DOCSLIB.ORG

Fast Tracking Geothermal Development Case Study- Olkaria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fast Tracking Geothermal Development Case Study- Olkaria Fast Tracking Geothermal development, Case study: Olkaria Field in Kenya Cyrus Karingithi [email protected] [email protected] Olkaria Geothermal Power Project, Naivasha, Kenya Disclaimer: No part of this report may be circulated, quoted, or reproduced for distribution without prior written approval from KenGen. All the information contained herein was prepared for information to the German Parliamentarians visiting Kenya 0 OVERVIEW OF POWER SUB-SECTOR TODAY ~75% Market IberaAfrica Geothermal Development Share (108MW) Company(GDC) established in KenGen 2009 to accelerate Geothermal Orpower 4 Resource Assessment 1612 MW (127MW) EPP Rabai (89MW) (30MW) Generation IPPs Tsavo (74MW) (488MW) Mumias (26MW) Energy RURAL Ministry of Regulatory (9MW) Energy & Commission Thika (87MW) UETCL • Wind (510MW) Petroleum (ERC) • Thermal (responsible (Imports) Upcoming (responsible for (163MW) for regulating (938MW) • Geothermal policy matters) (247MW) the energy Kenya sector) • Biomass Power (18MW) Transmission KETRACO Customer & Distribution REA New Energy Bill being enacted to align the sector to the New Constitution… Source: KenGen; 1 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN KENYA > 10,000MW in over 23 sites • Suswa, • Longonot, • Olkaria, • Eburru, • Menengai, • Arus-Bogoria, Menengai Block (1,600MW) • Lake Baringo, (Drilling Ongoing) • Korosi, 105 MWe tender • Paka, awarded to private • Lake Magadi, developers • Badlands, Olkaria Block(1,200MW) • Silali, (i)Installed 636 MW • Emuruangogolak, (ii) Developing 560MW (the first 140MWe • Namarunu Olkaria V advertised) • Barrier • Mwananyamala Private developers • Homa Hills already licensed at Olkaria, Akiira and • Nyambene Ridges Longonot fields • Chyulu Hills Source: TMO; Internet Sources; Argeo 2 Fast trackedAccelerated Development, geothermal KenGens Experience development 3 GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, ENVIRONMENT STUDIES & HEATFLOW MEASUREMENTS Hot Springs Geysers Sulfur Fumaroles Hot Ground 4 Community and Land issues eg. Olkaria IV RAP • RAP - sub project to140MW Olkaria IV Project. • RAP proposal an outcome of ESIA report by GIBB Africa Consultants; 4 villages within the project area required resettlement based on a census of Sept 2009. • Census identified 5 categories of PAPs: i. Land and Asset Owners ii. Land Owners iii. Land Tenants iv. Landlords v. Housing Tenants • Census update of 2012 determined that: . A total of 1,181 were PAPs. Estimated RAP cost, USD 15Million 5 Optimised Development -Olkaria Expansion-560 MWe 6 Geophysical measurements MT/TEM/Gravity/seismology, 7 Infrastructure required – Access Roads, Well pads, Water supply 8 Well siting in Olkaria Geothermal Field 9 Stakeholder management – way leaves / kws 10 Infrastructure required – Access Roads, Well pads, Water supply 11 Require heavy machinery and capital Inv 12 KENGEN RIGS 13 Infrastructure required – Access Roads, Well pads, Water supply 14 Geochemistry and Environment monitoring 15 New Discoveries: 30 MW Well (among the largest Geothermal Wells in the World) Direct Cash Savings by Striking one 30MW Well USD 35 Million! Source: KenGen; TMO; BDS 16 Infrastructure support and well discharge testing - geochemistry 17 3 Geothermal Conceptual Model • Geothermal Energy is “heat from the earth”. • A hole (well) is drilled to an average 3km to tap the steam underneath. • Geothermal power is the conversion of energy from that steam to electricity. Source: TMO; Internet Sources 18 A model of the reservoir in Olkaria 19 3 An illustration of a Geothermal Power Plant Substation & Transmission Line Cooling Towers Separators Turbines & Generator Sets Steam Pipeline(Field) Production Well Injection Well (Water and Steam) (Water) Source: TMO; BDS Division; Internet Sources 20 NATIONAL PEAK DEMAND + Suppressed peak demand Peak Demand (MW) – approximately 8% growth 2347 2152 1,334 Up to 2005, KenGen could alone meet 1,221 1,210 national peak 1,188 1,200 demand 1,141 1,151 1,107 KenGen Effective 1,050 Capacity 1,010 1,001 916 983 972 940 912 912 912 867 870 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2016 Source: KenGen; Kenya Power 21 KENYA’S GEOTHERMAL JOURNEY FROM 1956 to DATE ~ 400MW of Steam 1981-85: Olkaria I – 45MW 287 Available 1 commissioned 220 +117% 2003: Olkaria II – 70MW 2 commissioned Little activity for ~15yrs. 172 No funding for geothermal. 