Central Park W Nowym Jorku, Jego Geneza I Teraźniejszość Central

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Central Park W Nowym Jorku, Jego Geneza I Teraźniejszość Central PREZENTACJE – RAPORTY PRESENTATIONS AND REPORTS Małgorzata Wilczkiewicz Central Park w Nowym Jorku, jego geneza i teraźniejszość Central Park in New York, its origins and the present Central Park jest wielką wartością jako pierwszy publiczny park zaistnienia parków miejskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych. powstały w tym kraju- demokratyczne przedsięwzięcie o naj- Otwarta przestrzeń na wyspie Manhattan pełni role wie- wyższym znaczeniu – i od jego sukcesu zależy dalszy postęp lorakie – jest to dynamiczne przejście pomiędzy brukiem w sztuce i estetyce Ameryki. a pastwiskiem, pomiędzy hałasem miejskim a ciszą le- Frederic Law Olmsted, 1 sierpnia 1858 śną, pomiędzy prywatnym terenem a publiczną prze- strzenią. Jest także polem walki toczonej pomiędzy urzędnikami miejskimi i stanowymi o finanse potrzeb- Central Park jest jednym z bardziej znanych oraz ne na realizację zadań związanych z konserwacją Parku. na pewno najczęściej odwiedzanym miejskim parkiem Jego powstanie w formie, w jakiej możemy oglądać go świata. Prostokąt o bokach 4000 × 800 metrów zajmu- dzisiaj, zawdzięczamy determinacji wielu ludzi – ale je powierzchnię 3,41 km2. Park zarządzany jest przez przede wszystkim zwycięzcom konkursu na projekt par- organizację prywatną1 Central Park Conservancy na ku – Frederikowi Law Olmstedowi i Calvertowi Vaux3. mocy umowy z Nowojorskim Departamentem Parków W drugiej połowie dziewiętnastego wieku miasta i Rekreacji. Granicami parku są ulice o nazwach: Cen- amerykańskie przeżywają niezwykły rozkwit. Aby zapo- tral Park North, Central Park West, Central Park South biec chaotycznej i nieskoordynowanej zabudowie, wła- i Fifth Avenue. Liczący obecnie ponad 150 lat zabytek dze miejskie zaczynają dostrzegać potrzebę planowania Nowego Jorku jest jednym z pierwszych publicznych przestrzeni miejskiej. Pojawia się ruch „upiękniania mia- parków świata. sta” (City Beautiful Movement), którego prekursorem Naturalną bazą dla powstania parku jest interesująca był Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted urodził się w Hart- konfiguracja terenu charakterystyczna dla całej wyspy ford w stanie Connecticut (1822–1903) i aczkolwiek nie Manhattan (ryc. 1). Granitowa skała o niezwykłej twar- miał uniwersyteckiego wykształcenia, był człowiekiem dości – tak można krótko scharakteryzować teren, na któ- ogromnej wiedzy. W wieku lat osiemnastu przeprowa- rym powstał Central Park. Skała jest dobrze widoczna dził się do Nowego Jorku, gdzie otrzymał zatrudnienie właśnie w parku, bowiem pozostała część wyspy Man- jako nadzorca właśnie powstającego Central Parku. Tam hattan jest pokryta zwartą zabudową. Pojawia się w tu- spotkał projektującego już parki architekta Calverta Vaux nelach wyżłobionych dróg oraz wyłania z parkowej zie- (był to rok 1857). W roku następnym wspomniany już leni. Central Park wygląda niezwykle naturalnie i trud- wspólnie wygrany projekt (Greensward) został przyjęty no wprost uwierzyć, że został on w całości zaprojekto- do realizacji. Rozpoczyna się budowa Central Parku. wany przez człowieka, a właściwie zespół projektantów – wizjonerów, twórców