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An Ecological and Economical Assessment of the Falkland Islands

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An Ecological and Economical Assessment of the Falkland Islands An ecological and economical assessment of the Falkland Islands inshore crab, Paralomis granulosa by Daniel David Hoggarth A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Diploma of Imperial College in the Faculty of Science of the University of London. 1991 Renewable Resources Assessment Group Centre for Environmental Technology Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine 8 Princes Gardens London SW7 INA 1 Abstract This thesis examines the potential of Falkland Island stocks of the lithodid crab Paralomis granulosa to support a commercial fishery. From continuous observation of the 11-month period of commercial fishing on this stock, a model is developed for the standardisation of catch rates for variation in selectivity and effort. Local crab abundance, estimated from the corrected time series of catch and effort, is shown to be considerably less than previously thought. A final 6-week period of purely experimental fishing and sampling, during the 1988 moulting and mating season, completed the field work. From the combined data base, the sizes at maturity are estimated and the life history strategy is described, following an analysis of the temporal and spatial organisation of the moulting and mating cycles. These cycles are shown to be biennial in most adults of both sexes, suggesting relatively low growth and mortality rates in this stock. Further (unsuccessful) attempts to quantify growth rates are described and the effects of parasitism by the rhizocephalan Briarosaccus callosus are investigated. In a comparative examination of the lithodid crabs, P. granulosa is found to be the smallest and least productive member of the family. The potential of the Falkland Islands stock is shown to be particularly limited by the relatively small area of suitable inshore habitat. The likely sustainable yields are estimated under various assumptions. The considerable logistical difficulties of exploiting the resource are discussed and the commercial viability of two possible fishing scenarios is assessed. At current price levels, it is shown that the small potential yields from this stock could not support a permanent industry located in the Falkland Islands. A single, self- contained vessel could fish economically, but only by fishing in infrequent pulses to maintain catch rates. Potential licence revenues and other management implications are discussed. 2 Acknowledgements This research has been primarily supported by a grant from Stanley Fisheries Ltd., the commercial arm of the Falkland Islands Development Corporation. Generous financial support has also been provided by Witte Boyd Holdings Ltd, particulary during the final, important phase of research. I am grateful to the directors of the latter company, Mr. Thomas Boyd and Mr. Alan Johnson, both for this and for allowing me full access to their vessel, the ’Laura Jay’, during all its commercial operations in the Falkland Islands. I would also like to thank the four skippers and the crewmen of the ’Laura Jay’ for their patience and cooperation in often difficult circumstances and the many Falkland Islanders whose kind and generous hospitality so assisted our work. Finally, I give my thanks to all the staff and the other students of the Renewable Resources Assessment Group who have helped me during the last three years. For their ideas and discussions, I am particularly indebted to my supervisor, Dr. John Beddington, and to Mr. Mark Bravington and Dr. Andrew Rosenberg. 3 Table of Contents 4 Table of Contents Page Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of contents 5 List of tables 11 List of figures 14 Chapters: 1. Introduction 18 1.1. Background to the exploitation of Falkland Island crabs 18 1.1.1. King crab fisheries 18 1.1.2. The Taiyo survey 19 1.1.3. The Fortoser study 19 1.1.4. Evaluation of the fishery proposals by ERL 21 1.1.5. Commercial exploitation - the SWB joint venture 22 1.2. Aims of the project 24 1.3. Observation of the fishery and data collection 26 1.3.1. The five phases of fishing and research 26 1.3.2. Data collection and the project database 28 1.4. Outline and structure of the thesis 36 2. Standardisation of CPUE and Estimation of Abundance 39 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Modelling of Selectivity: Prediction of Composition Corrected CPUE 44 2.2.1. Factors affecting the Size Composition of the catch 44 5 2.2.2. The Dependent Variable: Selectivity 46 2.2.3. The Independent Variables 51 2.2.4. Modelling Techniques 55 2.2.5. Data used