162 3 2010: Olkaria II 3rd Unit – 35MW 144 commissioned 128 103 114 2014: Olkaria IAU & IV– 301MW 106 4 commissioned 99 100 101 94 96 87 91 79 67 59 46 50 41 36 31 27 21 24 15 9 11 3 4 7 2011 1990 1956 1973 1974 1975 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1988 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 1 2 3 4 Source: KenGen 22 CURRENT TRUE PEAK DEMAND Required Capacity2,347 Current national installed capacity ≈ 30% Reserve Margin 536 2152MW Suppressed Peak Demand 343 …due to transmission and distribution system weaknesses… 1,811MW Current Peak … true peak … 1,468 2016 23 GOVERNMENT TARGET ON TARIFF EVOLUTION WITH NEW CAPACITY THAT WILL DISPLACE FUEL COMPONENT: 8000 Cumulative MW 25 Industrial/Commercial Tariff (US$cts/kWh) Domestic Tariff Progression (US$cts/kWh) 7000 6762 19.78 20 6000 17.73 5017 47% reduction on Domestic tariff 5000 14.14 13.46 15 12.49 4000 11.03 11.19 10.43 9.03 10 3000 2342 9 2000 1664 37% reduction on 5 Cumulative Cumulative Installed Capacity Industrial tariff Progression Tariff 1000 0 0 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 40 Source:MoEP 24 POWER DEMAND DRIVERS BY YEAR 2016/17 MW Iron & Steel 2,000 Smelting Industry • Economic activities in counties Standard Gauge 1,171 and Light Rail • Mining and Process industries • Irrigation ICT Parks 675 • Electrification of Rail; • Powering resort cities Lapsset 350 and new economic zones. Total 4,196 Source: Ministry of Energy, Sector LCPDP Plan 2011-2030 25 40-MONTH GOVERNMENT 5000+MW STRATEGY NEW CAPACITY ADDITIONS (MW) TIME IN MONTHS 6 12 18 24 30 36 40 TOTAL Hydro 24 - - - - - - 24 Thermal 87 163 - - - - - 250 Geothermal 90 176 190 50 205 150 785 1,646 Wind - - 20 60 300 250 - 630 Coal - - - - 960 - 960 1,920 LNG - - - 700 350 - - 1,050 Co-Generation - - 18 - - - - 18 Total 201 339 228 810 1,815 400 1,745 Cumulative Additions 201 540 768 1,578 3,393 3,793 5,538 61% is Renewable Capacity and KenGen is a key player in this 26 strategy… 26 OUR GENERATION PORTFOLIO Generation Portfolio (MW) Generation Portfolio (%) – excludes TTP* 1651 1,6% 26 100% 30 Wind 517 Geothermal 31.3% 258 Thermal 17.4% 820 Predominantly Hydro that makes power more expensive during dry Hydro 49.7% hydrology Hydro Thermal Geo- TTP Wind Total 2016 thermal TTP* - Temporary Thermal Power 27 A GREEN KENGEN WITH GEOTHERMAL BASE-LOAD CAPACITY Generation Mix Movement 110 1,182MW 1,643MW 3,289 MW 2018 100 1 1.6 5 Wind 13 90 2010 31.3 80 22 2009 2004 70 49 Geothermal • A green 2008 60 17.4 KenGen by 2018 with 50 2007 ~50% of installed 40 2006 18 Thermal portfolio from 65 30 geothermal… 49.7 2005 20 • Carbon credits will also boost 28 Hydro 2004 10 revenues 0 2003 2010 2016 2019 28 OUR GROWTH STRATEGY Targeting 980 MW …estimated additional geothermal 3331 capital by 2024 outlay ~ US$ 5bln… 600 … ~50MW early leasing generation 350 on tender… 140 2101 140 100 140 140 1651 70 70 280 1,239 20 MW Coal - Olkaria 7 Olkaria 8 Olkaria Olkaria V Olkaria Olkaria VI Olkaria Wellheads Wellheads 2019 Meru Wind Meru 2013 2016 Olkaria I U6 I Olkaria Olkaria I&IV Olkaria Ngong WindNgong Source: TMO; BDS Division 2024 Total 29 OLKARIA I&IV 280MW PROJECT: Utilizing a Cross-Continental Collaboration both engineering and financing Tariff ~ 7 Uscts/kWh. One of the most competitive renewable project in Kenya Olkaria I&IV 280MW Geothermal 1 Kenya (GoK) Project (September 2014) Multi-financing (KenGen, GoK, EIB, AfD, KfW, JICA, IDA ~ US$ 1 billion) 7 2 New Zealand (SKM) Steam Sub- Consul- Local Power 3 China (Sinopec) Field station & Plant tancy & Infrastru Develop- Trans- Cons- Adminis- cture & ment mission truction tration RAP 4 [Lot A – [Lot C - [LotB1&B2 [Lot Zero – [Lot D – India (KEC ) IDA, KfW, EIB, KfW, JICA, KfW, IDA, KenGen] KenGen] AfD, EIB KenGen] KenGen] KenGen] US$ 138m US$ 27m US$30m 5 Kenya US$382m US$36m (Local Companies) 3 4 6 2 5 Geothermal Steam Drilling – [GoK, KenGen] 6 S.Korea (Hyundai) & Japan (Toshiba/ (June 2007- Aug 2012)~US$330m 1 Toyota Tsusho) Source: KenGen; 30 Olkaria IV: 150MW – Commissioned 31 Olkaria I UNIT 4 & 5: 150MW – Commissioned 32 GEOTHERMAL STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT • Creating mechanisms to deal Stakeholder with local community issues Management • Environmental & Social Impact Management • Dealing with regulatory authorities and government institutions Source: KenGen; 33 KenGen/PARK INTERACTION • Hells Gate National park since 1984 • KWS-MoU since 1994 • ESIAs always undertaken • Mitigation measures implemented continuously Meeting between Consultants, KenGen and KWS Loops on animals routes 34 