amerykańskiej szkoły architek- tury krajobrazu, wśród których najbardziej znanym był Lata 1858–1878 Frederick Law Olmsted2. Usytuowany pomiędzy 59 i 110 ulicą nowojorski Central Park jest niewątpliwie najbardziej znanym obiek- tem projektowanym przez Olmsteda. Posiada on wiele Historia powstania elementów charakterystycznych dla obiektów przez nie- Historia Central Parku jest nie tylko historią tego naj- go projektowanych – szerokie otwarte przestrzenie dla bardziej znanego parku Ameryki, ale także początkiem publiczności, malownicze widoki i wijące się ścieżki spa- 106 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 29/2011 Ryc. 1. Central Park Ryc. 5. Bethesda Terrace – zdjęcie z ok. 1900 roku Fig. 1. Central Park Fig. 5. Bethesda Terrace – Fig. from about 1900 Ryc. 2. Jeden z mostków – projekt Fig. 2. One of the bridges – a project Ryc. 6. Bethesda Terrace – dziś Ryc. 10. Wollman Rink Fig. 6. Bethesda Terrace – today Fig. 10. Wollman Rink Ryc. 3. a tak wygląda dziś Fig. 3. and the present-day view Ryc. 7. Bethesda Terrace Ryc. 11. Alicja w Krainie czarów Fig. 7. Bethesda Terrace Fig. 11. Alice in Wonderland Ryc. 8. The Mall Ryc. 12. The Dairy Fig. 8. The Mall Fig. 12. The Dairy Ryc. 4. Bethesda Terrace – projekt Ryc. 9. Great Lawn Ryc. 13. Belvedere Castle Fig. 4. Bethesda Terrace – a project Fig. 9. Great Lawn Fig.13. Belvedere Castle Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 29/2011 107 cerowe. Przed przystąpieniem do prac wykwaterowano biednych farmerów, hodowców świń i ogrodników, Lata 1960–80 mieszkających na tych terenach. Zgodnie z projektem 1960 rok rozpoczyna okres prawie dwudziestu lat Olmsteda nawieziono 500 000 stóp sześciennych4 hu- dewastacji i zaniedbania Parku. Pieczołowicie sadzone musu zebranego z pól New Jersey. Ziemia została prze- rzadkie gatunki drzew i krzewów oraz wieloletnie traw- kopana ręcznie i przy użyciu nowoczesnych maszyn. Za- niki walczyły z koncertami letnimi organizowanymi na sadzono 4 miliony drzew, krzewów i roślin reprezentu- terenie Parku, jak również Rajdami Pokoju i marszami jących 1400 gatunków botanicznych. protestacyjnymi. Parkowe lampy zostały rozbite, postu- Został zaprojektowany wewnętrzny niezależny sys- menty przewrócone, a ławki straciły swoje drewniane tem komunikacji – osobno dla pieszych, powozów oraz siedziska. Bezdomni koczujący w Central Parku uży- koni. Liczne mostki zapobiegały kolizjom5 (ryc. 2, 3). Po- wali ich do rozpalania ognisk. Graffiti pokrywały pra- wstawały pierwsze budowle – The Dairy (Mleczarnia – wie wszystkie kamienne rzeźby i drewniane pomosty ryc. 12) oraz tak zwane „Serce Parku” – dwupoziomowy przy stawach. Park wydawał się absolutnie bezbronny plac z fontanną zwany Bethesda Terrace (ryc. 4, 5, 6, 7) i wydawało się niemożliwym prawidłowe nim zarzą- i Promenada, czyli The Mall (ryc. 8). dzanie. Lata sześćdziesiąte przyniosły jednak pewne pozytyw- ne zmiany. W latach 1961–65 Metropolitan Opera i New Lata 1878–1960 York Philharmonic rozpoczęły serię letnich koncertów Od zatwierdzenia realizacji „Zielonej Murawy” do na Wielkim Trawniku (Great Lawn). W 1964 roku Cen- zakończenia prac w Central Parku upłynęło dwadzieścia tral park został wpisany do Narodowego Rejestru Za- lat. Zmęczony nieustannymi politycznymi bataliami bytków (National Historic