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Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC) : annotated and revised : Part 1 (of 2)

Dette materiale er lagret i henhold til aftale mellem DBC og udgiveren. www.dbc.dk e-mail: [email protected] c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 1 Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Annotated and revised. Part 1 (of 2).

JØRGEN HYLLEBERG

Steenstrupia Hylleberg. J. Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Annotated and revised. – Steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 2009. ISSN 0375-2909.

The Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen has a comprehensive collection of cardiids established over a period of more than 250 years. The oldest specimens from the first Royal Art Mu- seum can not be dated, but from 1763 (Forskål’s collection) and onwards dates are present, or a least a time interval can be deducted from the collector’s period of life or time of publication, e.g. Spengler, Schumacher, Moltke, Yoldi, and King Christian 8th. Dr. H. Beck served the King from 1829-1848 so his period of service can also be used to estimate dates. The most precise information is available from the period 1844-1878 when Mörch took care of the molluscs. He produced a series of detailed catalogues where he noted the collector, date and locality, and he marked the labels and specimens with numbers. His efforts were remarkable and a great help to present day students of the collection. Before 1863, the zoological collections in Denmark were located in a number of buildings. The situation changed when the royal collections and the university collections amalgamated by law in 1862. Construction of the museum began in 1864 and moving of the specimens took place in 1867. Official inauguration was in 1870. As a result, all specimens were now deposited in the Zoological Museum constructed in Krystalgade. During the following years, a large number of cardiids were added in the wake of fishery investigations and expeditions such as the Atlantide and the second Galathea Expeditions 1950-52, The collecting efforts by R.H. Parker and the worldwide expeditions by Dr. Th. Mortensen from 1900-1930 also resulted in a remarkable number of accessions. The Krystalgade museum functioned in 100 years until it was replaced by the present Zoological Museum in Universitetsparken. This happened in 1960 when a new museum law passed the Parliament. The research section of the museum opened 1963 and the exhibition was officially inaugurated in 1970. Labels produced during the long history of the cardiid collection carry many abbreviations of collectors, localities, references, and various notes. With few exceptions, the labels are handwritten and the language is Danish. Gothic style predominates on old labels. I have translated all texts into English and annexed explanations to an illustrated dictionary. The dictionary shows the meaning of the often-cryptic abbreviations. The dictionary also reviews the location and activity period of zoological collections in Copenhagen as well as records from old catalogues by Beck and Mörch. I have checked all identifications and added new information. Jacques Vidal from the Natural History Museum in Paris checked about 600 lots. I include about 3680 lots in the present catalogue. Species and genera are listed alphabetically within the family Cardiidae (39 genera). At the end of the catalogue I list all fossil cardiids present in the collection: “Cardium”, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Orthocardium, Papillicardium, Aviculariidae (one genus) and Conocardiidae (one genus).

Keywords: Cardiidae, history of the cardiid collection, Spengler, Beck, Mörch, King Christian 8th, review of collectors and museums, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.

Jørgen Hylleberg, fil. dr., prof. emer., research associate. Zoological Museum, University of Copenha- gen. Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]

Steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101. 2 j. h y l l e b e r g

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 2 Hemicardium ...... 218 Cardiids of the world ocean present at Keenaea ...... 218 the ZMUC ...... 4 Laevicardium ...... 219 Chronological overview of the museum Laevifulvia ...... 235 collections in Copenhagen ...... 6 Lophocardium ...... 235 Acknowledgements & Dedication ...... 10 Lunulicardia ...... 236 Higher classification, subfamilies ...... 11 Lyrocardium ...... 238 Checklist of extant species of Cardiidae ... 15 Microcardium ...... 239 Dictionary ...... 19 Microfragum ...... 242 The collection of cardiids at ZMUC ...... 103 Nemocardium ...... 242 Fossils cardiids ...... 317 Papillicardium ...... 244 References ...... 320 Papyridea ...... 246 Index to species in the catalogue ...... 322 Parvicardium ...... 249 Phlogocardium ...... 278 CARDIID GENERA Plagiocardium ...... 279 Acanthocardia ...... 104 Pratulum ...... 280 Acrosterigma ...... 126 Protocardia ...... 281 Afrocardium ...... 132 Serripes ...... 281 Americardia ...... 134 Trachycardium ...... 291 Bucardium ...... 138 Trigoniocardia ...... 299 Cardium ...... 139 Vasticardium ...... 301 Cerastobyssum ...... 142 Vepricardium ...... 311 Cerastoderma ...... 147 Ciliatocardium ...... 171 FOSSIL CARDIIDS Clinocardium ...... 182 Classified as Cardium“ ” ...... 317 Corculum ...... 183 Acanthocardia ...... 317 Ctenocardia ...... 187 Bucardium ...... 317 Dallocardia ...... 190 Cardium ...... 318 Dinocardium ...... 196 Cerastoderma ...... 318 Europicardium ...... 198 Habecardium ...... 318 Fragum ...... 200 Orthocardium ...... 318 Frigidocardium ...... 205 Papillicardium ...... 319 Fulvia ...... 206 Avicularium ...... 319 Goethemia ...... 217 Conocardium ...... 319

