Landscape between Ideology and the Aesthetic Historical Materialism Book Series Editorial Board Sébastien Budgen (Paris) David Broder (Rome) Steve Edwards (London) Juan Grigera (London) Marcel van der Linden (Amsterdam) Peter Thomas (London) volume 135 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hm Landscape between Ideology and the Aesthetic Marxist Essays on British Art and Art Theory, 1750–1850 By Andrew Hemingway leiden | boston The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016042764 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-1522 isbn 978-90-04-26900-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-26901-9 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. 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Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements xi Sources and Occasions xii Introduction: Theoretical Apologia 1 Aesthetics and Ideology 1 The Science of Taste in the Eighteenth Century: Philosophical Criticism and the Scottish Historical School 41 2 Academic Theory versus Association Aesthetics: The Ideological Forms of a Conflict of Interests in the Early Nineteenth Century 86 3 Bourgeois Critiques of the Monopoly of Taste 114 4 Genius, Gender, and Progress: Benthamism and the Arts in the 1820s 150 5 Cultural Philanthropy and the Invention of the Norwich School 181 Landscape and Ideology 6 Meaning in Cotman’s Norfolk Subjects 217 7 Sheep as a Pictorial Motif: Pastoral and Counter-Pastoral 246 8 Artisanal Worldview in the Paintings of John Crome 297 9 John Crome’s ‘Local Scenery’: Iconography and the Ideology of the Picturesque 336 10 Constable and his Audience: An Argument for Iconography 387 11 The Field of Waterloo Exposed: Turner, Byron, and the Politics of Reaction 420 vi contents Coda: Regarding Art History 459 Bibliography 464 Index 492 List of Illustrations 1 Francis Danby, The Delivery of Israel out of Egypt, 1825 160 2 John Martin, Belshazzar’s Feast, 1820 161 3 G.H. Phillips after Francis Danby, An Enchanted Island, 1825 163 4 Francis Danby, An Attempt to Illustrate the Opening of the Sixth Seal, 1828 173 5 Benjamin Robert Haydon, The Chairing of the Member, 1828 176 6 Joseph Stannard, Thorpe Water Frolic, 1825 202 7 J. and J. Colman and Sons’ Carrow Works in 1900 204 8 The Colman Galleries in Norwich Castle Museum in 1951 209 9 John Sell Cotman, The Marl Pit, c. 1809–10 225 10 John Sell Cotman, Trowse Hythe, c. 1808–10 227 11 John Sell Cotman, The Ploughed Field, c. 1808–10 231 12 John Sell Cotman, Mousehold Heath, c. 1809–10 232 13 John Sell Cotman, Kett’s Castle, Norwich, c. 1808–10 233 14 John Sell Cotman, Norwich Market Place, c. 1808–9 237 15 John Sell Cotman, St. Luke’s Chapel, Norwich Cathedral, East, 1808 240 16 Robert Dunkarton after J.M.W. Turner, Hind Head Hill for the Liber Studorium 250 17 Charles Rolls after Richard Westall, ‘Hymn’, engraving from James Thomson, The Seasons, 1825 edition 251 18 John Anderson, ‘Spring’, wood engraving, from Robert Bloomfield, The Farmer’s Boy; a Rural Poem, 14th edition, 1820 252 19 Thomas Gainsborough, Romantic Landscape with Sheep at a Spring, c. 1783 254 20 John Constable, Ploughing Scene in Suffolk, 1824–1825 255 21 David Lucas after John Constable, Old Sarum, published 1833 259 22 Thomas Weaver, A Prize Sheep by a Shelter, 1817 262 23 C. Weaver after Thomas Weaver, Thomas William Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester, and His Southdown Sheep, c. 1807 262 24 Peter Paul Rubens, A Landscape with a Shepherd and his Flock, c. 1638 266 25 David Wilkie, Sheepwashing, before 1817 269 26 James Stark, Sheep Washing, Morning, 1824 272 27 John Constable, The Cornfield, 1826 275 28 Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Hagar and the Angel, 1646 276 29 Gaspar Dughet, Landscape with a Shepherd and his Flock, about 1670 276 30 William Havell, Driving Home the Flock, 1806 278 31 John Crome, View on Mousehold Heath, near Norwich, 1812(?) 279 viii list of illustrations 32 Aelbrecht Cuyp, An Evening Ride near a River, c. 1640s 280 33 Jacob van Ruisdael, Bridge with a Sluice, 1648–1649 282 34 From Robert Hills, Etchings of Cattle Comprising Rudiments of Drawing and Groups for the Embellishment of Landscape, 1808 283 35 George Robert Lewis, Hereford, from the Haywood, Noon, 1815 284 36 George Robert Lewis, Hereford, Dynedor and the Malvern Hills from the Haywood Lodge, Harvest Scene, Afternoon, 1815 285 37 George Stubbs, Reapers, 1785 290 38 Jacob van Ruisdael, Wheatfields, c. 1670 292 39 Claude Lorraine, Jacob with Laban and his Daughters 293 40 John Crome, Yarmouth Jetty, 1817(?) 