills : (Shoshani & Eisenberg 1982; Laursen & Bekoff ' of the Himalaya of notthern India and southern Nepal, 197827,6; Shoshani 1992:43,45) Branch of science characterized by sal (Sborea robasta) forests. dealing with the classiEcation of otganisms.

Testiconda: (Glover 197 3 :45) Having the testes permanen tly Elephas maximus: Asian elephang usually divided and normally in the abdomen, as in the elephant and the into 3-4 : hyrax. E.m.maximus, E.m.sumatranus, Testing: (Schulte & Rasmussen 1999b:1269) Olfactory E.m. i n dicus, E.m.borneensis response shown mainly by bulls to sample, with the trunk-tip, a female's genitals, urine, or dung. After [For derivation of names, see Shoshanil 992:43,44,58] testing, the trunk-tip is often then placed in the mouth [see also: flehmen, Jacobsonts organ, vomeronasal I--axodonta africana: African savanna elephant; recently otgan]. Presumably performed in order to determine divided into 2 species: the sexual status (i.e. estrous or non-estrous) of the L africana and L rychtisl female. Less frequently, testing can be done by females or calves. [Fot derivation of names, see Shoshanil992:43,44] Testosterone: (Hall-Martin & van der Walt 1984; poole Paenungulata: (Estes 1997:249) [paene , Latin for et al. 1984; Rasmussen et al. 1984:356-358,360,361: "nearlT/'or "almost", i.e. almost an ungulate] = hyraxes, Poole 1987:285,308,311) Mde sex hormone, produced elephants, and dugongs/manatees primarily by the testes; found to be significandy higher in tle plasma and urine of males in musth. Proboscidea: = elephants and their [extinct] allies Thiringeye (Sanskrit ?): (Cannon & Davis 1995:109) Pole Tethytheria: = Sirenia (dugongs/manatees) & used urith a tourniquet for controlling elephants. Proboscidea Toenails: (Spinage 1994:52-53; Shoshani 2000: 39) Flard, Tempord dent, upper & lower: (Albl 1971:135,138,140) keratinized material at end of some digits along the Two depressions in the temporal region of each side front edge of feet. Generally 4-5 on forefeet and 3, 4, of the head, above the zygom^tic-^rch. Their depth or 5 on hindfeet. is a good indication of age and--to a lesser extent--of physical-condition. The lower tempotal dent contains Tofa (Yatz fKenya]): (?arker&Amin 1983:45) Largemale the temporal gland. 'vith tusks 70-100 lbs. each.

Tempord gland: T.G., musth [also: gland] flainudeen, a/ Tond.o (Shangaan fMozambique]): [see also: muknal al. 1972:256; Laursen & Bekoff 1978:2; Rasmussen a/ al (Capstick 7977:99-700; Capstick 1988:90) Term for 19 84:352; Poole 1 987:287,288 [drawing]) Gland located tuskless male elephants in Mozambique. midway between the eye and ear, which resembles salivary tissue and secretes tempord gland sectetion. Ttail (Gavron 7993:79) Foot-path used by elephants [and Weighe up to 3 kg in males, rarely over 1 kg in females. other animals]; often of great age and tradition. It swells significandy in males during musrh. [n , the term is kuppool (IvlcGaughey 1963:105).1 Ttanslocation: SrlcKenzie 1993:683) Capture, transportation, and release of animals into a new area. Tempotal gland sectetion: [also: temporin, T.G.S., rut waterl (Deraniyagala 1955:732; Rasmussen ct al. 7984: Ttee-breaking: [dso: tree-shaking] (Hendrich,t971:148- 353,354,358-360,367; Poole 7987:286,287,288[dmwi 156) Trees are knocked down, often so that leaves or ngf,307,311) In Elepbas, there is one qlpe of T,G.S.: ftuit can be reached and eaten. Also done, apparendy in males ooly, which signifies musfh. In L.oxodonta, for social reasons, especially by certain bulJs. there are two types of T.G.S,: watery and short-term, in males/females/young, which signifi es socid excirement Ttipy ivory: (Spinage 1994:220) Tusks vrith a morrled or or stress; more viscous and dutablg in males only, which speckled appearance, perhaps the result of calcium signifies musth. defciency.

Temporin: [also: tempord gland secsetion, T.G.S.] Ttunk: @oole [see also: ptoboscis] (Shoshani'l 992:44ldr awin 9],46-

