Flowers of Italy's Gargano Peninsula

Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Naturetrek Tour Report 21 - 28 April 2011

Adonis Blue Botanising Monte Sacro

Farm with Yellow Asphodel Green Hairstreak

Report and images compiled by Andrew Cleave

Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Tour leader: Andrew Cleave

Participants: Alan Waddoups Heidemarie Waddoups Geoff Power Steph Power Leslie Tasker Joan Baron Barbara Jones Day

Day 1 Thursday 21st April

Weather: Warm and sunny with some high cloud Andrew was already in Naples having been busy leading a trip the week before, so he was ready with the mini-bus when the group assembled at the airport. The journey across Italy was fairly uneventful, apart from some confusion whilst trying to leave the airport car park, but we did get some glimpses of what was to come later in the week in the form of drifts of magnificent Lady Orchids along the roadsides, and Black Kites sitting on electricity poles.

Having left the motorways and arrived on the minor roads on the east coast of Italy we drove through avenues of Giant Fennel for mile after mile until arriving at some salt pans and lagoons where we were able to stop and look at a variety of water birds including Flamingos, Slender-billed Gulls, Little and Great White Egrets and Avocets. The limestone massif of Gargano was visible in the distance and we completed the final section of the journey by winding up a steep and tortuous road from Manfredonia. After checking in some of the group explored the immediate surroundings of the hotel, and had a first look at the historic town nearby.

Day 2 Friday 22nd April

Weather: Cool and cloudy at first, but warming up later The group’s introduction to the amazing diversity and abundance of the Gargano flora was at the first stop, only a few minutes drive from the hotel, along the narrow road leading to a nearby monastery. We had to take care of where we were walking or kneeling, and we made very slow progress as more and more species were discovered. Most obvious were the orchids in the Ophrys genus, such as the rare British native Late Spider Orchid Ophrys fuciflora, but we came across numerous other attractive species amongst them, many of them confusingly similar. The stony, terraced hillside, apparently no longer cultivated and only very lightly grazed, was colourful and scented with typical Mediterranean herbs including the abundant bright yellow Alyssum Alyssum saxatile and Horseshoe Vetch Hippocrepis glauca, Pink Hawksbeard Crepis rubra and clear blue Dyer’s Alkanet Alkanna lehmanii. Although we were all looking down at the plants, there were a number of butterflies on the wing, despite the cool conditions, and we picked up the calls of Woodlark, Subalpine Warbler and Cirl Bunting.

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

After an intensive search of this rich habitat, with the group spreading out to cover a large area we drove a short distance along the road to a little copse for a lunch break where we had our first taste of some the local bread, cheeses, tomatoes, ham and wine. More orchids were added to the list here, including some tall Lady Orchids Orchis purpurea just coming into flower.

After lunch we continued along the road to the Monastery where we found the endemic Goldendrops Onosma lucana on a crag with a splendid view down to the sea. Growing on the old walls were a few more interesting and familiar species such as the deadly poisonous Henbane Hyoscyamus alba and Pellitory-of- the-Wall Parietaria judaica. Our final foray for the day was along an ancient quarry track, which led into the impressive wooded gorge beyond the monastery where a few plants of Clove-scented Broomrape Orobanche caryophyllacea and Pitch Trefoil Psoralea bituminosa were identified by their distinctive scents.

On returning to the hotel, a few of the party visited the town hoping to watch the Good Friday procession, but this seemed to have taken place elsewhere.

Day 3 Saturday 23rd April

Weather: Sunny, but with a cool breeze, and some light rain later in the day Our first stop of the day was in the valley below the town where we looked in some cultivated fields alongside the road. This area was an unlikely habitat for the Wild Tulip Tulipa sylvestris but many were spotted growing amongst the cereal crop. A few spikes of Wild Gladiolus Gladiolus italicus were also spotted and on the margins Cotswold Pennycress Thlaspi perfoliata was flowering. The next roadside stop enabled us to find more of the open habitat Ophrys species, and remind ourselves of the identification of species we had seen the previous day such as Bertoloni’s Bee Orchid Ophrys bertolonii, Spectacled Ophrys Ophrys biscutella and the very confusing Early Spider Orchid Ophrys sphegodes group. Driving on a short distance into the forest enabled us to find the beautiful wild Peony Paeonia mascula and some eye-catching displays of various species of wild peas such as Pisum sativum and Vicia melanops. The winding, single-track road into the forest gradually turned into a stony track with steep banks lined with ferns, and we eventually came to a picnic area where there was some evidence of forestry operations having taken place during the winter.

After our picnic lunch we set off to walk through the forest and the plan was to descend into a cultivated valley, where the bright blue Anchusa cretica grows alongside the tracks. After last week’s problems with the route being barred to us we settled for the route to the Piscina Pantolfe through the forest and headed for the stony hillside where Iris lutescens was flowering in profusion and other sun-loving species were found amongst the rocks. The forest was filled with bird song, and every sunny patch had a variety of butterflies on the wing. We retraced the journey back along the forest tracks and the final orchid find of the day was a few spikes of the curious Bird’s-nest Orchid Neottia nidus-avis, spotted the week before from the mini-bus as we drove slowly out of the forest.

We were back in town in time for a brief exploration of the castle walls and the rough ground near the hotel.

