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Syringa by Jason D GROWING An ongoing series provided by Oregon State University in collaboration with the United KNOWLEDGE States Department of Agriculture Series content is coordinated by Dr. Jay Pscheidt, professor of botany and in partnership with the and plant pathology at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. Oregon Association of Nurseries A tale of two lilacs: Part I — Syringa By Jason D. Lattier | [email protected] & Ryan N. Contreras, Ph. D. | [email protected] Above left: Two-loculed hybrid HE FRAGRANCE of lilacs permeates History of Syringa seed of Syringa vulgaris in the the history of horticulture. Species Most lilac species hail from the Orient, breeding program at OSU. scattered from the Balkan-Carpathian but the native range of common lilac, Syringa Right: Syringa × hyacinthiflora T ‘Old Glory’ displaying its region of Europe to the farthest reaches of vulgaris, extends from the Black Sea through distinctive purple foliage. Asia have graced the halls of power, as well as Bulgaria and Romania down to the Danube PHOTOS BY JASON D. LATTIER the homes of peasants. (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). This lilac took a Phylogenetic analyses partition the lilac circuitous route to the gardens of the West. It genus (Syringa L.) into six series, but from first travelled east to the gardens of Istanbul these emerged two clades that are as differ- and then west to Vienna in the 1500s (Fiala ent as they are important to the horticulture and Vrugtman, 2008; Verdoorn, 1944). industry — Syringa and Pubescentes. (Part II: The Dutch, French and English brought Pubescentes will be published in an upcoming common lilac across the Atlantic to the New edition of Digger.) World. Here, gardeners and breeders charted a DIGGERMAGAZINE.COM JANUARY 2016 33 A tale of two lilacs: Part I — Syringa Jason D. Lattier creates controlled crosses on emasculated parents of series Syringa at OSU. PHOTO BY RYAN CONTRERAS new history for the common lilac. tivars they released (Fiala and Vrugtman, A world away, in the valleys of 2008; Hirtz, 1993). China’s Loess Plateau near the Great Wall, In North America, several hybridizers the early blooming lilac was discovered emerged to have a lasting impact on lilac — Syringa oblata, the only other member breeding. Hulda Klager’s life was spent as of section Syringa. These distant cousins a pioneer, travelling from her native home of common lilac were first discovered in of Germany in 1864 to Washington state vast, temperate forest floors of Hebei and by her teenage years (Fiala and Vrugtman, Shandong provinces. The reunion of these 2008). She became an avid student of two far-flung flowers would create magic botany and corresponded with the great in gardens of early lilac hybridizers (Fiala hybridizer Luther Burbank. and Vrugtman, 2008). Starting with only her “magic three” Breeding lilacs was rare prior to the cultivars, Klager created a panoply of late 1800s. Most cultivars arose from exquisite, disease-resistant, colorful hybrids selected seedlings planted by nurserymen of lilacs through intercrossing and back- and the occasional botanical aficionado. crossing (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). Early selections focused on improving Though she named 100 new cultivars, only 42-acre estate on Long Island produced form, flower colors, and the coppery flush 13 cultivars were released commercially 45 new cultivars of improved lilacs with of spring leaves in common lilac (Fiala before a devastating flood destroyed her another 11 released posthumously (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). garden in 1948. In response, a community and Vrugtman, 2008; Wister, 1953). French nurseryman Victor Lemoine of friends, gardeners and customers helped Southern California must have became a student of genetics and made rebuild the garden — a public garden and seemed like a strange place to find a lilac the transition from selector to hybridizer. National Historic Site in the small town breeder in the 1950s. However, Walter Lemoine’s genius was to painstakingly of Woodland, Washington (Collins, 1948; Lammerts at the Descanso estate was pollinate tiny, deformed pistils of little- Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). busy selecting forms of S. × hyacinthi- known, double-flowered cultivars with In the early 1900s, the Lemoines flora for bloom in mild climates (Fiala pollen from single-flowered selections of received a visit from New York gardener and Vrugtman, 2008). Most lilac experts Syringa vulgaris and Syringa oblata (Fiala T.A. Havemeyer. After an inspirational understood the importance of long win- and Vrugtman, 2008). This resulted in trip to France, he returned with bundles ters for lilac flowering, but his cultivar a collection of giant, double-flowered of plants and a mission to breed more ‘Lavender Lady’ ignored all the rules lilacs in varied colors, forms and bloom