INTRODUCTION

My study of the collection of cardiids at the arising from this way of organising a collection Zoological Museum started in 1996. From the is that generic and subgeneric combinations beginning I knew that the collection was exten- have changed much over time and no single sive with thousands of cardiids stored in boxes curator can manage to shift specimens around in and tubes, but I had not realised how difficult it accordance with the changes (Hylleberg, 1994). would be to find a particular specimen among the In addition, the curators have faced problems as- large amount of specimens. The ZM specimens sociated with highly variable characters such as are roughly sorted into genera but a main problem size, shape, thickness of shells, and ornamenta- c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 3 tion. A given specimen may not fit into a given but geographical names and abbreviations usu- generic definition so the shells have been left ally appear with the original spelling maintained. without further identification. Abbreviations and some common Danish words The present curator of molluscs (Dr. Ole Ten- are explained in the dictionary. dal) is a specialist of another phylum but he was 1st dash: Deposition of the specimens. The requested by the museum to curate the molluscs cardiids of ZMUC are located in three different also because the ZM lacks scientific staff. For sections of the store room: many decades, various Danish governments have [SPECIAL DRY] is the special collection cut the funding thereby creating the situation of deposited in separate cabinets containing recog- today. In consequence, neither the ZM nor the nised type material, historical material from the universities in Denmark have been able to perma- Forskål expedition to the Red Sea and Yemen, nently hire scientists specialised in molluscs. The and material identified by Spengler (the Spengler result is that the people engaged in systematics collection), and specimens previously deposited and taxonomy of molluscs consist of amateurs, in the “Kunstkammer” = the Royal Museum. students, or retired people working as volunteers Some specimens (possibly type material) are also such as me (since 2005). Therefore, Dr. Ole stored in the special collection. Tendal was happy when I offered to improve the [DRY] is the general dry collection which situation by checking the specimens and putting includes specimens from all other sources. Of the findings into a catalogue. special interest are shells from the museum of the In 1999 I received help from the late cardiid Danish King Christian 8th. Such shells are marked researcher Jacques Vidal, who worked at the CVIII on the inside. Natural History Museum in Paris. He came to [WET] is the general wet collection contains Denmark for one week and we worked together all specimens preserved in alcohol, except the in my home with about 600 lots from the ZM. North Atlantic cardiids which are on other Later I continued alone and checked identifica- shelves. tion of species in the collection and I classified 2nd dash: Next follows detailed locality infor- previously unidentified species as shown in the mation according to the labels, sediment charac- present catalogue. teristics, and depth of sampling. The work was intensified in connection with 3rd dash: The time of sampling. If the year is my publication Lexical Approach to Cardiacea missing I have added “before” signifying the vols. 1–3 (2004). However, I have not been able minimum age according to the year the collec- to assign all specimens to species. Some species tor died. display extreme variation in shape, number of 4th dash: The collector, name of expedition/ ribs, and colours. Such specimens are conferred vessel, and station number. If unknown, I list to the genus or species they resemble most. A the original collection from where the specimen closer examination will probably reveal that came. some of these specimens only express geographi- 5th dash: Identification at ZM as it appears cal variation or modifications caused by environ- from a given label succeeded by other persons, mental factors, while other specimens may turn who have identified, or expressed their opinions out to be undescribed species. on the material. 6th dash: in the Remarks, I show information on number of specimens and their condition as Structure of the catalogue well as additional information, which appear on Each entry starts with the country or body of labels or specimens in the collection. I specify water where the specimens were collected. I have the author if I can identify the handwriting. I also used information on the labels when possible, but give other information, such as reference to ZM often the labels only specify the country, a bay, or museum catalogues. an island. In such cases, I have added the body of 7th dash: When I worked with the present water. – Separated by dashes (–) I quote informa- material I numbered specimens to facilitate work tion on labels, generally translated into English, with the material. I have written these numbers at 4 j. h y l l e b e r g the end of each entry (JH #), but the numbers are component. -pes is masculine < Latinized Greek; not part of the official museum record. The mu- pedis = foot. (Brown 1959). Cardia is feminine. < seum does not apply catalogue numbers, except Latinized Greek kardia = heart (Brown 1959). for some type specimens. ICZN 30.1.3 Greek word Latinized with change of ending, takes the gender normally ap- Authorship mentioned on labels propriate to the changed ending, e.g. Cardium; Please note that the following authors are un- -um is neuter. < Latinized Greek kardia = heart. available for the purpose of nomenclature: Ar- Cerastobyssum; -um is neuter. < Greek byssos genville, Bonanno, Chemnitz, Gronovius, Gualt- (feminine). < Latin byssus = thread. ieri, Lister, Martini & Chemnitz, Klein, Martyn, ICZN 30.1.4.4 A Latin word with changed Meuschen, Rumph, Seba, Spengler in Schröter, ending takes the gender appropriate to the new and Schröter. The authors are not binominal but ending, e.g. Papyridea -a is feminine. < Greek quoted on old cardiid labels. They are included papyros = paper. < Latin idus = having the nature here for historical reasons. of. Pratulum: -um is neuter < Latin pratulum = diminutive of lawn. Gender of names formed from Greek or Latin ICZN 30.2.4. Gender of names formed from words that are neither Latin nor Greek. Goe It is not always simple to know the correct ending themia: Latinized name honouring Dr. van of specific names because knowledge of Greek Goethem (male) but the author treated the gender and Latin lack in the education of present day as feminine. Keenaea: Latinized name in honour students of natural sciences, including myself. of Dr Keen (female). The gender is feminine. Labels at the ZMUC show that the gender and ending may have changed 3 times over time in the same species, e.g. Aphrodite groenlandica, Cardium groenlandicum, and Serripes groen- CARDIIDS OF THE WORLD OCEAN landicus. The International Code of Zoological PRESENT AT THE ZMUC Nomenclature (ICZN) has a number of guide- lines specified in Article 30 to assist biologist The World Ocean is the interconnected system in coining the right gender. The sex of gender is of earth’s oceanic waters. There is pronounced necessary in order to give the correct ending to interchange among its parts, and each Ocean the species name, e.g. Cardium australe because encompasses many interconnected seas and bays. Cardium is neuter. When Cardium australe is For the purpose of the present catalogue I distin- moved to the genus Fulvia, the specific name guish between three principal oceanic areas: the must be changed to australis because Fulvia is Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific feminine. Ocean. Excluded here are the independent Arctic ICZN 30.1.1 The gender is given by the final Ocean around the North Pole (listed under the component, in the case of a noun, the gender of Atlantic Ocean) and the Southern Ocean around that noun. Greek words ending in -a are most the South Pole (no cardiids are recorded from likely feminine (Nybakken, 1959) but they are this area). neuter if the ending is -ma e.g., Acrosterigma The Equator subdivides the oceans into north- and Cerastoderma. Stigma is neuter < Greek = ern and southern parts. The landmasses of the pillar, support. Derma is neuter < reek derma = surrounding continents subdivide the oceans into skin. (Brown 1959). A Latin word ending in -a western and eastern parts. is feminine, -um is neuter, and -us is masculine. Basically, the ZMUC cardiids are listed ac- E.g., Corculum is neuter. < Latin = small heart cording to countries bordering the oceans, but and Fragum is neuter. < Latin = Strawberry. it is not possible to go fully through with this ICZN, 30.1.2 Greek words transliterated into concept because the old labels usually lack suf- Latin without other changes take the gender ficient information. Samples from Mexico and given for that word in standard Greek dictionar- Panama, for example, may originate from coast- ies, e.g. Serripes. The gender is given by the final lines facing the western Atlantic or the eastern c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 5