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Day 4 Sunday 24th April

Weather: A cloudy, breezy morning, sunny spells later and becoming warmer Our plan for the day was to visit the well-known botanical site of Monte Sacro, and as it was Easter Sunday we thought the area might be very crowded, but this was fortunately not the case. The route to Mattinata involves a long drive down a road made up of continuous hairpin bends, but with lovely views of the Gargano landscape and the coast. The town is by-passed with tunnels, underpasses and roundabouts, before another road with more hairpin bends ends at the starting point for a walk up Monte Sacro – a stony hill with a rich and fascinating flora. A well-trodden, way-marked path leads to the summit of the hill, but there is so much to see on the way that not all of the party opted for the walk to the highest point and found much to hold our attention within a very short walk from the parking place. Another rare British native, the Spotted Rock-rose Tuberaria guttata was a new species for the list, and impressive displays of Man Orchids Orchis anthropohora were seen amongst the rocks. Just before entering the woodland on the steep slope a large patch of Sparse-flowered Orchids Orchis pauciflora and Four- spotted Orchids Orchis quadripunctata were found.

After driving back around Mattinata we stopped at the start of the track to Monte Saraceno, an impressive limestone outcrop and historical site overlooking the sea. Three species of Cistus (C. salvifolius, creticus and monspeliensis) growing in close proximity made for easy identification more orchids, including Ophrys melena were found along the track. The chambered tombs carved out of the limestone proved to be very interesting, some of them supporting colonies of Maidenhair Fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. We returned to the hotel in plenty of time to enjoy the panorama below the town, do some more sight-seeing in the maze of streets, and enjoy some drinks, before our evening roll call and dinner.

Day 5 Monday 25th April

Weather: Sunny for most of the day, but with a cold wind Andrew dropped the group off at the start of the Pilgrim’s Path, one of the ancient routes leading to Monte Sant’Angelo, and then drove down the hill to leave the minibus beside the road and walk back up to meet everyone. Plenty more orchids were seen along this route, including a few Lady Orchids on the steep slope, and we also found more of the Widow Iris with a few flowers worthy of a photograph. Once we had reached the mini-bus we drove on to the Bosco Quarto and checked a few roadside sites where we found many more orchids, including Roman, Dactylorhiza romana, Elder-flowered, D. sambucina, Sparse- flowered, Green-winged Orchis morio and Lady Orchid, and a few more peonies.

A picnic stop in woodland, where seats and tables had been provided, turned out to be a very popular destination for local people following the tradition of an Easter Monday picnic in the countryside. We were obviously of great interest to the locals, some of whom came to see what we were looking at and enjoyed seeing some of the orchids. Narcissus poeticus was common here, and we were impressed by the abundance and variety of species in almost all of the sites we stopped at.

Our final stop of the day was near an isolated restaurant where we wandered around some gardens and un-inhabited houses looking for more orchids in the clearings.

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Here it was apparent that cultivation had ceased a few years previously and scrub was advancing rapidly to the obvious disadvantage of the ground flora. One of the trees spreading prolifically in this area was the Wild Service Tree Sorbus torminalis.

Day 6 Tuesday 26th April

Weather: Sunny for most of the day, and warmer We left the Palace Hotel this morning and drove into the Foresta Umbra, the “shady forest” which is composed largely of dense groves of beech and hornbeam. As we drove along we spotted some of the colourful displays of Doronicum, Coralroot Bittercress Cardamine bulbifera, Narcissus poeticus and Anemone appenina in clearings and on the verges. After a couple of brief stops we arrived at shady picnic spot which gave the opportunity for a walk in the forest where there were many luxuriant ferns, and the rare British lichen, Tree Lungwort Lobaria pulmonaria on the trunks of trees along the path. Various garlic-scented species were encountered here, including the British native, Ramsons Allium ursinum. After lunch we continued through the forest on the road to the coast, and at a convenient lay-by we stopped to admire a lovely display of the Spring Cyclamen Cyclamen repandum growing on steep slopes.

Having left the forest and reached the coastal plains we stopped at the aptly-named “Fly-tip Stop” where we found many more Ophrys and Serapias species, plus Yellow Bartsia Parentucellia viscosa, and the minute- flowered, but intensely pink Kolrauschia Petrorhagia velutina on slender, waving stalks. We finally followed the increasingly winding road to reach the scenic fishing harbour of Peschici where we checked in to the Hotel Elisa, which is conveniently sited close to the beach. After the usual formalities most of the group explored the town and harbour, enjoying the wonderful views.

We were able to sit outside to go through the day’s finds, and our evening meal was a splendid selection of the local seafood, freshly prepared by the proprietor.

Day 7 Wednesday 27th April

Weather: Sunny for most of the day, with some high cloud and light breezes We drove west out of Peschici, along more steep and twisting roads, noting the number of people working in the olive groves amongst smoky bonfires, until we reached a highway which enabled us to get speedily to the west of the peninsula. Here we headed inland to explore the Bosco de Spinapulci - “Forest of the Spiny Flea”, a high limestone plateau with forests and meadows, but few settlements. Before climbing up on the plateau we stopped for a while on a lane where the elegant purple Mullein Verbascum phoenicium, was flowering well, and close by we found Honeywort Cerinthe major and wild Asparagus.

Further on we stopped in a disused quarry where more of the Spring Cyclamen was in flower, and a new orchid species noted was the Small-patterned Ophrys Ophrys parviflora. We then headed up onto the limestone plateau on a very rough track where there were a few spikes of the Heart-flowered Tongue Orchid Serapias cordigera showing between the rocks.