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT 1. Elaborate Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and all inclusive Stakeholder Committees 2. Education 3. Health 4. Water 5. Transport 6. Roads 7. Environmental conservation Built Schools 35 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT Stakeholder Coordination Committee RAPIC - Operates Independently RAP Economic Environmental Employee Sub- Implementation Benefits Management Committee Committee Committee Committee 36 TRANSFORMING LIVES THRO RAP OF PAPS 37 TRANSFORMING LIVES THRO RAP OF PAPS 38 TRANSFORMING LIVES THRO RAP OF PAPS Old School 39 TRANSFORMING LIVES THRO RAP OF PAPS New School 40 KENGEN OLKARIA GEOTHERMAL SPA 41 THE ONGOING WELLHEAD 70MW PROJECT… Wellhead Generation 42 OUR INNOVATION IN GEOTHERMAL Directional Drilling • This reduces drilling cost by optimizing time, civil and rig-move expenses. Source:KenGen, TMO 43 PROPOSED KenGen INDUSTRIAL PARK 44 THANK YOU… God Bless Kenya 45 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative Overview of Gases Discharged from Menengai and Olkaria High Temperature Geothermal Fields, Kenya
    Proceedings 5th African Rift geothermal Conference Arusha, Tanzania, 29-31 October 2014 Comparative Overview of Gases Discharged from Menengai and Olkaria High Temperature Geothermal Fields, Kenya 1Jeremiah K., Ochieng L., Mibei G., Kanda K. and Suwai J. Geothermal Development Company P.O.Box 17700 – 20100, Nakuru Kenya [email protected] Key words: Menengai, reservoir characteristics, Olkaria, discharge vapors, triangular diagrams ABSTRACT An analogy of representative gas compositions from wells drilled into the Menengai and Olkaria volcanic geothermal systems is presented in this paper with a view of drawing parallels as well as identifying variances in the characteristics of the reservoirs tapped by the wells. This contribution seeks to provide an insight into the possible processes that govern the composition of well discharge vapors as well as characterize the Menengai and Olkaria geothermal reservoirs. To achieve this, triangular diagrams comprising two major chemical constituents, H2O and CO2, together with other gas species H2S, H2, CH4 and N2 were employed to compare the chemical characteristics of vapors discharged from these two systems. It is found that the Olkaria reservoir fluids generally exhibit high H2O/CO2 ratios relative to the Menengai fluids. This is attributed to variations in CO2 gas content. High H2S content seems to characterize Menengai wells, particularly those that discharge from the vapor dominated zones. This inference is indicative of either a higher flux of magmatic gas or enhanced boiling in the reservoir as a consequence of a higher heat flux. The latter is found to be common in the wells as this inference is also complemented by the significantly high H2 content reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Publication
    BRIEFING NOTE November 2013 UP IN SMOKE? MAASAI RIGHTS IN THE OLKARIA GEOTHERMAL AREA, KENYA he Olkaria geothermal power generation project is Ttouted as the largest such project in the world. Lo- cated approximately 120 km west of Nairobi, in Nakuru County, Kenya, the Olkaria geothermal field covers ap- proximately 75 sq. km and was gazetted as a Geothermal Resource Area in 1971. Three power stations are cur- rently adding 158 MW1 to the national grid while a fourth is under construction. The Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KENGEN), a wholly-owned state corporation, operates three of the four power stations while Orpower4 Inc, a wholly-owned subsidiary of US-based Ormat Tech- nologies, will operate the fourth. The Olkaria geothermal power projects generate in- come by selling electricity to the Kenya Power and Light- ing Company, a government-owned power distribution monopoly. Olkaria is also registered as a Clean Develop- ment Mechanism (CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2 The Olkaria geothermal power generation project is being funded by the Government of Kenya, and through loans from the World Bank, European Investment Bank, Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH,3 KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW Development Bank) and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.4 While the Olkaria geothermal power project lights up the nation, however, the Maasai people living in the area have consistently raised concerns that the project is dimming their lives. Olkaria has been their only home since the 18th century. And not only are they having to 1 Olkaria I (45 MW) and Olkaria II (65 MW), with a third private plant Olkaria III (48 MW) 2 An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Con- vention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting interna- tionally binding emission reduction targets: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/ DB/DNV-CUK1276170328.71/view.