Pacific. Records from such countries are marked NE Atlantic, North Sea & Baltic Sea, Europe. ”pooled”. Similarly, some countries are located Pooled. – Ghana (5) NE Atlantic, West Africa. both north and south of Equator, e.g. Indonesia. – Gold Coast (15) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – A simple classification is further complicated by Gran Canaria (1) NE Atlantic islands. – Greece the fact that Indonesia encompasses islands in (7) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean. – Greenland both the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. Records (180) North Atlantic island. – Guinea (38) NE from such countries are also marked ”pooled”. Atlantic, West Africa. – Haiti (2) NW Atlantic, Geographical areas (seas, countries, islands) Caribbean Sea. – Iceland (303) North Atlantic are listed in alphabetical order for each of the island. – Ireland (2) North Atlantic – Israel (10) three oceans. Records per area are enclosed in NE Atlantic, Eastern Mediterranean & Red Sea. brackets. The counts represent information on Pooled. – Italy (55) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean labels rather than strict national affiliations. & Adriatic. – Ivory Coast (1) NE Atlantic, West Fossil specimens of the collection and records Africa. – Jamaica (1) SW Atlantic, Caribbean without locality (sine loc.) are put together in the Sea. – Jan Mayen (7) North Atlantic island. – last paragraph. Latvia (1) NE Atlantic, the Baltic Sea. – Leba- non (1) NE Atlantic, E Mediterranean. – Liberia (10) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Madeira (5) ATLANTIC OCEAN NE Atlantic islands. – Mediterranean (33) NE Adriatic Sea (4) Central Mediterranean, without Atlantic, without specification. – Mexico (183) specification. – Algeria (7) North Africa, West- NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America. ern Mediterranean. – Angola (8) SE Atlantic, Pooled. – Morocco (5) NE Atlantic, North Af- West Africa. – Antilles (168) NW Atlantic & the rica & Mediterranean. Pooled. – Nicaragua (4) Caribbean Sea. Pooled. – Atlantic Ocean (19) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America. without specification. – Azores (3) NE Atlantic Pooled. – Nigeria (5) NE Atlantic, West Africa. islands. – Balearic Islands (1) NE Atlantic, – Norway (43) NE Atlantic. – Panama (45) NW Western Mediterranean. – Barbados (1) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America. Pooled. Atlantic island, West Indies. – Bermuda (3) – Poland (1) NE Atlantic, the Baltic Sea. – Por- NW Atlantic island. – Brazil (14) SW Atlantic, tugal (9) NE Atlantic. – Puerto Rico (1) NW South America. – Cameroon (2) NE Atlantic, Atlantic, Central American island. – Rhodes (2) West Africa. – Canada NW Atlantic & NE NE Atlantic, Mediterranean island. – Romania Pacific. See under the Pacific Ocean. – Canary (6) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – Russia (10) NE Islands (7) NE Atlantic – Cape Verde (10) NE Atlantic-NW Pacific, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, Atlantic islands. – Central America (1) NW Kara Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, Caspian Sea. Pooled. Atlantic & NE Pacific, Pooled. – Colombia (7) – Salvador (1) SW Atlantic, Brazil, Bahia, South NW Atlantic (Caribbean) & NE Pacific, South America. – Sardinia (11) NE Atlantic, Mediter- America. Pooled. – Congo (5) SE Atlantic, West ranean island. – Senegal (3) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Corsica (11) NE Atlantic, Western Africa. – Sierra Leone (4) NE Atlantic, West Mediterranean, island. – Croatia (1) Adriatic Africa. – South Africa (5) SE Atlantic, SW Sea, Europe. – Cuba (3) NW Atlantic, Carib- Indian Ocean. Pooled. – Spain (3) NE Atlantic, bean Sea. – Denmark (899) NE Atlantic, North Mediterranean. Europe. Pooled. – Spitsbergen Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, many fjords and belts, (5) North Atlantic island. – St. Helena (11) SE Øresund, & the Baltic, Europe. Pooled. – Egypt Atlantic island. – Sweden (28) NE Atlantic, Kat- (9) North Africa, Eastern Mediterranean & tegat, Baltic. Pooled. – Tunisia (15) NE Atlantic, Red Sea. Pooled. – Faroe Islands (128) North Mediterranean, North Africa. Pooled. – Turkey Atlantic. – Finland (11) The Baltic Sea. Åland (1) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – UK/England (10) Islands, Europe. – France (19) NE Atlantic and NE Atlantic, the Channel, North Sea. Pooled. Mediterranean, Europe. Pooled. – French Eq. – Ukraine (5) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – USA Africa (3) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Guinea (66) NW Atlantic, Mexican Gulf & NE Pacific. (17) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Gambia (17) Pooled. – Venezuela (11) NW Atlantic, South NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Germany (17) America. – Vera Cruz (2) NW Atlantic, coast 6 j. h y l l e b e r g state in East Mexico, Central America. – West (5) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Bangla- Africa (3) NE Atlantic, without specification. – desh (2) Northern Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal. West Indies (1) NW Atlantic, without specifica- – East Indies (12), see also under Indian Ocean tion, see also under Antilles. without specifications. –French Somaliland (1) NW Indian Ocean, E Africa. – India (28) North- ern Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea. PACIFIC OCEAN Pooled. – Indian Ocean (10) without specifica- Annaa Island (1) NE Pacific. – Australia (43) tions. – Indonesia (105) Indo-Pacific, Strait of Indo-Pacific, Torres Strait, Arafura Sea, Coral Malacca, South China Sea (Malaya Sea), Celebes Sea, Tasmanian Sea. Pooled. – Bismarck Islands Sea, Molucca Sea, Banda Sea, Flores Sea, Timor (3) SW Pacific. –Canada (17) NE Pacific & NW Sea, Macassar Strait, Java Sea. Pooled. – Iran Atlantic. Pooled. – Caroline Islands (1) NW (16) NW Indian Ocean, Caspian Sea, Persian Pacific. – China (14) NW Pacific, South China Gulf, Gulf of Oman. Pooled. – Kenya (6) SW Sea. – Colombia see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Indian Ocean, Mombasa, East Africa. – Kuwait Coral Sea (5) SW Pacific, not specified. Easter– (2) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Madagas- Island (3) SE Pacific. – Fiji Islands (21) SW car (1) SW Indian Ocean island. – Malaysia (5) Pacific. – Hawaii (5) NE Pacific. – Hong Kong