Landmark), a zatem mógł li- Olmsted oraz Vaux oficjalnie rezygnowali wiele razy. czyć na dofinansowania z budżetu państwowego. Znamienny był fakt że Central Park, jako własność mia- W roku 1975 zniszczenia w Parku były już tak wiel- sta, czyli tzw. „dobro publiczne” był przedmiotem pu- kie, że zawiązała się grupa ludzi pragnąca zebrać pienią- blicznej debaty i politycznych rozgrywek przy każdej dze na jego konserwację. Powstał Central Park Commu- nadarzającej się okazji. Nieważne, czy była to dyskusja nity Fund. Grupa ta rozpoczęła negocjacje z ówczesnym na temat zarządzania Parkiem, czy też późniejszej jego burmistrzem miasta, Edwardem Kochem i komisarzem rekonstrukcji. Olmsted zrezygnował z funkcji komisa- Parku Gordonem Davisem. Pod ich przewodnictwem rza Parku w roku 1877, Vaux pozostał nim aż do śmierci powstała wspomniana już organizacja Central Park Con- w roku 1895. Przez dziesięciolecia po śmierci Vaux były servancy. Powstanie tej organizacji rozpoczęło nowy podejmowane niewielkie wysiłki zmierzające do rekul- okres w życiu Parku. tywacji trawników, usuwania martwych drzew lub walki z wandalizmem i śmieceniem. Taki stan utrzymywał się aż do roku 1934, kiedy to burmistrzem Nowego Jorku 1980 – obecnie został wybrany Fiorello La Guardia. Rok 1980 był punktem zwrotnym. Rada Miasta i no- Nowo wybrany burmistrz rozpoczął żarliwą batalię wo powstała Organizacja rozpoczęły wspólny proces re- o przywrócenie świetności nowojorskim parkom. Roz- stauracji Parku. Miasto finansowało najważniejsze pra- począł od działań administracyjnych – skonsolidował ce, a Central Park Conservancy zainicjowało zbieranie zarządzanie pięcioma nowojorskimi parkami w ręku jed- prywatnych funduszy dla uzupełnienia działalności miej- nego człowieka. Był nim Robert Moses6. Moses rozpo- skiej. Do prac włączono Merchant’s Gate (Wrota kupiec- czął porządkowanie Central Parku i innych nowojorskich kie przy Columbus Circle), Sheep Meadow (Owczą parków. Kwiaty zaczęły kwitnąć tam, gdzie była goła zie- łąkę), most przy 59 ulicy oraz Bethesda Terrace. mia, a parkowe ogrodzenie przybrało z powrotem pia- W roku 1981 Organizacja wydała dokument zatytu- skowy kolor. Miasto rozpoczęło zasypywanie Old Cro- łowany „Odbudowa Central Parku od 1980 roku”, któ- ton Reservoir – w tym miejscu powstał Great Lawn ry zawierał początki Planu Ogólnego restauracji Parku. (ryc. 9). Jako pozostałość po trzydziestu latach działal- Plan Ogólny zakładał trzy główne cele: ności Mosesa można było zauważyć wiele zmian w sto- 1. Odbudowanie architektonicznego dziedzictwa sunku do pierwotnego projektu Olmsteda. Wizja Parku Parku (zarówno krajobrazowego jak i architekto- Olmsteda niewiele interesowała Mosesa, który przedkła- nicznego). dał obiekty użyteczności publicznej nad angielskie kra- 2. Zazielenienie Parku oraz zaprowadzenie perma- jobrazy. Przez okres panowania Mosesa Central Park nentnej opieki nad zielenią, obejmującej ławki, otrzymał 19 nowych placów zabaw, 12 boisk, boisko do stawy i ogrody. piłki ręcznej oraz sztuczne lodowisko (Wollman Rink – 3. Wprowadzenie programu użytkowania oraz za- ryc. 10). Moses także zebrał sporo pieniędzy wśród bo- pewnienie bezpieczeństwa odwiedzającym Park. gatych mieszkańców Nowego Jorku. Z pieniędzy tych Wiele
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