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

A lovely picnic spot overlooking wooded valleys on either side was a good vantage point for exploring this area. More orchids, and the curious Birthwort Aristolochia rotunda were found in the woods, and the Cyclamens here were flowering prolifically and scenting the air. After lunch and another walk through the woods we returned to the main highway and made our way back to Peschici. Our final stop of the day was close to the town where we looked over the cliffs to photograph the Trabucco, a strange arrangement of poles and nets used to catch fish from the rocks. A new plant for the list was the Apple of Sodom, Solanum sodomaeum, which was growing well on the rocks below the viewpoint.

Another memorable seafood supper followed but we had to get an early night because of the very early start in the morning so we said some of our farewells then.

Day 8 Thursday 28th April

Weather: Mostly sunny, with some high cloud and warmer conditions at Naples This morning we had to pack up and leave, at a very early hour, in order to get to Naples airport for the morning flights back to London. Our drive commenced in the first light of dawn, but we had a reasonably traffic-free journey back across Italy, with a few bird sightings and glimpses of flower-filled fields, and we arrived in good time at the airport at Naples where everything went smoothly and our flight left on schedule.

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Species Lists

Plants Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

PTERIDOPHYTES FERNS AND ALLIES

Selaginella denticulata Mediterranean Clubmoss Damp, shady rocks, common. Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern Ancient tombs, Monte Saraceno Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort Shaded rocks and damp walls, common Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort Rocks and walls, Monte Sant'Angelo Ceterach officinarum Rustyback Fern Rocks and walls, common Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's-tongue Fern Foresta Umbra Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Roadsides, hedgerows, Foresta Umbra Dryopteris dilatata Broad-buckler Fern Foresta Umbra Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield Fern Foresta Umbra, common on walls Polypodium vulgare Polypody Scarce on shady rocks

PINOPSIDA GYMNOSPERMS CONIFERS

Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Roadsides, towns, gardens Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly Juniper Rocky hillsides, scattered Pinus halapensis Aleppo Pine Cliffs, rocky slopes, common Pinus pinea Stone Pine Lowland areas, below Mattinata Taxus baccata Yew Foresta Umbra

ANGIOSPERMS FLOWERING PLANTS

Acanthaceae Bear's-breech Family Acanthus mollis Bear's-breech nr Mattinata

Aceraceae Maple Family Acer platanoides Norway Maple Bosco Quarto Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Widespread, forests and roadsides Acer obtusatum Bosnian Maple Monte Sacro, stony hillside Acer opalus Italian Maple Bosco Quarto

Aizoaceae Dew-plant Family Carpobrotus acinaciformis Red Hottentot Fig Walls nr Monte Sant'Angelo

Anacardiaceae Sumach Family Pistachia lentiscus Mastic Tree Stony hillsides, common Pistacia terebrinthus Turpentine Tree Stony hillsides and scrub, common

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Carrot Family Conium maculatum Hemlock Roadsides Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire Peschici Harbour and rocks Daucus carota Wild Carrot Roadsides, rocky slopes Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo Stony hillsides Ferula communis Giant Fennel Roadsides, cultivated areas, common nr coast

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Laserpitium latifolium Broad-leaved Sermountain Bosco Quarto Orlaya grandiflora Orlaya Roadsides, very common Sanicula europaea Sanicle Foresta Umbra Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's Needle Stony hillsides, field margins, common Smyrnium rotundifolium Perfoliate Alexanders Stony ground, cultivated areas, Monte Sacro Thapsia garganica Thapsia Open hillsides, leaves only Tordylium apulum Tordylium Stony ground, cultivated areas Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge Parsley Monte Sant'Angelo

Apocynaceae Periwinkle Family Nerium oleander Oleander (leaves only) Monte Saraceno area Vinca major Periwinkle Roadsides, shrubby areas

Aralaceae Ivy Family Hedera helix Ivy Monte Sacro, stone walls

Aquifoliaceae Holly Family Ilex aquifolium Holly Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra

Aristolochiaceae Birthwort Family Aristolochia rotunda Birthwort Bosco de Spinapulci, very common

Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Swallow-wort Roadsides, tracks, quarries

Asteraceae (Compositae) Daisy Family Andryala integrifolia Andryala Roadsides, tracks, fields, leaves only Artemisia absinthum Wormwood Roadsides Bellis perennis Daisy Short grassland, paths and tracks Bellis sylvestris Southern Daisy Grassland, woodland clearings Calendula arvensis Field Marigold Cultivated areas, common Carduus chrysacanthus Apennine Thistle Stony hillsides Centaurea cyanus Perennial Cornflower Bosco Quarto Cirsium eriophorum Woolly Thistle Stony hillsides, leaves only Crepis rubra Pink Hawksbeard Stony hillsides, open areas, common Crupina crupinastrum Crupina Open areas, stony ground Dittrichia viscosa Woody Fleabane Bosco Quarto Doronicum columnae Heart-leaved Leopard's-bane Woodlands and meadows, common in damper areas Doronicum plantagineum Leopard's-bane Bosco Quarto, frequent Evax pygmaea Evax Open, stony areas, damp patches Galactites tomentosa Galactites Widespread, open areas Glebionis coronarium Crown Daisy Monte Sant'Angelo Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold Roadsides, cultivated areas Helichrysum stoechas Curry Plant Amongst Cistus scrub, sunny hillsides Hyoseris radiata A 'dandelion' Widespread in cultivated and waste areas Inula verbascifolia Mullein-leaved Spikenard Cistus scrub areas Pallenis spinosa Pallenis Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Scorzonera villosa Hairy Viper's-grass Roadsides, verges