    [Show full text]
  • An Electrical Resistivity Study of the Area Between Mt. Suswa and The
    AN ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY STUDY OF THE AREA BETWEEN MT. SUSWA AND * M THE OLKARIA GEOTHERMAL FIELD, KENYA STEPHEN ALUMASA ONACONACHA IIS TUF.sis n\sS rREEN e e n ACCEPTED m ^ e i t e d ^ fFOE HE DECREE of nd A COt'V M&vA7 BE PLACED IN 'TH& njivk.RSITY LIBRARY. A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirement for partial fulfillment of the V Degree of Master of Science DEPT. OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 1989 DECLARATION jhis is my original work and has not b e e n submitted for a degree in any other university S . A . ONACHA The thesis has been submitted for examination with our Knowledge as University Supervisors: /] Mr. E. DINDI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my supervisors Dr. M.P. Tole and Mr. E. Dindi for their invaluable help and advice during the course of ray studies. I am grateful to the staff of the Ministry of Energy especially Mr. Kinyariro and Mr. Kilele for their tremendous help during the data acquisition. I also wish to express my appreciation of the University of Nairobi for their MSc Scholarship during my study. I am grateful to the British Council for their fellowship that enabled me to carry out data analysis at the University of Edinburgh. A ^ Finally, I wish to thank the members of my family for their love and understanding during my studies. ABSTRACT The D. C. electrical resistivity study of Suswa-Olkaria region was carried out from July 1987 to November, 1988. The main objective was to evaluate the sub-surface geoelectric structure with a view to determining layers that might be associated with geothermal fluid migrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Project: Menengai Geothermal Development Project Country: Kenya
    Language: English Original: English PROJECT: MENENGAI GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT COUNTRY: KENYA PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT November, 2011 Team Leader T. BAH, Senior Power Engineer ONEC.2 3184 Team Members Y. ARFAOUI, Chief Renewable Energy Specialist ONEC.3 2308 K. NTOAMPE, Principal Environmentalist ONEC.3 2707 M. HASSANE, Principal Procurement Specialist KEFO 6243 D. MCIVER, Principal Legal Counsel GECL.1 2678 Project F. KANONDA, Senior Financial Analyst ONEC.2 2723 Appraisal R. ARON, Senior Social Development Specialist ONEC.3 2792 Team E. NGODE, Finance Management Specialist KEFO 6230 A. KLEVCHUK, Financial Modelling Specialist OPSM 1975 Sector Manager E. NEGASH, Officer In Charge ONEC.2 3081 Sector Director H. CHEIKHROUHOU ONEC 2140 Regional Director G. NEGATU OREA 2040 N. KULEMEKA, Chief Socio‐Economist ONEC.3 2336 M. CISSE, Chief Investment Officer OPSM.3 1906 Peer R. CLAUDET, Chief Investment Officer OPSM.3 2666 Reviewers G. MAKAJUMA , Infrastructure Specialist KEFO 6073 Martin Njoroge Mwangi, External Peer Reviewer n/a n/a TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 STRATEGIC THRUST AND RATIONALE .................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Linkages with Country Strategy and Objectives ............................................ 1 1.2 Rationale for Bank Involvement ................................................................................. 1 1.3 Aid Coordination ......................................................................................................... 3 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeochemistry of Kenyan Rift Valley Lake Sediments
