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The Production and Governance of Suburban 'Decline'

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The Production and Governance of Suburban 'Decline' On the Margins of Gentrification: The production and governance of suburban ‘decline’ in Toronto’s inner suburbs by Vanessa Marie Parlette A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography University of Toronto © Copyright by Vanessa Parlette, 2012 On the Margins of Gentrification: The production and governance of suburban ‘decline’ in Toronto’s inner suburbs Vanessa Parlette Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography University of Toronto 2012 Abstract In many North American cities, the last two decades have witnessed not only the large- scale return of investment priorities to central cities, but also a rise in the suburbanization of poverty. This dissertation examines the problem of ‘suburban decline’ by investigating how it is produced, its effects on sub/urban populations, and the responses that it generates. I interrogate the processes through which relations of political-economic and cultural dominance are obscured, enacted, and reproduced through the production of sub/urban investment and decline. In doing so, I identify the ongoing colonial practices, classism, and systemic racism that are embedded into the neoliberal state and through it, the production and management of marginalized spaces and populations. I trace the mechanisms and techniques through which this power is mobilized to control populations and contain dissent. Finally, I demonstrate, through moments of social struggle, that growing unrest and changing demographics related to ‘suburban decline’ represent crises to the dominant structures of power. In this three-paper dissertation I document processes of political-economic and racialized marginalization in Scarborough, an inner suburb of Toronto. My analysis centres around three key moments of major contestation that are also central to social and political change in this area ii of the city: a failed mobilization to save community space that had taken root in a local retail mall; the implementation of a motel shelter system; the roll-out of the priority neighbourhood strategy for social investment and community governance. Highlighting struggles over suburban space and belonging, I trace the growth and decline of Toronto’s postwar suburbs, through the lens of Southeast Scarborough. I probe the tensions arising from suburban decline by excavating responses from the state at multiple levels, popular media, social agencies, faith groups, and residents. More broadly these struggles inform key dynamics that are central to contemporary transformations in sub/urban socio-spatial relationships: the production of racialized space; the targeting of poor communities; and devolution of governance responsibilities through third- sector organizations. iii Acknowledgments This journey through Toronto’s inner suburbs by route of the downtown core has taken me along a series of busy arterials, cul-de-sacs, and difficult crossings; all this alongside vibrant communities, beautiful spaces, and gathering points. I first need to thank those who drove and inspired this work, and indeed made it possible. Scarborough residents and community organizers, who through their tireless efforts to re-narrate the stories that are told and the actions taken in their communities, are creating new spaces for envisioning a more just future. I am forever grateful to all of those who shared their time, knowledge, and practice with me over the years. Their passionate work continues to motivate my own. Despite this inspiration, I may not have made it through the phd process had it not been for my two incredible co-supervisors, Alan Walks and Deborah Cowen. Alan’s consistent support in navigating the doctoral complex has been instrumental to my completion. His timely provision of key feedback and vital resources has helped to allay anxieties while preparing me for the many proverbial hoops to jump through in pursuit of this degree. Deborah Cowen has been part of this project since before it began and has stuck with me every step of the way as a conspirator, instigator, resource, and a phenomenal source of support; this is a grand understatement as language fails to provide sufficient expression of my gratitude. I am in perpetual awe of Deb’s passion and dedication to scholarship and political intervention. Her uncanny ability to zone in on the crux of any argument has saved me from mediocre work on many occasions and has pushed and led me to new directions and insights that I may never have reached on my own. This co-supervisory team has greatly enhanced the intellectual rigour of my work while also creating a safe space to explore, get lost, and find new paths through research, praxis, and the academy. I am deeply appreciative of the long-term support from the rest of my supervisory committee. Kanishka Goonewardena has offered potent commentary, critique, and provocation along the way. Jason Hackworth has added fresh perspectives and detailed review of my work at key junctures in the doctoral process. I would also like to thank my External Examiner, Grace Edward Galabuzi for his sharp and thorough commentary on my dissertation, which has opened up new questions and possibilities. I am also grateful for the time and generosity extended by my Internal Examiners, John Hannigan and Katherine Rankin, who served up pertinent feedback and illuminating questions. I thank Ben Levin for chairing my final examination and to the whole iv group for the engaging conversation. The administration of all of this would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts of the wonderful staff in the Department of Geography and the School of Graduate Studies. Beyond my committee I have found intellectual inspiration and encouragement through long- term friend and confidante, Anne MacLennan as well as Patricia Mazepa at York University. Back at the University of Toronto, my education in teaching has been informed and motivated through Alana Boland, Lisa Freeman, and the students of JGI346, whose enthusiasm and lively conversations thrilled and taught me much. I’d like to add a special thanks to the old Planning Action crew, members of the Amazing Place, Project Random, and others who made it all possible. There are far too many contributors to name but I am especially lucky to have collaborated with all of these amazing people: Israt Ahmed, Nessa Babli, Deborah Cowen (again), Emily Eaton, Nadya Fahad, Anne Gloger, Danielle Goudreau, Dip Habib, Joy Kyereh-Addo, Heather McLean, Lori Metcalfe, Andrea Raymond, Amy Siciliano, Salem Sissay, Siva Sivananthan and Zeinel Wallace. I thank all of the members of CUPE 3902 and UTEAU for the camaraderie and solidarity. Similarly, the collective force of all of my colleagues in the geography department has created a truly remarkable community of peer collegiality that will be sorely missed. Friends, in and out of the academy, thank you for the diversions, delights, and reassurance; you are the bearers of balance and joy. I thank my siblings for the built in ‘support group’; I am so glad that biology brought us together, but you are family by choice. To my partner Alex, thank you for all of the love, silliness, and patience. Thank you for riding through this world with me. Finally, I am grateful for the financial support provided through the Social Science and Humanities Research Council, without which I would not have been able to undertake this research. v Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Paper Descriptions .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1 Paper 1 : What’s Academia Got to Do with It? Seeking community-driven social change through participatory action research .............................................. 6 1.1.2 Paper 2: On the Margins of Gentrification: The Production of Racialized Space in Suburban Scarborough’s Kingston Road Motels. .................................... 7 1.1.3 Paper 3: What’s the Priority? Toronto’s Targeted Social Investment and the Institutionalization of Community Organizing ....................................................... 8 1.2 Research Context .............................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 What is a suburb? .................................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 (Cautious) Approach ............................................................................................. 14 1.2.3 Places of Middle Class Myth ................................................................................ 16 1.2.4 Digging at the Mythical Roots .............................................................................. 17 1.2.5 Revisiting and Rethinking ....................................................................................
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