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Silybum marianum Milk Thistle Roadsides, verges, dry areas Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Roadsides, waste ground Tragopogon hybridum A Goat's-beard Roadsides Tragopogon sinuata A Goat's-beard Roadsides Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot Waste ground Urospermum dalechampii Urospermum Open, sunny areas, stony ground

Betulaceae Birch Family Corylus avellana Hazel Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Carpinus orientalis Hornbeam Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Ostrya carpinofolia Hop Hornbeam Monte Sant'Angelo

Boraginaceae Forget-me-not Family Alkanna lehmanii Dyer's Alkanet Monte Sant'Angelo Anchusa cretica blue-flowered' Anchusa meadows nr Piscina Pantolfe Borago officinalis Borage Sunny, open areas, common Lithospermum purpurocaerulea Purple Gromwell Stony hillsides, widespread Cerinthe major Honeywort Roadside stop, day 7 Echium italicum Pale Bugloss Roadside stop, day 7 Echium plantagineum Purple Viper's Bugloss Scattered, stony hillsides Echium vulgare Viper's Bugloss Roadsides, verges, stony slopes Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me-not Bosco Quarto Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Onosma lucana Pale Goldendrops Pulsano Monastery. Endemic Pulmonaria officinalis Common Lungwort Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Cabbage Family Aethionema saxatile Burnt Candytuft Hillsides near Monte Sant'Angelo Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Roadsides, verges Alyssoides sinuata Alyssoides Pulsano Monastery, on walls Alyssum saxatile Yellow Alyssum Stony hillsides, very common Arabis caucasica Garden Rockcress Monte Sant'Angelo Arabis turrita Tower Mustard Monte Sant'Angelo Arabis verna Spring Rock Cress Pilgrim's Path, Monte Sacro Aubretia columnae Aubretia Pilgrim's Path Biscutella didyma Biscutella Monte Sacro, stony hillsides Bunias erucago Warty Cabbage Roadsides, near Dolina viewpoint Capsella bursa-pastoris Sherpherd's Purse Roadsides, bare ground, car parks Cardamine bulbifera Coralroot Bittercress Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Cardamine plumieri Ivy-leaved Bittercress Foresta Umbra Isatis tinctoria Woad Roadsides, common Lepidium draba Hoary Cress Roadsides Raphanes raphanistrum Wild Radish Roadsides, cultivated areas Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Roadsides Thlaspi (perfoliata) (Cotswold) Penny-cress Tulip field nr Monte Sant'Angelo

Cactaceae Cactus Family Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly Pear Cactus Gardens, Monte San Angelo, Peschici

Campanulaceae Bellflower Family Campanula garganica Gargano Bellflower Pulsano Monastery Endemic

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Campanula erinus Bellflower Rocky areas, scarce

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera etrusca Etruscan Honeysuckle Hedgerows, scarce Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Hedgerows, woods, common Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder, Danewort Open, sunny areas, stony ground, Pulsano Sambucus nigra Elder Widespread, hedgerows, field margins

Caryophyllaceae Pink Family Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Roadsides, waste ground Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Roadsides, waste ground Minuartia (trinerva?) A Sandwort sp Bosco Quarto, quarry stop Day 7 Silene conica Sand Catchfly Monte Sant'Angelo Silene gallica Small-flowered Catchfly Peschici Silene italica Italian Catchfly Open, stony areas, common Silene latifolia White Campion Roadsides, cultivated areas, hedgerows Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Roadsides Stellaria media Common Chickweed Bosco Quarto Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort Foresta Umbra

Celastraceae Spindle Family Euonymus europaeus Spindle Roadsides, Foresta Umbra

Cistaceae Rock-rose Family Cistus creticus Pink Cistus Monte Sacro Cistus monspeliensis Narrow-leaved Cistus Monte Saraceno Cistus salvifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Monte Saraceno Helianthemum apenninum White Rock-rose Monte Sant'Angelo Heliantemum oelandicum ssp Hoary Rock-rose Monte Sant'Angelo canum Helianthemum nummulariam Rock-rose Monte Sant'Angelo Tuberaria guttata Spotted Rock-rose Monte Sacro

Convolvulaceae Bindweed Family Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Roadsides, hedgerows Convolvulus althaeoides Mallow-leaved Bindweed Roadsides, stony ground, common C. althaeoides ssp tenuissimus Mallow-leaved Bindweed sp Roadsides, stony ground

Crassulaceae Stonecrop family Sedum album White Stonecrop Stony ground, widespread Sedum sp A stonecrop (not flowering) Pilgrim's Path Umbilicus rupestris Wall Pennywort Pilgrim's Path and damp walls, Monte Sant'Angelo

Dipsacaceae Teasel Family Dipsacus fullonum Teasel Roadsides, waste ground Lomelosia (cretica) Pink 'scabious' Pilgrim's Path

Ericaceae Heather Family Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree Peschici, Mattinata

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Erica arborea Tree Heather Monte Sacro area

Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family Euphorbia amygdaloides Wood Spurge Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Euphorbia biumbellata Whorled Spurge Pulsano Monastery E. characias ssp characias Mediterranean Spurge Sunny open areas, stony ground Euphorbia helioscopa Sun Spurge Waste ground, common Euphorbia myrsinites Broad-leaved Glaucous Monte Sant'Angelo Spurge Euphorbia spinosa Spiny Dwarf Spurge Monte Sant'Angelo