Oajah23: (luli 2{)tt.l) 47,54 Gavron 1993:46-47) Extended, fexible Cloaca-like conrmon opening to the urinary and genital appendage produced from a union of upper-lip and tracts in a female elePhant' nose; highly dextrous and of many uses: e.g. eating, 1983:45) Male with drinking, touching, vocalizing, signalling intentions, Usho CJTata [Kenya]): @arker & Amin smelling, throwing water/mud/dust, as a weapon, and tusks of mote than 100 lbs. each. others. Yasa-Iobha (Sanskrit): @dgerton 7931:722-123) Method using the enticement by Tush/tushes: (Sanderson 1'907 : 67 -68; Dennyagala 7955: of catching wild elephants, 40; Shoshani & Eisenbetg 7982:2) SmdI tusks qdth females. no pulp inside that barely protrude past the lip. They (Pratt, et al' 1966: are short, downward-pointing prongs in the upper jaw; VeId (Aftikaans): [also: bushveld, veldt ] open seldom retained long, being generally broken off eatly 382; Greaves 1996:131) In southern Africa, in life. If broken they are not renewed. About 5070 of country ot grassland; bush. Asian females have tushes, the others nothing. It has in the been claimed that tushes have softer ivory than tusks. Vidu (Sanskrit): (Edgerton 7937:71,723) Furrow middle of the top of an elephant's head' between the domes or kumbhas. Tusk: [see also: ivory] petanyzgala 1955:40; Buss 1990: 69-72; Shoshan 7992:46ldtzwtn$,47 -48,59) Permanent Sukumar second upper incisors, composed mosdy of dentine. Viltus (famil): @isenberg & Lockhart 7972:4; Lanka, seasonally The only source of red ivory. In I-axodonta, both sexes 7992:164) In southern India and Sri normally have tusks. They gtow throughout \fe at a inundated marshy areas and small ponds. rzte of about 17 cmf yea4 avetaging 61 kg at 60 yrs (Gteaves 1996:131) in bulls zrnd 9.2 kg in cows; tecord-weight = 106 k& Vlei (Aftikaans): [see also: dambo] that recordJength = 355 cm. In Ebphaq only some males In southern Afica, a flat, grassy dtunage channel no trees; marshy have tusks. floods in the rainy season and suPPorts ground.

Tusker: [see also: mukhnaf (Cannon & Davis 1995:173) An see elephant with tusks. In Asia, neady dways a male. Vomeronasd otgan: [also: V.N.O', lacobson's organ; also testing' flehmen] (Rasmussen et al' 1982:160; oJ. 7984:360; Poole & Moss 1989:114) Tusk, mastet: [see also: tuslg wotking] (Spinage 7994:75) Rasmussen et The tusk that is not used for digging etc.; usually longer Area, located in the roof of the mouth, that is sensitive with urine' .and less worn. to olfactory cues, especially those associated

(Sanskrit): 1931:724) Term for a rogue Tusk, working: [also: servant tusk; see also: tusk, master] Vyala @dgerton (Eltringham 1982.6; Spinage 1994:75) The tusk that is elephant. used for diggog, etc.; is usually, therefore, mote woro down. [t Tanzarrra the term is h*ombilo (Rushby Wallowing: (Gly 7976:289,291; Estes 1997:262; Shoshani term for grooming 1953:139); in Aabis itis haddm @aker 1890:29)1. 1992:55[photo],57) Collective and bodily-maintenance that includes: water-sPraying/ Tuskless/Tusklessness: (Owen-Smith 1966; Abe 1996; bathing/mudding/dusting/rolling in dust or mud' Whitehouse 2002) Bonvrithout the ability to produce tusks; apparendy a geneticdly inherited trait. In Asia, Weaning: [see also: nursing] ['attts 7969:207; Moss & most females and some males (varyingwith location) are Colbeck 7992:86-87,99,1 14,1 88; Shoshani 1992:53'54) at 7-2 years and tuskless. In Africa, certain areas (e.g. Queen Elizabeth Cessation of nursing; usually starting Ni Uganda, and Addo Elephant Nl South Africa) have usually completed by 4-5 years; occasionally continues g+ alargely tuskless female population. Tuskless males are until years. uncommon in Africa. Wun-bike-I

793t122) Guidance of an Urine-dribbling: @oole 7987 :287,289[photo],295; Kabl & Yata (Sanskrit): (Edgerton Armstong 2002:163-164) Irakage of urine from the elephant, by the mahout, with the feet. sheathed penis, shown by mdes in musth; during fi:ll- musth bulls may lose more than 300 I' of fluid per day in Yaudha (Sanskdt): (Edgerton 1931:66) Male in firll-musth' this manner @oole 1989:148). Uterally z"ftghter".

Dispersal of seeds- Urogenital sinus: [= U.G.S.] (X'asmussen ct al 1982:1'60) Zoochoty: @rahmachary 1995:389)

Gaizh23: flu\' 2004) -and subsequent their germination--by being passed through Zy gornatic-arch: (AIbl 197 1 :1 35 ; Shoshani 1 99 6 :1 2) Cheek- an animal's alimentary ftact. bone. Bony ridge running approximately horizontalll' across the side-of-the-head behind the eye. Separates Zygolophodont: (Savage & Long 7986:250) Proboscidean the lower temporal dent and the buccal depression. teeth with high-pitched transverse lophs or ridges. The temporal gland lies just above the zygomatic- atch. The rygomatic-arch is composed of parts of three bones: the maxilla, ing"l [= malarl, & squamosal.

Sumatran elephants at the Elephant Training Cen.re in Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra (photo: couftesy Alain Compost)

()aj:rh2-i: (f t Iv 2(X14) 31

during the oestrous cycle of the (L.oxodonta

o li 84(1) : 35 7-365' african a). J o r n al of Repro dt cti n dt Fefti A,

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