303 41 John Crome, Back of the New Mills, c. 1815 304 42 John Crome, Norwich River: Afternoon, 1819 305 43 John Crome, Way though the Wood, 1813(?) 306 44 John Crome, The Beaters, 1810 307 45 John Crome, Marlingford Grove, 1815 308 46 John Crome, View on the Wensum, c. 1800(?) 317 47 John Crome, Study of Flints 318 48 John Crome, Mousehold Heath, 1815(?) 319 49 John Constable, The Haywain, 1821 319 50 John Crome, Moonlight on the Yare, 1808(?) 321 51 Rembrandt van Rijn, The Mill, 1645–48 322 52 In the style of Aert van der Neer, River Scene by Moonlight 323 53 J.M.W. Turner, Moonlight, A Study at Millbank, 1797 324 54 Augustus Wall Callcott, Little Hampton Pier, c. 1812 325 55 John Crome, A Barge with a Wounded Soldier, 1810–12 326 56 Thomas Girtin, The White House at Chelsea 326 57 Meindert Hobbema, A Woody Landscape with a Cottage, about 1665 327 58 Augustus Wall Callcott, Return from the Market, 1807 328 59 John Crome, Road with Pollards, c. 1810–15 329 60 J.M.W. Turner, Frosty Morning, 1813 330 61 Meindert Hobbema, The Avenue at Middelharnis, 1689 330 62 John Crome, View in Paris – Italian Boulevard, 1814–15 332 63 Jan van der Heyden, View of the Oudezijds Voorburgwal with the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam, c. 1670 333 64 John Crome, Fishmarket at Boulogne, 1820(?) 334 65 John Crome, Mousehold Heath, c. 1820 339 66 John Crome, Back of the New Mills, 1813 345 67 John Crome, Hoveton, St. Peter, c. 1812 346 68 John Crome, Composition: Sandy Road through Woodland, 1813 347 list of illustrations ix 69 John Crome, Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, c. 1818 348 70 Thomas Gainsborough, The Cottage Door, 1780 355 71 John Crome, Woodland Scene near Norwich, c. 1807–08 356 72 Antoine Waterloo, A Wide Wooded Landscape 357 73 John Crome, The Poringland Oak, 1818(?) 362 74 John Crome, The Willow Tree, c. 1817–21 363 75 John Thomas Smith, On Scotland Green, Ponder’s End, 1797 365 76 John Crome, Blacksmith’s Shop near Hingham, Norfolk, 1807(?) 370 77 John Crome, Hingham, Blacksmith’s Shop, 1807(?) 371 78 John Crome, The Blacksmith’s Shop, Hingham, 1807(?) 372 79 Edmund Bartell, a sketch for a cottage of ‘more humble appearance’, 1804 377 80 John Crome, Hautbois Common, c. 1810 381 81 John Crome, Bury Road Scene, 1818(?) 382 82 J.C. Stadler after Joseph Farington, Langley Ware, 1793 396 83 John Constable, Landscape: Boys Fishing, exh. 1813 396 84 W.B. Cooke after Samuel Owen, Shiplake Lock & Paper Mill, 1810 398 85 J.C. Stadler after Joseph Farington, Cliefden, 1793 398 86 R. and D. Havell, after William Havell, An Island on the Thames near Park Place 1811–12 399 87 John Hassell, Three Locks, Stoke Hammond, Bucks, 1819 400 88 John Constable, Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River), 1816–17 400 89 John Linnell, The River Kennet, near Newbury, 1815 402 90 W. Forrest after James Stark, Shipmeadow Lock (on the Waveney), 1831 404 91 William Say after J.M.W. Turner, Windmill and Lock, from the Liber Studorium, 1811 405 92 George Vincent, A View on the River Yare, Afternoon, c. 1820 407 93 John Constable, A View on the Stour, near Dedham, 1822 408 94 John Constable, Dedham Vale, 1827–8 413 95 J.M.W. Turner, Crossing the Brook, exh. 1815 414 96 Thomas Gainsborough, Gypsy Encampment, Sunset, c. 1778–80 417 97 George Vincent, A Distant View of Pevensey Bay, the Landing Place of King William the Conqueror, 1824 418 98 George Howland Beaumont, Woodland Scene with Gypsies, 1779–1800 419 99 J.M.W. Turner, The Field of Waterloo, exh. 1818 425 100 Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg, The Battle of Alexandria, 21 March 1801, 1802 427 101 James Ward, Battle of Waterloo in an Allegory, 1816 429 102 George Jones, The Battle of Waterloo, 1816–20 430 103 Egbert Van der Poel, Night Piece with a Burning House, mid-17th century 433 104 Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, Landscape with Rest on the Flight into Egypt, 1647 433 x list of illustrations 105 Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, Militia Company of District ii under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq, known as The Night Watch, 1642 434 106 J.M.W.