Indo-Pacific, Malacca Strait, Gulf of Thailand, (1) NW Pacific, South China Sea. – Indonesia South China Sea. Pooled. – Mauritius (8) SW see under the Indian Ocean. – Japan (16) NW Indian Ocean island. – Mozambique (10) SW Pacific, Japan Sea. –Lord Hood’s Island (5) NE Indian Ocean, E Africa. – Nicobar Islands (13) Pacific. – Mexico See under the Atlantic Ocean. NE Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea. – Pakistan (4) – Malaysia see under the Indian Ocean. – Mar- Northern Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea. – Qatar (6) shall Islands (1) NW Pacific. –Mellish Reef (1) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Red Sea (10) SW Pacific. – New Brittany (1) SW Pacific. – NW Indian Ocean, no specifications. – Saudi New Caledonia (2) SW Pacific. –New Zealand Arabia (7) NW Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Arabian (31) SW Pacific, Tasmanian Sea. – Nicaragua Sea, Persian Gulf. – Singapore (28) Indo-Pacific, see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Pacific Ocean Strait of Malacca, South China Sea. Pooled. – Sri (1) without specifications. – Panama see under Lanka (8) formerly Ceylon, NE Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean. – Papua (6) previously New Bay of Bengal. – Thailand (155) Indo-Pacific, Guinea, SW Pacific, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Thailand. Pooled. – Zan- Solomon Sea. – Philippines (56) NW Pacific, zibar (4) SW Indian Ocean island. East Africa. Celebes Sea, Sulu Sea, Java Sea. – Russia see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Samarai Island (9) WITHOUT LOCALITY (sine loc.) & FOSSILS SW Pacific, China Strait, Coral Sea. –Singapore see under the Indian Ocean. – Solomon Islands Fossils (21) Belgium, England, France, Russia, (4) SW Pacific, Solomon Sea. – South Africa Italy, sine loc. – sine loc. (356) Localities are not see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Tahiti (2) SW specific or labels are missing. However, labels Pacific island. –Taiwan (1) previously Formosa, may have been misplaced and turn up later in NW Pacific, South China Sea, East China Sea. – other cabinets. Alternatively they are perma- Thailand see under the Indian Ocean. – Tonga nently gone. Islands (4) SW Pacific. –USA see under the At- lantic Ocean. – Vietnam (6) NW Pacific, South China Sea. CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS IN INDIAN OCEAN COPENHAGEN Andaman Islands (13) NE Indian Ocean, Anda- The purpose of this overview is to introduce the man Sea. – Arafura Sea (18) SE Indian Ocean. – reader to the chronology of old labels. There may Australia see under the Pacific Ocean. –Bahrain be up to six labels in one box covering centuries c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 7 of time. The labels may carry names of the collec- 1821 The Museum closed. The zoological col- tor or the curator, but no mention of years, which lections were transferred to KM. are important since classification has changed 1657–1728 much over time. Some cardiids at the ZMUC are The First Cabinet of Natural History very old (more than 250 years), but unfortunately 1657–1728 “Universitetets 1. Naturalkammer”. many original labels have been lost because of 1770–1789 *Brünnich, M.T. Prof. Manager. war, and/or fire, or transfer from one collection 1728 The First Cabinet burned down. to another. For example, there are no original labels attached with the specimens collected by 1740–1770 Forskål in the Red Sea 1763. In this connection, The Second Cabinet of Natural History the catalogues by Beck and Mörch have been use- 1740–1770 “Universitetets 2. Naturalkammer”. ful in tracing the origin. Special credit must go to 1770 Collections had fallen into decay and were Mörch’s careful marking of individual specimens lost. and labels, among others the specimens, which 1759–1772 were unpacked after storage for longer periods The Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet because of fire or war damage. Mörch’s markings 1759–1772 “Natural- og Husholdnings-Cabi are very reliable. nettet” in Charlottenborg, Kgs. Nytorv. Furthermore, markings inside the shells may 1759–1772 Ascanius, P. Professor give reference to the original depository or col- 1772 The collections were transferred to the New lector. Such information is helpful in estimat- Natural History Theater. ing the year when the specimen was acquired. Usually the information is abbreviated and may 1770–1810 appear cryptic to persons unfamiliar with the The New Natural History Theater complicated history of the collections. I have 1770–1810 “Universitetets Nye Natural Theater” therefore compiled a dictionary elaborating on in building of Kommunitetet, Nørregade 10. those terms. 1770–1789 *Brünnich, M. T. Prof. Manager. In this chronology I have identified persons 1772 The museum received all specimens from who have contributed to the cardiid collection the Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet. at ZMUC in various ways (they are marked 1795–1810 *Wad, Gregers Prof. Manager. with an asterisk*). However, more persons than 1807–1810 Collections stored at Nørregade 10, those I have listed may be identified in the future following a major fire in 1807. so the chronology also encompasses potential 1810 *Moltke, J.G. bought the collection. contributors (persons who submitted specimens, 1789–1805 identified, labeled, etc.). Natural History Association Museum 1789 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian established 1623–1654 “Naturhistorie-Selskabet” in Prinsens Palæ. Museum Wormianum 1789–1805 *Vahl, Martin. Prof. Manager. 1654 Professor Ole Worm passed away. The col- 1805 Collections were transferred to KM. lection (Fig.1) was transferred to The Royal 1810-1864 Art Museum (Kunstkammeret). The academic museum (Mus. acad.) 1650–1821 1810 *Moltke donated a new Zoological Mu- Kunstkammeret = Museum Regium seum to the University (“Det�� grevelige Molt- 1650–1680 The Royal Art Museum was housed ke’ske Universitetet tilhørende Zoologisk in the first Christiansborg castle. Museum” or the Academic Museum). It was 1680–1821 The Royal Art Museum had address located at Nørregade 10 (1810–1832), at St. in the library building of the university. Kannikestræde 34 (1832–1838), and again at 1775–1801 *Lorenz Spengler. Curator. Nørregade 10 (1838–1864) 1807 Lorenz Spengler passed away. 1810–1813 Rathke, Jens. Professor, manager. 8 j. h y l l e b e r g

