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S\Diplomová Práca JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Jazzová Intepretace Vývoj klavírneho tria v jazze Bakalárska práca Autor práce: Jakub Tököly, dis.Art Vedoucí práce: MgA. Jan Dalecký Oponent práce: David Dorúžka Brno 2014 Abstrakt Tököly, Jakub : Vývoj klavírneho tria v jazze. [Bakalárska práca]. Janáčkova akadémia múzických umení v Brne. Vedúci práce MgA. Jan Dalecký Stupeň odbornej kvalifikácie : Bakalár. Brno, Janáčkova akadémia múzických umení 2014. Počet strán 37. Bakalárska práca Vývoj klavírneho tria v jazze sa zaoberá predstavením najväčších jazzových klavírnych osobností. Hlavným cieľom práce je opísanie funkcie jednotlivých nástrojov s apelom na inštrumentálnu, koncepčnú a estetickú rovinu. Bakalárska práca obsahuje úvod do histórie jazzu s obšírnejšou analýzou daných kalviristov a ich tria. Klaviristi vnímaní ako lídri, skladatelia a aranžéri boli vedúcou osobnosťou v spomínanom hudobnom telese. Prierez históriou ponúka pohľad na meniace sa hudobné trendy typické pre dobu Swingu, Bebopu, Post-bopu ... Bakalárska práca obsahuje odborný materiál vhodný pre študentov jazzovej interpretácie. Kľúčové slová Klavír, jazz, swing, bebop, hudba Abstract TÖKÖLY, Jakub: The evolution of piano trio in jazz. [Graduation thesis].Janacek Academy of Music and Performing Art, Brno. Advisor:MgA. Jan Dalecký. The degree of academic qualification: Bachelor. Brno :Janacek Academy of Music and Performing Art, 2014 37 pg. Diploma thesis “The Evolution of piano trio in jazz”. The result of the work is introducing most important jazz piano giants in history of jazz. The main goal is attention to function of instruments in acoustic piano trio. The bachelor work contents short notion to jazz history with accent to pianists as leaders, composers and arrangers. In the work describe to independelly music instruments in piano jazz trio and his music process. Cross-section of jazz history talks about changes in music trends which were typically for era like Swing, Bebop, Post-Bop ... Bachelor work make for next generations students of jazz as expert material. Keywords Piano, Jazz, Swing, Bebop, Music, Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som zadanú prácu vypracoval samostatne a použil len uvedené pramene a literatúru. Súčasne dávam zvolenie k tomu, aby bakalárska práca bola umiestnená v Knihovne JAMU a používaná k študijným účelom. V Brne 28.4. 2014 Jakub Tököly Obsah Úvod.................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Úvod do histórie.................................................................................................7 2 Swingová éra..................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Teddy Wilson....................................................................................................12 2.2 Nat"King" Cole..................................................................................................15 2.3 Erroll Garner.......................................................................................................19 3 Bebop................................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Bud Powell........................................................................................................22 3.2 Oscar Peterson...................................................................................................25 3.3 Bill Evans.......................................................................................................... 29 4 Priekopníci novej hudby....................................................................................33 4.1 Herbie Hancock.................................................................................................35 5 Súčasná scéna....................................................................................................41 Záver................................................................................................................................43 Zoznam bibliografických odkazov................................................................................... Zoznam ilustrácií.............................................................................................................. 