colorful, large, single-flowered lilacs. and brought the fragrance of lilac south. times, many of which were a new inter- No records exist of his crosses, but Descanso would go on to release 18 low- specific hybrid, Syringa × hyacinthiflora Havemeyer was a distinct contrast to chill cultivars (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). (Lemoine, 1878). Klager’s approach in that he built an While Lammerts and Sobeck of Much of the boom in lilac cultivars extensive breeding collection of the fin- Descanso focused on mild-climate lilacs, during the 1900s can be directly attributed est specimens from France and North the legendary Frank Skinner was select- to this family of breeders and the 214 cul- America (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). His ing for improved cold hardiness in his frigid USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 2b of Manitoba (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). Wild S. oblata (Korea) given to him by Arnold Arboretum proved a unique parent that produced 20 of the best cultivars of S. × hyacinthiflora for cold-weather gar- dens (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). Occasionally, hybridizers become infatuated with mutations that others overlook. A funny thing happened in Rochester, New York, when director of parks Alvan Grant collected seeds of the large, double-flowered Lemoine introduc- tion ‘Edith Cavell’. One plant was not double, but was a 34 JANUARY 2016 DIGGERMAGAZINE.COM Flower exhibiting the primrose form found in the Rochester Strain of Syringa vulgaris. Right: Photomicrographs of pollen from a lilac producing 7 percent unreduced gametes (left) that are approximately 30 percent larger than diploid pollen (right). Parents such as this provide an opportunity for developing polyploid cultivars. PHOTOS BY JASON D. LATTIER waxy, multi-petaled, single white dubbed Arboretum focused on combining two pre- the “primrose” form. What’s more, it viously mentioned traits: disease resistance was smaller, slow growing with thick and low chill. Egolf determined the best leaves (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). This way to begin such a breeding program specimen was named ‘Rochester’ and was to survey thousands of marketed cul- Richard Fenicchia of Highland Botanical tivars of S. vulgaris and S. × hyacinthiflora Park recognized how special a parent this and assess their breeding potential for would become for breeding (Millham, traits including powdery mildew resistance 2004). Using ‘Rochester’ as a seed par- (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). ent, Fenicchia hybridized it with other Egolf sought to extend the southern elite cultivars producing new compact, limits of lilacs through selective hybrid- colorful, large-flowered lilacs known as ization. The posthumous release of three the Rochester Strain (Fiala and Vrugtman, cultivars, ‘Betsy Ross’, ‘Declaration’ and 2008; Millham, 2004). ‘Old Glory’ provided new possibilities for In Ohio, the parish priest, professor southern low-chill lilacs free from pow- and plant enthusiast John Fiala, was busy dery mildew (Fiala and Vrugtman, 2008). building one of the great modern lilac collections. Fiala improved cultivars of Lilac research in Oregon today S. vulgaris and S. × hyacinthiflora and The ornamental breeding program at experimented with wide hybridization Oregon State University is a newcomer in among rare species (Fiala and Vrugtman, the 500-yearlong craze of garden lilacs. 2008). Fiala also experimented with col- Our efforts focus on producing compact, chicine, a chemical that doubles plant disease-resistant, floriferous cultivars of chromosomes (polyploidy) and induces lilacs in section Syringa through controlled novel, ornamental mutations. crosses of elite cultivars. Between 2013 Many of Fiala’s named cultivars and 2015, we have performed around resulted from his colchicine experiments, 25,000 pollinations. yet few have been confirmed as polyploids In addition, we made crosses designed using modern tools (Fiala and Vrugtman, to evaluate heritability of traits such as 2008). His gardens at Falconskeape pro- disease resistance, low chill, foliar pig- duced 50 named cultivars. His research ments, flower forms and flower colors. and breeding notes were documented in The Willamette Valley provides high extensive publications, providing refer- disease pressure for two ailments that per- ence material for all future works on lilac, petually plague lilac enthusiasts: bacterial including this article. blight and powdery mildew. Don Egolf of the U.S. National Bacterial blight can be devastating DIGGERMAGAZINE.COM JANUARY 2016 35 A tale of two lilacs: Part I — Syringa to lilacs flushing in the cool, wet spring of the Pacific Northwest. While not as dam- aging, powdery mildew’s frustrating coat of cottony mycelium can turn a lilac into an unsalable eyesore. Breeders continue to probe the genetic
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