Fig. 1. Copper showing Ole Worm's Museum in 1655. Modified after fig. 1 in Wolff 1999.

1813–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Prof. Manager. 1801–1808 Rafn, C. G. 1831–1846 *Beck, Henrik. Dr. Assistant. 1802–1838 Hauch, A. W. 1845–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. zool. 1848 *King Christian VIII died and part of his 1804–1821 large collection at the Amalienborg Castle was The Royal Natural History Museum transferred to the University Museum. “Det kongelige Museum (KM)” was located in 1851–1864 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Assistant. two places: The Spengler coll. in Rosenborg 1852–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. Castle (1804–1821) and other specimens at 1852–1864 *Mörch, O. A. L. Assistant. Østergade (1805–1821). 1804 Spengler’s shell collection was acquired. 1796–1804 1804–1821 *Wad, Gregers. Prof. Inspector. The Royal Commission active 1805–1805 Holten, H. S. Inspector. 1796–1814 Frederik Christian of Augustenborg. 1806–1821 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector. Establishment & management of the royal 1808–1851 Lehmann, M. C. G. manag. of KM. museum (KM). 1814–1838 Hauch, A. W. Chief of KM manag. 1796–1827 *Reventlow, C. D. 1821 The two KM collections in Rosenborg and 1796–1829 Schimmelmann, E. Østergade were transferred to the new Royal 1796–1801 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian. Natural History Museum in Stormgade. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 9

1821–1864 adopted in 1862. Construction began in 1864. The new Royal Natural History Museum Moving in started in 1867. Official inaugura- 1821–1829 *Wad, Gregers. Inspector. tion in 1870. 1821–1839 Wøldike, P. Museum conservator. 1864 2nd department established, which included 1821–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector. Mollusca. 1829–1832 *Wad, Gregers. Management. 1864–1869 *Krøyer, Henrik. Dr. Manager. 1829–1847 *Vargas de Bedemar, E. Manage- 1864–1878 *Mørch, O. A. L. Dr. Assistant. ment. 1864–1882 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Inspector. 1829–1848 Thonning, P. Management of KM. 1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. 1829–1848 *Beck, H. (zoology). Inspector. 1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator. 1829–1852 *Pingel, C. (mineralogy). Assist. 1882–1885 *Boas, J. E. V. Dr. inspector. 1838–1843 Møsting, J. Sv. Management. 1885–1914 *Levinsen, G. M. R. Cand. mag. 1839–1846 Place, J. Museum conservator. 1889–1891 Gundel, E. V. Museum conservator. 1842–1848 *Krøyer, Henrik. Inspector (4th in- 1889–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand mag. Assist. spectorate, which included Mollusca). 1891–1914 *Fagerstrøm. Museum conservator. 1846–1864 Scheel, C. F. Museum conservator. 1892–1914 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Assist. 1848 King *Christian CVIII died. His private 1904–1910 *Lundbech, W. Mag. scient. Assist. collections transferred to KM. 1908–1917 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Assistant. 1848–1864 *Reinhardt, Joh. T. Inspector. 1910–1934 *Ditlevsen, Hj. Mag. scient. Assist. 1848–1864 *Forchhammer, J. G. Management. 1915–1917 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Manag. 1848–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Management. 1914–1931 Olesen, Anker. Mus. conservator. 1852–1859 *Olufsen, L. H. Inspector. 1915–1933 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Assistant. 1917–1933 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Manager. 1833–1847 1918–1920 Bovien, P. L. Mag. scient. Assist. The Danish Society of Natural History 1918–1937 *Spärck, R. Dr. Assistant. During the short history of the Museum “Naturhis- 1921–1932 Lieberkind, I. Mag. scient. Assist. torisk Forenings Museum” it was located at Ny 1923–1964 Wesenberg-Lund, Elise. Mag. sci. Kongensgade 1, Wedells Palæ. (1833–1835 ) and 1931–1933 Heding, S. G. Mus. conservator. Kongens Nytorv, Thotts Palæ (1835–1847) 1933–1938 Fasmer, H. Museum conservator. 1833–1840 *Eschricht, D. F. Director. 1933–1962 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Manager. 1835–1836 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director. 1933 Heding, S. G. Assistant. 1836–1839 *Westermann, B. W. Director. 1934 *Thorson, G. Dr. became Assistant. 1840–1841 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director. 1938 *Bruun, A. F. Dr. became Assistant. 1841–1842 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Director. 1938 Christensen, P. became Mus. conservator. 1842–1847 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director. 1941–1962 *Knudsen, Jørgen. Dr. phil. Cur. 1847 The Museum closed and collections were 1961–1962 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner. sold at a public sale. 1841–1864 1864–1961 Museum for physiology and comparative anat- Study collection of the University (“Studiesam- omy lingen”) at Nørregade 10. 1841 “Det zootomisk-physiologiske Mus.” 1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag. 1841–1864 *Eschricht, D. F. Prof. & Manager. 1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator. 1864 Eschricht died. The museum closed. 1866–1874 *Winther, Georg. Dr. Assistant. 1874–1899 *Jungersen, H. F. E. Dr. Assistant. 1862–1962 1878–1882 *Trausted, M. Cand. mag. Assist. Zoological Museum of the University. 1882–1886 *Petersen, C. G. Joh. Cand. mag. 1862–1870 The museum, in Danish called 1885–1899 *Lütken, Chr. Manager, professor. “Universitetets Zoologiske Museum i Krys- 1885–1921 Hamburger, V. C. Museum conserv. talgade” was established by law, which was 1886–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand. mag. Assist. 10 j. h y l l e b e r g