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 15, EGU2013-9512, 2013 EGU General Assembly 2013 © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Biogeochemistry of Kenyan Rift Valley Lake Sediments Sina Grewe (1) and Jens Kallmeyer (2) (1) University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geomicrobiology Group, Potsdam, Germany ([email protected]), (2) German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.5 Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany ([email protected]) The numerous lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley show strong hydrochemical differences due to their varying geologic settings. There are freshwater lakes with a low alkalinity like Lake Naivasha on the one hand and very salt-rich lakes with high pH values like Lake Logipi on the other. It is known that the underlying lake sediments are influenced by the lake chemistry and by the microorganisms in the sediment. The aim of this work is to provide a biogeochemical characterization of the lake sediments and to use these data to identify the mechanisms that control lake chemistry and to reconstruct the biogeochemical evolution of each lake. The examined rift lakes were Lakes Logipi and Eight in the Suguta Valley, Lakes Baringo and Bogoria south of the valley, as well as Lakes Naivasha, Oloiden, and Sonachi on the Kenyan Dome. The porewater was analysed for different ions and hydrogen sulphide. Additionally, alkalinity and salinity of the lake water were determined as well as the cell numbers in the sediment, using fluorescent microscopy. The results of the porewater analysis show that the overall chemistry differs considerably between the lakes. In some lakes, concentrations of fluoride, chloride, sulphate, and/or hydrogen sulphide show strong concentration gradients with depth, whereas in other lakes the concentrations show only minor variations.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Olkaria Domes Geothermal Field, Kenya
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 Geology, Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Olkaria Domes Geothermal Field, Kenya John Lagat1, Stefan Arnorsson2 and Hjalti Franzson3 Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd, Olkaria Geothermal Project, P. O. Box 785, Naivasha 20117, Kenya1 University of Iceland, Science Institute, Dunhagi IS 101 Reykjavik, Iceland2 Icelandic Geosurvey, Grensasvegur 9, IS 108 Reykjavik, Iceland3 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Kenya Rift, Olkaria Domes, Geothermal, The Greater Olkaria geothermal area is within the Greater Geology, Hydrothermal Alteration, Fluid Inclusion Olkaria volcanic complex. It is subdivided into seven fields for geothermal development purposes namely Olkaria East, ABSTRACT Olkaria Northeast, Olkaria Central, Olkaria Northwest, Olkaria Southwest, Olkaria Southeast and Olkaria Domes Three geothermal exploration wells OW-901, OW-902 and (Figure 2). OW-903 were drilled in Olkaria Domes field to evaluate its geothermal potential. The three wells were drilled to a o depth of 2200 m and all encountered a high temperature 38 E North Island system and discharged on test. Rocks encountered in the 4oN wells include pyroclastics, rhyolite, tuff, trachyte, basalt L. Turkana ETHIOPIA and minor dolerite and microsyenite intrusives. Little or no Central Island hydrothermal alteration is observed in the upper parts of the wells but in the deeper parts, hydrothermal alteration ranged from high to extensive. The most important hydrothermal alteration controls in the field are South Island temperature, rock types and permeability. Four Cenozoic Barrier Volcano volcanics hydrothermal alteration zonations can be recognized in the UGANDA Namarunu field based on the distribution of the hydrothermal alteration minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • RIFT VALLEY LAKES-LEVEL RISE and FLOOD CHALLENGES Lakes Nakuru, Bogoria, Baringo Onywere, Et Al Kenyatta University [email protected] [email protected]
    Understanding the Environment, Promoting Health in Lake Baringo and Bogoria Drainage Basin RIFT VALLEY LAKES-LEVEL RISE AND FLOOD CHALLENGES Lakes Nakuru, Bogoria, Baringo Onywere, et al Kenyatta University [email protected] [email protected] Onywere et al (2013) - KU NACOSTI - Project participants • Prof. Simon M Onywere – Kenyatta University and Team Leader (geospatial mapping and environmental health analysis) • Prof. Chris Shisanya – Kenyatta University (Biodiversity assessment, irrigation agriculture and water quality) • Prof. Joy Obando – Kenyatta University (Community livelihood systems and health) • Dr. Daniel Masiga – ICIPE (Bacteriological analysis) • Mr . Zephania Irura – Division of Diseases Surveillance and Response (DDSR), Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation – (health implications of consumption of contaminated waters) • Dr. Nicholas Mariita – Kengen (geophysical survey and mapping of shallow aquifers) • Mr. Huron Maragia - Mines and Geology (Chemical analysis, geochemistry and geohazards • Mr. Antony Oduya Ndubi - FAO Somalia, SWALIM Project (Image Data analysis) Onywere et al (2013) - KU Unprecedented lakes level rise in the Rift Valley • Are we prepared for the consequences? • Recent events in the rift valley in Kenya and at least since the long rains of 2011 have seen a consistent and increased recharge into all the Rift Valley lakes • This has lead to the lake levels rising to unprecedented levels since 1963 when the event was last observed. • Historical records also indicate a flooded lake environment in