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Pea Family Anagyris foetida Bean Trefoil Roadside stop and quarry, day 7 Anthyllis tetraphylla Bladder Vetch Roadsides Anthyllis vulneraria ssp praepropera Kidney Vetch (pink form) Open, sunny areas, stony ground Astragalus monspessulanus False Vetch Monte Sant'Angelo Calycotome infesta Spiny Broom Monte Sacro Ceratonia siliqua Carob Gardens, Monte Sant'Angelo, Peschici Cercis siliquastrum Judas Tree Monte Sant'Angelo Coronilla scorpioides Annual Scorpion Vetch Pulsano Monastery Cytisus decumbens ssp elatior Prostrate Broom Monte Sant'Angelo Cytisus villosus Broom sp Bosco Quarto Hedysarum coronarium Italian Sainfoin Monte Sant'Angelo Hippocrepis glauca Horseshoe Vetch sp Monte Sant'Angelo Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Horseshoe Vetch sp Monte Sant'Angelo Hymenocarpus circinnatus Disk Trefoil Pilgrim's Path, Peschici viewpoint Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling Peschici, Fly-tip stop area Lathyrus cicera Vetchling sp Fly-tip stop Lathyrus clymenum Vetchling sp Roadsides Lathyrus setifolius Red Grass Vetchling Monte Saraceno Lotus edulis Edible Lotus Roadsides Lupinus micranthus Hairy Lupin Monte Sacro Medicago arabica Spotted Medick Monte Sant'Angelo Medicago rigidula Medick sp Roadsides Melilotus indicus Small Mellilot Pulsano Monastery Onobrychis aequidentata Sainfoin sp Pulsano Monastery Onobrychis saxatilis Rock Sainfoin Monte Sant'Angelo Pisum sativum ssp elatior Cultivated Pea Roadsides Psoralea bituminosa Pitch Trefoil Pulsano Monastery, roadsides Robinia pseudacacia False Acacia Roadsides, towns Scorpiurus muricatus Scorpiurus Roadside stops, quarry stop, Day 7 Sc. vermiculatus Roadsides Spartium junceum Spanish Broom Common, stony open areas Tetragonolobus purpureus Winged or Asparagus Pea Peschici Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Roadsides, stony ground Trifolium hirtum Hairy Trefoil Bosco Quarto, roadsides and tracks Trifolium repens White Clover Cultivated areas Trifolium resupinatum Reversed Clover Fly-tip stop Trifolium stellatum Starry Clover Monte Sant'Angelo Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Trefoil Monte Sant'Angelo Vicia bithynica Bithynian Vetch Monte Sant'Angelo Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Pilgrim's Path, tulip field margins

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare Bosco Quarto roadsides Vicia hybrida Yellow Vetch sp Pulsano Monastery Vicia lutea Yellow Vetch Monte Sacro Vicia melanops Black Vetch Roadsides, hedgerows Vicia narbonensis Wild Bean' Roadsides, hedgerows Vicia sativa Common Vetch Roadsides, hedgerows Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch Cultivated areas

Fagaceae Beech Family Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra - common Fagus sylvatica Beech Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Quercus coccifera Kermes Oak Bosco Quarto, open sunny areas Quercus ilex Holm Oak Bosco Quarto Quercus pubescens Downy Oak Monte Sant'Angelo

Fumariaceae Fumitory Family Corydalis solida Bird-in-a-bush Bosco Quarto -woodland clearing Fumaria capreolata Tall Ramping Fumitory Roadsides, hedgerows Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory Roadsides, hedgerows

Gentianaceae Gentian Family Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow Wort (leaves only) Pilgrim's Path, quarry stop

Geraniaceae Crane's-bill Family Erodium ciconium Stork's-bill sp Monte Sant'Angelo Erodium cicutarium Common Stork's-bill Monte Sant'Angelo Erodium malacoides Mallow-leaved Stork's-bill Monte Sant'Angelo, Pulsano Monastery Geranium columbinum Long-stalked Cranesbill Hedgerows, shady places Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Cranesbill Roadsides, hedgerows Geranium lucidum Shining Cranesbill Pilgrim's Path Geranium molle Dove's-foot Cranesbill Grassy areas, roadsides Geranium purpureum Little Robin Pilgrim's Path, quarry stop Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Roadsides, hedgerows, shady places Geranium sanguineum Bloody Cranesbill Monte Sacro

Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Deadnettle Family Ajuga chamaepitys Ground Pine Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Ajuga genevensis Blue Bugle Bosco Quarto Clinopodium acinos Basil-thyme Open, stony areas, rocks Lamium bifidum Deadnettle sp Bosco Quarto Lamium garganicum Large Red Deadnettle Monte Sant' Angelo, Pilgrim's Path Lamium maculatum Spotted Deadnettle Bosco Quarto Marrubium vulgare White Horehound Roadsides, sunny open areas Origanum vulgare Oregano Open, stony areas, rocks, sunny places Prasium majus Prasium Monte Sacro, Monte Saraceno Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Salvia argentea Silver Sage Pulsano Monastery Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Satureja hortensis Summer Savory Monte Sacro

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Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Sideritis syriaca Syrian Sideritis Monte Sant'Angelo Stachys Cretica Mediterranean Woundwort Monte Sant'Angelo Thymus capitatus Thyme Widespread, stony areas and sunny slopes

Linaceae Flax Family Linum bienne Pale Flax Roadsides, waste places Linum narbonense Beautiful Flax Pulsano Monastery Linum catharticum Purging or Fairy Flax Monte Sacro, Peschici