1892–1910 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Assist. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1899–1904 Lundbeck, W. Cand. mag. Assist. 1899–1917 *Jungersen, H. F. E. Prof. Manager. I wish to thank the staff at the Zoological Museum 1903–1914 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Assistant. for friendship and much help over the years. I am 1914–1937 *Ditlevsen, Hj. Mag. scient. Assist. grateful to Dr Danny Eibye-Jacobsen for good 1916–1917 Ellinger, Tage. Mag. scient. Assist. working facilities. I am particularly indebted to 1917–1923 *Steenberg, C. M. Mag. scient. As- former curator of molluscs Dr G. Høpner Pe- sist. tersen for discussions and loan of photographs 1917–1936 *Jensen, Ad. S. Prof. Manager. and literature. Former curator of molluscs Dr 1921 Nielsen, K. became Museum conservator. Jørgen Knudsen helped with literature and good 1923–1937 Lieberkind, I. Dr. Assistant. discussions. I am also grateful to the present 1936–1937 *Steenberg, C. M. Prof. Manager. curator of molluscs Dr Ole Tendal for encour- 1937–1960 *Spärck, R. Prof. Manager. agement. I received help throughout from the 1937–1960 Volsøe, H. Dr. Assistant. assistant curators Mr Tom Schiøtte and Ms Annie Vedelsby who helped to locate the specimens. 1963–present Annie Vedelsby has been a great help regarding A second museum law passed Parliament in 1960 interpretation of the old labels and identification for the construction of the present Zoological of the authors of labels. I have benefitted from Museum of the University of Copenhagen, ab- discussions with Dr Kathe R. Jensen and Dr breviated ZMUC (Zoologisk Museum, Køben- Claus Nielsen. Dr Torben Wolff has provided me havns Universitet). The research section of the with reprints of his many papers on the history of museum opened 1963. The exhibition was of- the University of Copenhagen and the zoological ficially inaugurated in 1970. The new address is collections in Copenhagen. Finally my sincere Universitetsparken 15 (The University Park). thanks are due to my wife Karen for accepting the 1960–1966 *Spärck, R. Dr. phil. Prof. Man- many hours spent with old shells instead of her. ager. I am grateful to the Biological Institute, Dept. of 1960–1968 Volsøe, H. Dr. phil. Director. Marine Ecology of the University of Aarhus for 1963–2000 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner. Dr. general support over the years before my retire- 1963–1974 *Lemche, Henning. Dr. phil. Cur. ment from the University in 2005. In Aarhus, I 1963–1988 *Knudsen, Jørgen. Dr. phil. Cur. have benefited much from discussions with Dr 1963 *Wolff, Torben. Dr. phil. Curator. Tomas Cedhagen. 1969–1988 *Rasmussen, Erik. Dr. phil. Cur. ass. 1964 *Vedelsby, A. Curator ass. DEDICATION 1977 *Schiødte, Tom. Curator ass. 1983 *Nielsen, Claus. Dr. phil. I dedicate the present work to my colleagues 1968–1996 *Muus, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor. and good friends Jørgen Knudsen at ZMUC, Copenhagen, and Jacques Vidal at MNHN, Paris. 1961 We will remember their fine contributions to the 1960–1961 The second museum law passed in Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) 1960 included the Study Collection (Stud- in Southeast Asia. They worked tirelessly in iesamlingen) of the University. In 1961 the the field and the laboratory, sharing their great Study Collection moved to a wing of ZM at knowledge and experience with everybody. Universitetsparken. Sadly, Jacques Vidal passed away in September 1961–1966 *Spärck, Ragnar. Dr. phil. Prof. of 2006. 1967 Christensen, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 11

HIGHER CLASSIFICATION, SUBFAMILIES

Less than a century ago nearly all cardiids were them in same group (Table 1). Obviously more placed in the genus Cardium Linnaeus, 1758. work has to be carried out with respect to higher However, subgenera were often used to indicate classification of cardiids. relationships of species within the genus but Based on the anatomical structure of siphons many malacologists found this system less attrac- two major types can be identified within the tive. As a result, the subgenera were upgraded to family Cardiidae. In one type the edges of the genera (Hylleberg 1994). The Russian research- two siphons are bridged, creating a mantle with ers Kafanov & Popov (1977) and Popov (1977) 3 apertures: one for the exhalant siphon, one for classified the proliferating number of genera into the inhalant siphon, and one larger opening for subfamilies. Their classifications were based on extension of the foot. In the other type the exhal- structure and arrangement of lamella forming the ant siphon is a tube but the inhalant siphon has shell. The American paleontologist Myra Keen overlapping left and right edges kept together in (1980) presented a somewhat alternative clas- the live animal but detached in the dead animal sification of subfamilies based on external shell thereby creating a mantle with 2 apertures: one characters. Keen’s system was taken further by for the exhalant siphon, and a larger opening for Schneider (1992, 1997, 1998) who used cladis- the inhalant siphon and the foot. In the live ani- tics to group the genera. It should be noted that all mal, the siphon edges stick together in a zipper- four authors have a background in paleontology, like fashion i.e. they function as a tube. i.e. they used shell characters for their classifica- The ZMUC collection contains 26 genera of tion. In contrast the French malacologist Jacques the type with 3 openings, and 12 genera of the Vidal (2001) analysed the genera based on soft type with two openings. Genera with 3 open- bodies of extant species. He used the classical ings are: Acanthocardia, Acrosterigma, Afro- observations of number of siphonal openings and cardium, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, presence of eyes on tentacles (Pelseneer, 1911) Ciliatocardium, Clinocardium, Dallocardia, combined with the arrangement of tentacles on Dinocardium, Europicardium, Frigidocardium, the siphons. Based on these characters, he placed Fulvia, Laevicardium, Laevifulvia, Lophocar- the cardiid genera in 3 groups instead of subfami- dium, Lyrocardium, Microcardium, Nemocar- lies (Table 1). dium, Phlogocardium, Plagiocardium, Pratu- Luckily the two approaches of shell characters lum, Serripes, Trachycardium, Vasticardium, and soft bodies are in agreement in most cases but and Vepricardium. Genera with 2 openings noteworthy disagreements are found. Schneider are: Americardia, Cerastobyssum, Corculum, (op. cit) placed the genus Fulvia in the subfam- Ctenocardia, Fragum, Hemicardium, Lunulicar- ily Laevicardiinae (with smooth shells) and he dia, Microfragum, Papillicardium, Papyridea, placed the genus Vepricardium in the subfam- Parvicardium, and Trigoniocardia. However, in ily Cardiinae (with distinct ribs). Vidal (op. cit) the present catalogue I have listed all genera and found that these two genera should be closely species within the genera in alphabetical order as related based on siphons with eyes and placed shown in the Table of Contents. 12 j. h y l l e b e r g

Table 1. Family Cardiidae. Genera and subgenera (within brackets) placed in subfamilies by Kafanov & Popov (1978), Popov (1977), Keen (1980), and Schneider (1992, 1995, 1997, 1998a,b). Subfamilies of these authors are based on shell morphology and shell structure. In comparison, Vidal (2001) did not apply subfamilies but divided 26 genera into 3 groups based on number of siphons, arrangement of tentacles, and presence of eyes on tentacles. (Bar = not placed in the subfamily by the author). The subfamilies are CARDIINAE, TRACHYCARDIINAE, PROTOCARDIINAE, LAEVICARDIINAE, FRAGINAE, CLINOCARDIINAE, HEMIDONACINAE, and LYMNOCARDIINAE. I also include genera without subfamiliar assignment by Schneider (1998b).

Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal

Subfamily CARDIINAE Lamarck, 1809 GROUP 1 Cardium Cardium Cardium Cardium Cardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium Vepricardium (Vepricardium) Vepricardium Vepricardium – Vasticardium (Vasticardium) – Vasticardium – Dinocardium Dinocardium – Dinocardium – Trachycardium Trachycardium – Trachycardium – Acrosterigma Acrosterigma – Acrosterigma – Fulvia Fulvia – – – Europicardium (Europicardium) Europicardium – – – – Acanthocardia Acanthocardia Acanthocardia – – Rudicardium Rudicardium – – – Orthocardium Orthocardium – – Serripes – – Serripes Phlogocardia Phlogocardia – – – Laevicardium Laevicardium – – – Papyridea Papyridea – – – Mexicardia Mexicardia – – – Dallocardia (Dallocardia) – – – – (Nemocardium) – – – – Clinocardium – – Clinocardium – (Habecardium) – – – – Pratulum – – – – Discors – – – – Lophocardium – – – – – Parvicardium – – – – Papillicardium – – – – Maoricardium – – – – Plagiocardium – – – – Loxocardium – – – – – – Cerastoderma

Subfamily TRACHYCARDIINAE Stewart, 1930 GROUP 2 – – Trachycardium – Trachycardium – – Vasticardium – Vasticardium – – Acrosterigma – Acrosterigma – – Phlogocardia – – c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 13

Table 1, cont. Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal

– – Mexicardia – – – – Dallocardia – – – – Papyridea – – – – – – Vepricardium – – – – Goethemia – – – – Plagiocardium – – – – Afrocardium

Subfamily PROTOCARDIINAE Keen, 1951 Nemocardium Nemocardium Nemocardium – Nemocardium Protocardia – Protocardia Protocardia – Pratulum Pratulum Pratulum – – Lophocardium Lophocardium Lophocardium – – – Discors Discors – – Lyrocardium – Lyrocardium – Lyrocardium Keenaea – Keenaea – – Microcardium – Microcardium – – Frigidocardium – Frigidocardium – Frigidocardium Habecardium – Habecardium – –

Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Keen, 1936 – – Laevicardium Laevicardium Laevicardium – – Fulvia Fulvia Fulvia – – – Discors – – – – Nemocardium – – – – Habecardium – – – – Lophocardium – – – – Lyrocardium – – – – Pratulum – – – – Keenaea – – – – Microcardium – – – – Frigidocardium – – – Dinocardium – – – – Cerastoderma – – – – Clinocardium – – – – Ciliatocardium – – – – Keenocardium – – – – Serripes – –

Subfamily FRAGININAE Stewart, 1930 GROUP 3 Fragum Fragum Fragum Fragum Fragum Ctenocardia Ctenocardia Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) Ctenocardia 14 j. h y l l e b e r g

Table 1, cont.

Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal

Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Corculum Corculum Corculum Corculum Corculum Lunulicardia (Lunulicardia) Lunulicardia Lunulicardia Lunulicardia Parvicardium Parvicardium – Parvicardium Parvicardium Americardia (Americardia) – (Americardia) – Acanthocardia Acanthocardia – – – Plagiocardium Plagiocardium – Plagiocardium – Maoricardium Maoricardium – – – Papillicardium – – Papillicardium – – – – (Cerastobyssum) – – – Microfragum (Microfragum) – – – – – Hemicardium – – – – Papyridea Rudicardium – – – – Loxocardium Loxocardium – Loxocardium – Afrocardium – – – – Orthocardium Orthocardium – Orthocardium – Microfragum – – – – – – Afrocardium – –

Subfamily CLINOCARDIINAE Kafanov 1975 Clinocardium – – Clinocardium – Keenocardium – – Keenocardium – Ciliatocardium – – Ciliatocardium – Serripes – – Serripes – Yagudinella – – Yagudinella –

Subfamily HEMIDONACINAE Iredale & McMichael, 1962 – – Hemidonax – –

Subfamily LYMNOCARDIINAE Stoliczka, 1871 Cerastoderma Cerastoderma Cerastoderma

Without subfamilial assignment by Schneider (1998b) Plagiocardium Maoricardium Geothemia c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 15