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands of Kenya
    The IUCN Wetlands Programme Wetlands of Kenya Proceedings of a Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya "11 S.A. Crafter , S.G. Njuguna and G.W. Howard Wetlands of Kenya This one TAQ7-31T - 5APQ IUCN- The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948 , IUCN— The World Conservation Union brings together States , government agencies and a diverse range of non - governmental organizations in a unique world partnership : some 650 members in all , spread across 120 countries . As a union , IUCN exists to serve its members — to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts , strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals . Through its six Commissions , IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups . A central secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources , as well as providing a range of services . The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies , and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises . Operations are increasingly decentralized and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices , located principally in developing countries . IUCN — The World Conservation Union - seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world . IUCN Wetlands Programme The IUCN Wetlands Programme coordinates and reinforces activities of the Union concerned with the management of wetland ecosystems .
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Report No: ISR4369 Implementation Status & Results Kenya Energy Sector Recovery Project (P083131) Operation Name: Energy Sector Recovery Project (P083131) Project Stage: Implementation Seq.No: 15 Status: ARCHIVED Archive Date: Country: Kenya Approval FY: 2005 Public Disclosure Authorized Product Line:IBRD/IDA Region: AFRICA Lending Instrument: Specific Investment Loan Implementing Agency(ies): Ministry of Energy, Kenya Power and Lighting Co. Ltd., KenGen Key Dates Board Approval Date 13-Jul-2004 Original Closing Date 31-Mar-2010 Planned Mid Term Review Date 30-Nov-2011 Last Archived ISR Date 29-Mar-2011 Public Disclosure Copy Effectiveness Date 04-Nov-2004 Revised Closing Date 30-Sep-2013 Actual Mid Term Review Date Project Development Objectives Energy Sector Recovery Project (P083131) Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) (a) enhance the policy, institutional and regulatory environment for sector development, including private sector participation;and(b) increase access to electricity in urban and peri-urban areas while improving the efficiency, reliability and quality ofservice to customers. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Program? Public Disclosure Authorized ● Yes No Component(s) Component Name Component Cost INSTITUTIONAL AND CAPACITY BUILDING 7.50 STUDIES AND ENGINEERING SERVICES 18.70 GENERATION, OLKARIA II PLANT EXTENSION 119.10 DISTRIBUTION UPGRADING 229.60 Overall Ratings Previous Rating Current Rating Public Disclosure Authorized Progress towards achievement of PDO Satisfactory Satisfactory Overall Implementation Progress (IP) Satisfactory Satisfactory Overall Risk Rating Implementation Status Overview Public Disclosure Copy The Generation component is completed. The 3rd geothermal generating unit of 35 megawatts at Olkaria II is operational since May 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature [October 12, 1929
    574 NATURE [OCTOBER 12, 1929 The alkali reserve of Lake N aivasha, expressed in Letters to the Editor. normality, was 0·004 (cf. Cambridge tap water 0·0042 N.), but instead of calcium, as in English hard waters, [The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the base was sodium derived from the surrounding opinions expressed by his correspondents. Neither alkaline lavas. This may have had a specific effect, can he undertake to return, nor to correspond with as in increasing concentrations the alkalinity appeared the writers of, rejected manuscripts intended for this to effect a marked reduction in quantity of both fauna or any other part of NATURE. No notice is taken and flora. The other lakes illustrated this, since their of