Malvaceae Mallow Family Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Monte Sant'Angelo, roadsides,

Moraceae Fig Family Ficus carica Fig Pulsano Monastery, gardens, towns

Oleaceae Olive Family Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash Roadsides, gardens, cultivated areas Ligustrum vulgare Privet Roadsides, scrub Olea europaea Olive Extensively cultivated, esp at Mattinata

Orobanchaceae Broomrape Family Orobanche amethystea Amethyst Broomrape Pulsano Monastery, Monte Sacro Orobanche ramosa Branched Broomrape Bosco di Spinapulci Orobanche caryophyllacea Clove-scented Broomrape Pulsano Monastery Orobanche purpurea Yarrow Broomrape Monte Sacro

Paeoniaceae Peony Family Paeonia mascula Wild Peony Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra

Papaveraceae Poppy Family Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine Foresta Umbra, roadsides Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy Widespread, cultivated areas Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy Widespread, cultivated areas

Plantaginaceae Plantain Family Plantago arenaria Branched Plantain Stony ground, hillsides Plantago lagopus Hare's-foot Plantain Bosco Quarto, stony areas, common Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Roadsides, cultivated areas Plantago maritima Sea Plantain Monte Saraceno, Peschici Plantago seraria Med'n Buck's-horn Plantain Monte Saraceno, Peschici

Plumbaginaceae Thrift Family Limonium (oleifolium) a Rock Sea-Lavender Peschici Harbour and coastal rocks, leaves only

Polygalaceae Milkwort Family Polygala nicaeensis Nice Milkwort Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro

Polygonaceae Knotweed Family Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Monte Sacro Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock Widespread, roadsides, waste places

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Primulaceae Primrose Family Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel (blue and Widespread, waste places, roadsides red) Cyclamen hederifolium Ivy-leaved Sowbread Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto - leaves Cyclamen repandum Spring Cyclamen Foresta Umbra, Bosco di Spinapulci - abundant

Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family Anemone appenina Blue Anemone Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Anemone hortensis Mauve' Anemone Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto Clematis sp Wild Clematis Foresta Umbra Nigella damascina Love-in-a-mist Fly-tip stop, roadsides Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup Widespread, cultivated areas Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine Bosco Quarto Ranunculus millefoliatus Fine-leaved' Buttercup Monte Sant'Angelo Ranunculus peltatus Pond Water-crowfoot Peschici storm drain areas Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Buttercup Peschici storm drain areas Ranunculus velutinus Hairy' Buttercup Bosco Quarto roadsides and verges

Resedaceae Mignonette Family Reseda alba White Mignonette Monte Sant'Angelo Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette Pulsano Monastery Reseda phyteuma Corn Mignonette Pulsano Monastery

Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family Paliurus spina-christi Christ's Thorn Bosco di Spinapulci Rhamnus alaternus Mediterranean Buckthorn Bosco di Spinapulci

Rosaceae Rose Family Aremonia agrimonioides Bastard Agrimony Bosco Quarto Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Widespread, hillsides, scrub Cydonia oblonga Quince Cultivated areas, gardens Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort Monte Sant'Angelo Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry Bosco Quarto Geum urbanum Wood Avens Foresta Umbra Malus sylvestris Crab Apple Bosco Quarto Potentilla hirta Hairy Cinquefoil Pulsano Monastery Prunus dulcis Almond Cultivated areas, common Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Monte Sacro Pyrus amygdaliformis Almond-leaved Pear Pulsano Monastery Rosa sp Wild Rose sp Pulsano Monastery Rubus fruticosus agg Bramble Widespread, hillsides, scrub Rubus sanctus Mediterranean Bramble Bosco di Spinapulci Sanguisorba verrucosum Mediterranean Salad Burnet Monte Sant'Angelo Sorbus aucuparia Mountain Ash/Rowan Monte Sant'Angelo Sorbus torminalis Wild Service Tree Bosco Quarto

Rubiaceae Bedstraw Family Asperula arvensis Blue Woodruff Bosco Quarto Asperula taurina Southern Woodruff Foresta Umbra Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Bosco Quarto Galium aparine Cleavers Widespread, waste places

Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Galium odoratum Sweet Woodruff Foresta Umbra Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw Monte Sant'Angelo Rubia peregrina Wild Madder Monte Sacro, Monte Saraceno Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Widespread and frequent

Rutaceae Rue Family Ruta chalapensis Fringed Rue (leaves only) Bosco di Spinapulci

Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family Saxifraga bulbifera Bulbous Saxifrage Bosco Quarto Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage Bosco Quarto, Quarry stop Saxifraga rotundifolia Round-leaved Saxifrage Foresta Umbra Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage Monte Sacro, Pulsano Monastery

Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family Antirrhinum siculum Sicilian Snapdragon Bosco di Spinapulci Bellardia trixago Bellardia Monte Saraceno Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax Pulsano Monastery Euphrasia agg Eyebright sp Monte Sacro Linaria pelisseriana Jersey Toadflax Bosco di Spinapulci Parentucellia latifolia Southern Red Bartsia Bosco di Spinapulci Scrophularia peregrina Italian or Nettle-leaved Figwort Bosco di Spinapulci Verbascum phoenicium Purple Mullein Bosco di Spinapulci, roadside stop Verbascum thapsus Aaron's Rod, Yellow Mullein Roadsides, widespread and common Veronica hederifolia agg Ivy-leaved Speedwell Pilgrim's Path, Bosco Quarto Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Bosco Quarto