6 Úvod Výber mojej práce bol podmienený skutočnosťou, že ako aktívny klavirista na jazzovej scéne môžem skompletizovať svoje vedomosti, nadšenie a bohatú históriu akustického klavírneho tria, ktorý mal a vždy bude mať svoje nezameniteľné miesto v jazzovej histórií. Definícia a selekcia hudobníkov podlieha mojej subjektívnej predstave v kombinácií s objektívnymi štúdiami a hodnoteniami jazzovej histórie. Klavírni velikáni ako Bud Powell, Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock či Keith Jarrett vytvorili dnes už známe spôsoby , interpretáciu a charaktery klavírneho tria. V bakalárskej práci sa budeme venovať analýze najvýznamnejších hudobníkov, vďaka ktorým sa posúvali hranice, štylistika, koncepcia alebo esteticko-výrazové prostriedky v interpretácii. Naša práca bude obsahovať snahu o priblíženie hudobného organizmu, úlohy jednotlivých nástrojov, funkčnosti spoločnej imaginácie hudby, ktorá vzniká vzájomnou prácou interpretov na základe jazzovej improvizácie. Načrtneme problematiku rytmických sekcií, funkciu klaviristu i ako skladateľa a vplyv artificiálnej hudby na jeho interpretáciu, koncepciu. Práca na hudobnom materiáli v akustickom triu obsahuje subjektívny pohľad všetkých protagonistov prostredníctvom hudobnej predstavy, ktorá sa v procese tvorenia mení na inetraktívnu tvorbu hudobného obrazu. Bakalárska práca bude obsahovať popis dejín jazzu vo vzťahu k hudobno-estetickým charakterom v rámci štylistiky hudby v priamom vzťahu ku klavírnemu triu a jeho zvuku. Opierania sa o fakty, rôzne interview so známymi hudobníkmi či osobná diskusia s konzultantom mala taktiež dopad na znenie bakalárskej práce. 7 1. Úvod do histórie Jazzová história sa začala oficiálne datovať na začiatku 20. storočia. Doba Scotta Joplina, Jelly Roll Mortona, černošských spirituálov a hudby New Orleans má a bude mať navždy svoje nenahraditeľné miesto na pomyselnej časovej osi hudby Afro-američanov, ktorá zásadne zmenila a obohatila kultúru USA a stala sa neoddeliteľnou súčasťou kultúrneho bohatstva ľudstva. Osobnosti ako Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis či John Coltrane sú v dnešnom ponímaní nenahraditeľnými osobnosťami hudby 20. storočia. Na jazz môžeme vzhliadať dvomi perspektívami. Hudobná a politická. Samozrejme, obe boli na seba priamo závislé. Je nutné podotknúť, že afro-americká komunita bola prinútená vytvárať si novú identitu ako národ, a to pod silne rasistickým náporom zo strany majority. Jazzová hudba bola neustále ovplyvňovaná európskou klasickou hudbou. Funkčnosť harmónie, hudobné formy , či obsadenia rôznych telies mali badateľný dopad na vývoj jazzového zvuku. Skutočnosť , že klavirista a skladateľ Scott Joplin túžil celý život po uvedení opery ( Treemonisha ). V opere sa striedajú árie so zborom, ansámblom. Obsahuje mystické , rozprávkové libreto. Je tu značný vplyv Richarda Wagnera. Bol uznávaný ako prvý ragtimový skladateľ. Ovládal notový zápis, harmóniu , inštrumentáciu. Podobne ako v európskej artificiálnej hudbe i jazzová hudba sa delí na rôzne žánre. Podľa obsadenia : 1. Big Band 2. Combo 8 3. Solo performing Combo začína od dua a siaha až po oktet. Jedna z najfrektovanejších a najpopulárnejsších disciplín je klavírne trio. Funkcia nástrojov v klavírnom triu : Slovami poľského saxofonistu Piotra Barona : “Fortepiano je hlava , kontrabas telo a bicie sú nohy”. Klavír ako najintelektualnejší hudobný nástroj ukrývajúci širokú škálu farieb, kontrastov, nálad zastáva v hudobnej histórií nenahraditeľné miesto. Svedčí o tom využitie tohto nástroj v tak širokom kontexte. Od solo recitálu až po klavírne koncerty s orchestrom. Na konci 19. Storočia vznikol v USA ragtime. Jednalo sa o novú hudobnú formu a taktiež nový spôsob hrania na klavír. Ľava ruka zastáva funkciu rytmu a harmónie, pravá ruka hrá melodiu. V spomínanom klavírnom spôsobe , ktorý preslávili velikáni ako Scott Joplin, Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe zvaný Jelly Roll Morton, Thomas “ Fats “ Waller či James P. Johnson preberá funkciu kontrabasu, bicích a trubky alebo klarinetu jediný nástroj - klavír. Ragtime sa neskôr vyvinul do ďalšieho klvírneho štýlu tzv. Stride Piano. Hlavnými predstaviteľmi boli Theodore “Teddy“ Wilson , Willie “Lion“ Smith či Donald Lambert. Je nutné podotknúť opäť veľký vplyv klasickej hudby. Znalosť klasických velikánov ako J.S. Bach, W.A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, F. Chopin ale i vtedy súčasných skladateľov ako C. Debussy, M. Ravel alebo I. Stravinskij vdychli klaviristom ako Earl “Fatha” Hines, Duke Ellington jarný vánok do ich kompozícií i spôsobu hry. Najvýraznejším predstaviteľom syntézy ranného jazzu a klasickej hudby bol geniálny klavírista Arthur “Art” Tatum, ktorého hra je opradená mnohými 9 legendami. Harmonický fond, melodika a virtuozita sa stala inšpiráciou pre všetkých jazzových hudobníkov. Umenie Arthura Tatuma bolo obdivované i umelcami klasickej hudby ako napr. Vladimír Horowitz, Leopold Godowski, Arthur Rubinstein , Sergei Rachmaninoff či David Oistrach. Klavírne osobnosti boli vždy silným článkom jazzovej histórie. Pôsobili v rôznych fuknkciách, či už ako sólisti, bandleadri či skladatelia. Význam klaviristu v klavírnom triu je rôznorodý. Jasnosť hudobného obrazu, inteligencia a kompozícia v širšom slova zmysle je závislá na vedomosti klavírnej osobnosti.
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