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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting GLOBAL EXPANSION OF CATTLE EGRETS (Bubulcus ibis) AND THEIR ROLE IN MOVEMENT OF AVIAN HAEMOSPORIDIA By SHANNON PATRICIA MOORE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Shannon Patricia Moore To Mom, Dad, and Thomas ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Samantha Wisely for always being there to help troubleshoot problems or discussion questions about my research or writing. She allowed this research to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever I need it. I would also like to acknowledge my committee, Dr. James Austin, Dr. Abigail Powell, and Dr. Greg Glass. I am grateful for their comments and feedback throughout my thesis work. I would like to thank the many people involved with sample collection, Mike Milleson and the USDA BASH Biologists, Mike Legare and the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Roger Widrick and the Sarasota International Airport, and Gene and Laurent Lollis from Buck Island Ranch, without whom none of this research would have been possible. I also thank Dr. Claudia Ganser for her training that prepared me for this project, as well as her assistance throughout and Lisa Shender for her assistance and training for conducting avian necropsies. I would also like to thank Hanna Innocent and Gabriella Gonzalez, my enthusiastic mentees who assisted with this research and hopefully learned as much as they taught me about being a mentor. I would like to thank the members of the Wisely Lab for their support and friendship throughout this process. In particular I would like to acknowledge Allison Cauvin for travelling this process with me and being my exit buddy and Brandon Parker for always being supportive and providing coffee runs. I would like to thank Dr. Geraldine Klarenberg for her mentoring and assistance in developing my skills in R. I would also especially like to thank Andrew Marx of the Austin Lab for taking time out of 4 his own research to assist me with trouble shooting and brainstorming research complications, as well as offering guidance and advice. Finally, I would like to offer the deepest thanks to my parents, fiancé, and friends for their continuous support, patience, and encouragement throughout my years of researching and writing this thesis. In particular, I would like to thank Kathleen Bonany for her countless hours editing and learning about my research to help improve my work. This would not have been possible without them. Thank you. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: CATTLE EGRET (BUBULCUS IBIS) NATURAL HISTORY ...... 14 Invasive Species, Range Expansion, and Disease ................................................. 14 Cattle Egret Natural History .................................................................................... 17 Habitat .............................................................................................................. 17 Diet ................................................................................................................... 18 Movement Patterns .......................................................................................... 19 Documented Range Expansion .............................................................................. 19 Africa and Europe ............................................................................................. 20 The Americas ................................................................................................... 20 Asia .................................................................................................................. 21 Australia and New Zealand .............................................................................. 22 Cattle Egret Pathogens and Parasites .................................................................... 22 Range Expansion and Disease ............................................................................... 24 2 EXPANSION OF CATTLE EGRETS (BUBULCUS IBIS) IN RESPONSE TO GLOBAL LAND USE CHANGE .............................................................................. 29 Methods .................................................................................................................. 32 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 32 Descriptive Data ............................................................................................... 33 Statistical Relationship of Land Use Change and Cattle Egret Arrival .............. 33 Results .................................................................................................................... 37 Descriptive Data ............................................................................................... 37 Statistical Relationship of Land Use Change and Cattle Egret Arrival .............. 41 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 42 Historical Expansion ......................................................................................... 42 Land Use Change and Cattle Egret Arrival....................................................... 43 Limitations of Historical Data ............................................................................ 46 Final Thoughts .................................................................................................. 47 6 3 DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF AVIAN HAEMOSPORIDIA IN CATTLE EGRETS (BUBULCUS IBIS), AND THEIR ROLE IN THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL MOVEMENT OF HAEMOSPORIDIAN PARASITES .......................................................................... 66 Prevalence and Diversity of Haemosporidia in Cattle Egrets ........................... 68 Regional Host and Geographic Specificity ....................................................... 69 Global Movement of Haemosporidia ................................................................ 69 Methods .................................................................................................................. 70 Sample Site and Field Methods ........................................................................ 70 Parasite Screening Using PCR ........................................................................ 71 Parasite Lineage Identification, Prevalence, and Diversity ............................... 72 Regional Host and Geographic Specificity ....................................................... 73 Global Movement of Haemosporidia ................................................................ 74 Results .................................................................................................................... 74 Parasite Prevalence and Diversity .................................................................... 74 Regional Host and Geographic Specificity ....................................................... 76 Global Movement of Haemosporidia ................................................................ 78 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 79 Parasite Prevalence and Diversity .................................................................... 79 Regional Host and Geographic Specificity ....................................................... 82 Global Movement of Haemosporidia ................................................................ 83 4 CONCLUSION: CATTLE EGRET (BUBULCUS IBIS) AS A GLOBAL MOVER OF DISEASE ........................................................................................................ 111 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 113 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 129 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1 Pathogens found in Cattle Egrets. ...................................................................... 25 1-2 Ectoparasites found in Cattle Egrets. ................................................................. 26 1-3 Endoparasites found in Cattle Egrets. ................................................................ 27 2-1 Land use change variables and corresponding shapefiles to be tested for correlation to Cattle Egret expansion. ................................................................. 49 2-2 Corresponding time period, percent land use reference years, and sampling years for analysis of land use and Cattle Egret expansion. ................................ 50 2-3 First occurrence of Cattle Egret in geographic regions based on museum record data. ........................................................................................................ 51 2-4 The correlation of the percent and rate of change (RoC) of each land use variable from the HYDE database. ....................................................................
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