anonymous communications.] alkalinity increased in the order: L. Baringo (0·01 N.), Crater Lake (0·11 N.), L. Elmenteita (0·22 N.), and L. Biology of Lakes in Kenya. Nakuru (0·27 N.). This increase raised the hydrogen WESENBURG-LUND, Thienemann, and others have ion concentration from pH 9·0 to about pH ll·2. for years been emphasising the need for more detailed Lake Baringo contained Crustacea, Rotifera, insect studies of tropical fresh waters. Having recently larvre, and fish, and also Microcystis sp., but no higher plants were seen. The three others, ' soda ' lakes, contained chiefly Roti­ fera and insect larvre, Lake Nakuru having apparently only one species of Brachionus. They were further characterised by the presence of a very abundant blue - green alga, Spirulina sp., in the plankton and an entire absence of shore vegetation, which was replaced by foul, barren mud, largely admixed with flamingo excreta.
    [Show full text]
  • Kengen's Wellhead Technology Experience & Business Insight
    KenGen’s Wellhead Technology Experience & Business Insight Ronoh Kibet1, Roy Bwoma2 [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT tests, or are awaiting connection to permanent plants so as to Today, geothermal energy is known as one of the most benefit from early generation. This move by the largest reliable alternative renewable energy source and has been electric power generator comes at a time when the country is proved to be technically and economically feasible. experiencing an increased demand for electricity. Geothermal electricity is generated from geothermal energy. Rapid economic growth and industrialization has created the Several modes of technology are used to convert the need for accelerated drilling of geothermal wells in order to geothermal energy into electricity but the paper will focus tap geothermal power potential and avoid over-reliance on on wellhead generation technology. the erratic hydroelectric power. Long droughts have slashed the capacity of main dams, forcing shutdowns and leading to Kenya has been focusing on the generation of power to meet reliance on costly diesel-powered generators, which have in its acute power shortage and ever rising demand. turn pushed up energy bills. Traditionally KenGen has used conventional power plants With the success of the Olkaria and Eburru wellhead power which involve months of well drilling and years of central generating units, KenGen now intends to install more units power plant construction. The wellhead technology seeks to with an expected yield of 70MW. Other geothermal areas take advantage the idle time between completion of drilling targeted with this new technology include Menengai and and the start and finish of the central power plant Longonot.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Update Report for Kenya 2010–2015
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Country Update Report for Kenya 2010-2014 Peter Omenda and Silas Simiyu Geothermal Development Company, P. O. Box 100746, Nairobi 00101, Kenya [email protected] Keywords: Geothermal, Kenya rift, Country update. ABSTRACT Geothermal resources in Kenya have been under development since 1950’s and the current installed capacity stands at 573 MWe against total potential of about 10,000 MWe. All the high temperature prospects are located within the Kenya Rift Valley where they are closely associated with Quaternary volcanoes. Olkaria geothermal field is so far the largest producing site with current installed capacity of 573 MWe from five power plants owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) (463 MWe) and Orpower4 (110 MWe). 10 MWt is being utilized to heat greenhouses and fumigate soils at the Oserian flower farm. The Oserian flower farm also has 4 MWe installed for own use. Power generation at the Eburru geothermal field stands at 2.5 MWe from a pilot plant. Development of geothermal resources in Kenya is currently being fast tracked with 280 MWe commissioned in September and October 2014. Production drilling for the additional 560 MWe power plants to be developed under PPP arrangement between KenGen and private sector is ongoing. The Geothermal Development Company (GDC) is currently undertaking production drilling at the Menengai geothermal field for 105 MWe power developments to be commissioned in 2015. Detailed exploration has been undertaken in Suswa, Longonot, Baringo, Korosi, Paka and Silali geothermal prospects and exploration drilling is expected to commence in year 2015 in Baringo – Silali geothermal area.
    [Show full text]