Solanaceae Nightshade family Hyoscyamus alba White Henbane Pulsano Monastery Solanum sodomaeum Apple of Sodom Peschici viewpoint

Thymelaeaceae Daphne Family Daphne laureola Spurge Laurel Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra

Ulmaceae Elm Family Ulmus sp Elm sp Pilgrim's Path

Urticaceae Nettle Family Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-wall Pulsano Monastery Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle Roadsides, waste places Urtica pilulifera Roman Nettle Pulsano Monastery, Peschici

Valerianaceae Valerian Family Centranthus ruber Red Valerian Widespread, walls, roadsides Valeriana tuberosa Valerian - flower buds only Foresta Umbra Valerianella sp Cornsalad sp Widespread, open sunny areas, field margins

Violaceae Violet Family Viola arvensis Field Pansy Bosco Quarto Viola heterophylla ssp graeca Wild Pansy* endemic Bosco Quarto Viola riviniana Common Dog Violet Foresta Umbra, Bosco Quarto

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Vitaceae Grape-vine Family Vitis vinifera Grape Extensively cultivated, common at Mattinata

LILIIDAE MONOCOTYLEDONS

Agavaceae Agave Family Agave americana Agave or Century Plant Cultivated areas, gardens

Araceae Arum Family Arum italicum ssp italicum Large Cuckoo Pint Woods, shady places, widespread

Cyperaceae Sedge Family Carex caryophyllaceae Spring Sedge Monte Sant'Angelo Carex echinata Star Sedge Foresta Umbra Carex sylvatica Wood Sedge Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra

Dioscoreaceae Black Bryony Family Tamus communis Black Bryony Foresta Umbra - flowering

Iridaceae Iris Family Gladiolus italicus Field Gladiolus Bosco Quarto, cultivated areas, tulip fields Hermodactylus tuberosus Snake's-head Iris or Widow Pulsano Monastery Iris Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris or Roast Beef Foresta Umbra Plant Iris lutescens Yellow' Iris Monte Sant'Angelo Iris pseudopumila Bi-coloured' Iris Bosco Quarto

Juncaceae Rush Family Luzula forsteri Southern Wood-rush Bosco Quarto

Liliaceae Lily Family Allium neopolitanum Naples Garlic Bosco di Spinapulci Allium nigrum a wild Garlic Bosco di Spinapulci Allium pendulinum Pendulous Garlic Bosco Quarto Allium roseum Rose Garlic Bosco di Spinapulci Allium subhirsutum Hairy Garlic Pulsano Monastery Allium ursinum Ramsons Foresta Umbra Asparagus sp wild Asparagus Roadsides, widespread Asphodeline lutea Yellow Asphodel Monte Sant'Angelo Asphodelus aestivus Common Asphodel Widespread Asphodelus fistulosus Hollow-leaved Asphodel Pulsano Monastery Muscari comosum Tassel Hyacinth Monte Sant'Angelo Muscari neglecta Dark Grape Hyacinth Monte Sant'Angelo Narcissus poeticus Pheasant's-eye Daffodil Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Ornithogalum umbellatum Common Star of Bethlehem Widespread Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon's Seal Bosco Quarto Smilax aspera Common Smilax Bosco Quarto, Peschici Tulipa sylvestris Wild Tulip Cultivated fields, Bosco Quarto Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's Broom Bosco Quarto Urginea maritima Sea Squill (leaves only) Monte Sacro - roadsides

Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Orchidaceae Orchid Family Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted Orchid Bosco Quarto Dactylorhiza romana Roman Orchid Bosco Quarto Dactylorhiza sambucina Elder-flowered Orchid Monte Sacro Himantoglossum hircinum Lizard Orchid (not in flower) Monte Sant'Angelo Himantoglossum (Barlia) Giant Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo robertianum Ophrys apulica Apulian Ophrys* endemic Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Ophrys bertoloniformis Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys bertolonii Bertoloni's Bee Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys biscutella Spectacled Ophrys Bosco Quarto Ophrys bombyliflora Bumble-bee Ophrys Monte Sacro Ophrys fuciflora Late Spider Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys (passionis) garganica an endemic Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys incubacea Dark Ophrys Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys lutea Yellow Ophrys Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys melena Yellow Ophrys, dark ssp Monte Saraceno Ophrys parviflora Small-patterned Ophrys Quarry stop, day 7 and poss Pilgrim's Path Ophrys phryganae a 'yellow' Ophrys Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys promontorii an endemic Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys sicula a 'yellow' Ophrys Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys sipontensis an endemic Monte Sant'Angelo Ophrys tenthredinifera Sawfly Ophrys Monte Sacro Orchis (Aceras) anthropophora Man Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Orchis fragrans Bug Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Orchis italica Naked Man Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo, Monte Sacro Orchis lactea Milky Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Orchis morio Green Winged Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo, Bosco Quarto Orchis papilionacea Pink Butterfly Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo, Bosco Quarto Orchis pauciflora Sparse-flowered Orchid Monte Sacro Orchis picta (poss) Painted Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo Orchis provincialis Provence Orchid Bosco Quarto Orchis purpurea Lady Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo, Bosco Quarto Orchis quadripunctata Four-spotted Orchid Monte Sacro Orchis tridentata Toothed Orchid Bosco Quarto Orchis ustulata Burnt-tip Orchid Monte Sacro, Bosco di Spinapulci Serapias cordigera Heart-flowered Tongue Orchid Bosco di Spinapulci Serapias lingua Tongue Orchid Bosco Quarto Serapias parviflora Small-flowered Tongue Orchid Fly-tip stop, Bosco di Spinapulci Serapias vomeracea Plough-share Tongue Orchid Monte Sant'Angelo