in the analysis 56 2.2.6. Results of Modelling 56 2.2.7. The Selectivity Model 58 2.2.8. Application of the Selectivity Model 62 2.3. Modelling of Catch Size: Prediction of Effort Corrected CPUE 65 2.3.1. The Components of Fishing Effort 65 2.3.2. Data Used in the Analysis 66 2.3.3. Modelling of Composition Corrected CPUE on Soaktime 66 2.3.4. The Catch Rate Model 67 2.4. The Examination of CPUEadj and Estimation of Abundance 71 2.4.1. Examination of the raw data 71 2.4.2. The Leslie Catch-Effort method of Abundance Estimation 77 2.4.3. Results and Discussion 83 2.5. Estimation of the commercial biomass of Choiseul Sound for 1987 89 3. Biology of Paralomis granulosa in the Falkland Islands 94 3.1. Size at Maturity 94 3.1.1. Introduction 94 3.1.2. Definitions of maturity and patterns of growth 94 3.1.3. Estimation of the size at morphological maturity of males 98 3.1.4. Estimation of the size at functional maturity of females 105 3.1.5. Summary 111 3.2. Life History 112 3.2.1. Introduction 112 3.2.2. The effect of depth / habitat on the size distribution of crabs 112 3.2.3. Temporal organisation of the moulting and mating cycles 117 3.2.4. The effect of size on moult frequency 133 3.2.5. Spatial organisation of the moulting and mating cycles 140 3.2.6. Summary and Conclusions 152 3.3. Growth Rates 156 3.3.1. Methods of estimating growth rates of crustaceans 156 6 3.3.2. Estimation of growth rates by tagging methods 159 3.3.3. Examination of available length frequency data 160 3.3.4. Summary and conclusions 169 3.4. The effect of parasitism by B. callosus 171 4. Comparative biology of Paralomis granulosa 174 4.1. Introduction 174 4.2. Comparison of P. granulosa from Choiseul Sound and Adventure Sound 176 4.2.1. Introduction 176 4.2.2. Physical Environment 178 4.2.3. Relative Abundance 181 4.2.4. Size Distributions 181 4.2.5. Moult Stages 185 4.2.6. Weight at Length 185 4.2.7. Female Maturity 187 4.2.8. Prevalence of the parasite B. callosus 191 4.2.9. Summary and Conclusions 191 4.3. A qualitative examination of the commercial potential of P. granulosa in comparison with other lithodid crabs 194 4.3.1. Introduction 194 4.3.2. The relative commercial importance of the exploited lithodid crabs 196 4.3.3. Relative production from the individual growth of male crabs 205 4.3.4. Relative production from the reproductive rates of female crabs 213 4.3.5. Summary and conclusions 219 5. Bioeconomic Analysis 222 5.1. Introduction 222 5.2. Estimation of the sustainable yield 224 5.2.1. Estimation of the biomass of exploitable stocks 224 5.2.2. Assumptions about growth and mortality 225 5.2.3. Estimation of the equilibrium annual yield 228 7 5.2.4. Available yield and the pattern of exploitation 233 5.3. Logistic and financial aspects of development 236 5.3.1. Introduction 236 5.3.2. Relative distribution of stock and onshore facilities 236 5.3.3. Local weather conditions 240 5.3.4. Processing, marketing and product value 241 5.3.5. Labour availability 245 5.3.6. Fishery management regulations 246 5.4. Exploitation of the resource 249 5.4.1. Previous exploitation 249 5.4.2. Scenario 1. Continuous fishing with shore-based processing 251 5.4.3. Scenario 2. Pulse fishing with at-sea processing 255 5.5. Summary and conclusions 271 6. Discussion 274 6.1. The commercial potential of the stock 274 6.2. Management of the fishery 278 Appendices: A l. Derivation of a simple linear equation for steady-state numbers at length and its potential use for the simultaneous estimation of Z/K and L m 284 A l.l. Estimation of Z from age-based data 284 A1.2. Estimation of Z/K from length-based data 284 A1.3. Simultaneous estimation of L and Z/K 288 A1.4. Discussion 290 A2. An age structured model for the prediction of future yields under variable fishing effort 293 A2.1. Basic structure of the model 293 8 A2.2. Decomposition of starting biomass into contribution of each age class 296 A2.3. Estimation of recruitment 298 A 2A . Estimation of future biomasses conditional on fishing mortality 298 A2.5. Use of fishing effort data 299 A2.6. Summation of biomasses and estimation of annual yields 300 References 302 Annex: Hoggarth, D.D., 1990, The effects of parasitism by the rhizocephalan, Briarosaccus callosus on the lithodid crab, Paralomis granulosa in the Falkland Islands. Crustaceana 59: 156-170 9 List of tables 10 List of tables Chapter 1 Page Table 1. The duration of the five phases of fishing and research. 27 Table 2. The four main levels of the project database. 31 Table 3. Sampling effort in each of the five research phases. 34 Chapter 2 Table 1. The parameters of the 580 selectivity model for the prediction of composition corrected catch rates during phases 1-4.
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