Hybrids included some of the following: Orchis morio x Orchis papilionacea Orchis pauciflora x Or. quadripunctata

Poaceae Grass Family Aegilops geniculata Aegilops Widespread Arundo donax Giant Reed Mainly coastal Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Widespread Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair Grass Bosco di Spinapuci

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Scientific name Common name Habitat/location/most frequent site

Avena barbata Bristle Oat Roadsides, dry areas Briza maxima Large Quaking Grass Monte Sacro Bromus hordaceus Soft Brome Roadsides, dry areas Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass Pulsano Monastery Festuca vivipara Viviparous Fescue Bosco Quarto Hordeum murinum Wall Barley Monte San Angelo Lagurus ovatus Hare's-foot Grass Monte San Angelo Melica uniflora Wood Melick Bosco Quarto, Foresta Umbra Stipa pennata Feather Grass sp Monte Saraceno

FUNGI

Calocybe gambosa St George's Mushroom Bosco Quarto Pluteus (cervinus) (Deer) Shield Fungus Bosco Quarto Coprinus sp Ink-cap sp Bosco Quarto Schizophyllum commune Split-gill Bosco Quarto Polyporus sp Polypore/Bracket fungus Bosco Quarto

Lichens

Lobaria pulmonaria Tree Lungwort Foresta Umbra

Birds Common name Scientific name Notes Little Egret Egretta garzetta Coastal saltpans, day one Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Coastal saltpans, day one Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus Coastal saltpans, day one Red Kite Milvus milvus Bosco Quarto Black Kite Milvus migrans Roadsides, hilly areas Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Roadsides, coastal areas Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Roadsides, hilly areas Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Open country areas, scarce Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Monte Sant'Angelo Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Coastal saltpans, day one Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Coastal saltpans, day one Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Coastal saltpans, day one Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Coastal saltpans, day one Common Redshank Tringa totanus Coastal saltpans, day one Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Coastal saltpans, day one Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei Coastal saltpans, day one Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis Coastal areas, widespread Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis Coastal saltpans, day one Rock Dove/Feral Pigeon Columba livia Widespread Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus Widespread Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Monte Sant'Angelo Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur Monte Sant'Angelo Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Monte Sant'Angelo Scops Owl Otus scops Palace Hotel grounds Common Swift Apus apus Monte Sant'Angelo Alpine Swift Apus melba Peschici Hoopoe Upupa epops Monte Sant'Angelo Bee-eater Merops apiaster Quarry stop

Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula Tour Report

Common name Scientific name Notes Green Woodpecker Picus viridis Foresta Umbra (heard) Skylark Alauda arvensis Widespread Crested Lark Galerida cristata Peschici area Woodlark Lullula arborea Monte Sant'Angelo Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Widespread Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica Peschici House Martin Delichon urbica Monte Sant'Angelo White Wagtail Motacilla alba Monte Sant'Angelo Robin Erithacus rubecula Foresta Umbra Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Pulsano monastery Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Pulsano monastery Common Stonechat Saxicola torquata Monte Sant'Angelo area Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Foresta Umbra Common Blackbird Tudus merula Foresta Umbra Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla scrubby areas, widespread Sub-alpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans Monte Sant'Angelo area Firecrest Regulus ignicapilla Foresta Umbra Great Tit Parus major Foresta Umbra Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus Foresta Umbra Nuthatch Sitta europaea Foresta Umbra Magpie Pica pica Widespread Jay Garrulus glandarius Scattered sightings Jackdaw Corvus monedula Monte Sant'Angelo Starling Sturnus vulgaris Widespread Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Bosco di Spinapulci Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Bosco di Spinapulci House/Italian Sparrow Passer domesticus/italiae Widespread Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Widespread Linnet Carduelis cannabina Monte Sant'Angelo area Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Widespread Serin Serinus serinus Peschici Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra common in lowland sites

Butterflies and day-flying moths Common name Scientific name Notes Mallow Skipper Carcharosus alceae Scarce Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus malvae seen almost daily Southern Festoon Zerynthia polyxena Foresta Umbra Scarce Swallowtail Iphicides podalirius seen almost daily Swallowtail Papilio machaon common Large White Pieris brassicae common Small White Pieris rapae very common Green-veined White Pieris napi seen almost daily Eastern Dappled White Euchloe ausonia seen almost daily Cleopatra Gonepteryx cleopatra scarce Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni occasional sightings Green Hairstreak Callophrys rubi occasional sightings Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas Bosco Quarto Little Blue Cupido minimus Bosco Quarto Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus Monte Sant'Angelo Green-underside Blue Glaucopsyche alexis Bosco Quarto Baton Blue Pseudophilotes baton Bosco Quarto Adonis Blue Lysandra bellargus Pilgrim's Path

Tour Report Flowers of Italy’s Gargano Peninsula

Common name Scientific name Notes Brown Argus Arcia agestis Monte Sacro Chapman's Blue Agrodiaetus thersites Bosco Quarto Large Tortoiseshell Nymphalis polychloros frequent sightings Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta Monte Sant'Angelo Speckled Wood Parage aegeria woodlands, shady areas Wall Brown Lasiommata maera seen almost daily Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus occasional sightings Italian Marbled White Melanargia arge Bosco Quarto Nettle-tree Butterfly Libythea celtis Peschici