Checklist of extant species of Cardiidae

Genera and species in alphabetical order. Aster- Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931 isks mark taxa present at the ZMUC. Bold-faced A. carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845) * species are types of specified genera. A. crenelloides Melvill, 1909 A. ebaranum (Yokohama, 1927) Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 A. exochum (Melvill in M. & Standen, 1906) * A. aculeata (Linné, 1758) * A. infantile (Nomura & Zimbo, 1934) A. deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826) * A. levisculatum (Smith, 1903) A. echinata (Linné, 1758) * A. richardi (Audouin, 1827) * A. erinacea (Lamarck, 1819) * A. shepstonense (Tomlin, 1931) A. milaschewitchi Kafanov, 1980 * A. skeeti (Hedley, 1906) A. mucronata (Poli, 1791)* A. paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834) * Americardia Stewart, 1930 A. tuberculata (Linné, 1758) * A. biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * A. guanacastensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1947) * Acrosterigma Dall, 1900 A. media (Linné, 1758) * A. amirante Vidal 1999 A. nodulosa (Spengler, 1799) * A. attenuatum (Sowerby, 1840) * A. speciosa (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * A. beauforti (Prashad, 1932) * A. biradiatum (Bruguière, 1789) * Bucardium Gray, 1853 A. burchardi (Dunker, 1877) * B. ringens (Bruguière, 1789) * A. capricorne Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 A. cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855) Cardium Linnaeus, 1758 A. dalli (Heilprin, 1887). Fossil. A. dampierense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977 C. costatum Linné, 1758* A. dianthinum (Melvill & Standen, 1899) C. hians Brocchi, 1814. * A. discus Vidal, 1999* C. indicum Lamarck, 1819* A. foveolatum (Sowerby, 1840) A. fucatum (Spengler, 1799) * Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 A. hobbsae Vidal, 1999 C. hauniense (Petersen & Russel, 1971) * A. hornelli (Tomlin, 1928) A. impolitum (Sowerby, 1834) * Cerastoderma Poli, 1791 A. maculosum (Wood, 1815) * C. edule (Linné, 1758) * A. marielae (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977) C. eichwaldi (Reeve, 1845) A. mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855) C. glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) * A. nebulosum (Reeve, 1845) C. isthmicum (Issel, 1869) A. oxygonum (Sowerby, 1834) * C. mareoticum (Pallary, 1912) A. pristipleurum (Dall, 1901) C. pulchrum Hinds, to be revised A. profundum Vidal, 1999 A. rosemariense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977 Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974 A. simplex (Spengler, 1799) * A. suduirauti Vidal & ter Poorten, 2007 C. ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) * A. suluanum Vidal, 1999* A. transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899) * Clinocardium Keen, 1936 A. unicolor (Sowerby, 1834) * C. blandum (Gould, 1850) A. variegatum (Sowerby, 1840) * C. buelowi (Rolle, 1896) A. vlamingi (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977) C. californiense (Deshayes, 1839)* 16 j. h y l l e b e r g

C. nuttallii (Conrad, 1837) * F. scruposum (Deshayes, 1855) * C. pseudofossile (Reeve 1844) * F. simillimum (Smith, 1896) F. unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) * Corculum Röding in Bolten, 1798 F. whitleyi Iredale, 1929 * C. aequale (Deshayes, 1854) C. cardissa (Linné, 1758) * Frigidocardium Habe, 1951 C. dionaeum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * F. centumliratum (Melvill, 1906) * C. inexpectatum Crozier, 1966 F. eos Kuroda, 1929 * C. junoniae (Lamarck, 1819) * F. exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838) * C. monstrosum (Gmelin 1791) * F. kiranum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 C. productum (Deshayes, 1855) F. torresi (Smith, 1885) *

Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857 Fulvia Gray, 1853 C. adamsii (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * F. aperta (Bruguière, 1789) * C. fijianum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. australis (Sowerby, 1834) * C. fornicata (Sowerby, 1840) * F. ballieni, Vidal, 1994 C. gustavi Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. boholensis Vidal, 1994 C. kinai Habe & Murakami, 1970 F. colorata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. perornata (Iredale, 1929) * F. congoensis Cosel, 1995 * C. robillardi (Sowerby, 1894) F. dulcis (Deshayes, 1863) C. subfestivum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. fagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 * C. symbolica (Iredale, 1929) * F. fragiformis Vidal, 1994 C. victor (Angas, 1872) * F. fragilis (Forskål in Niebuhr, 1775) * F. hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901) * Dallocardia Stewart, 1930 F. imperfecta Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 D. muricata (Linné, 1758) * F. laevigata (Linné, 1758) * D. quadragenaria (Conrad, 1837) * F. lineonotata Vidal, 1994 D. senticosa (Sowerby, 1833) * F. mutica (Reeve, 1844) * F. natalensis (Krauss, 1848) * Dinocardium Dall, 1900 F. prashadi Vidal, 1994 F. scalata Vidal, 1994 * D. robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) * F. striata (Spengler, 1799) * D. vanhyningi (Clench & L.C. Smith, 1944) * F. subquadrata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819) * Europicardium Popov, 1977 F. undatopicta (Pilsbry, 1904) * E. caparti (Nicklès, 1955) * F. varia (Sowerby, 1834) E. multicostatum (Brocchi, 1814). Fossil. F. vepris Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 E. serrulatum (Deshayes, 1855) * Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979 Fragum Röding in Bolten, 1798 G. elegantula (Möller, 1842 ex Beck MS) * F. arcuatulum (Sowerby, 1873) F. bannoi (Otuka, 1937) Hemicardium Swainson, 1840 F. carinatum (Lynge, 1909) * F. erugatum (Tate, 1889) * H. guichardi (Bernardi, 1857) * F. fragum (Linné, 1758) * H. hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758) * F. loochooanum Kira, 1962 Type: see under Fragum unedo. F. mundum (Reeve, 1845) * F. nivale (Reeve, 1845) * Keenaea Habe, 1951 F. roseolum (Melvill, 1909) K. samarangae (Makiyama, 1934) * c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 17

Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 M. pulchellum (Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843) * L. brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819) * M. sakuraii (Habe, 1961) L. castanea Vidal, 2005 M. tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981 L. clarionense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947) * M. thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1920) * L. crassum (Gmelin, 1791) * M. tinctum (Dall, 1881) * L. elatum (Sowerby, 1833) * M. transversum (Rehder & Abbott, 1951) * L. elenense (Sowerby, 1840) * L. fiskiRichards, 1954* Microfragum Habe, 1951 L. gibba (Jeffreys, 1863) M. festivum (Deshayes, 1855) * L. laevigatum Lamarck L. lobulatum (Deshayes, 1855) * Nemocardium Meek, 1876 L. mortoni (Conrad, 1831) * L. multipunctatum (Sowerby in B.&S.,1833) * N. bechei (Reeve, 1847) * L. norvegicum (Spengler, 1799) * N. centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864) * L. oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) * N. nomurai (Kuroda & Habe, 1951) L. oviputamen (Reeve, 1844) N. richardsoni (Whiteaves, 1878) * L. pictum (Ravenel, 1861) L. pristis (Valenciennes, 1827) * Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe, 1951 L. senegalense (Dautzenberg, 1891) * ?valid genus; moved to Nemocardium. L. serratum (Linné, 1758) * L. substriatum (Conrad, 1837) * Papillicardium Monterosato in Sacco, 1899 L. sybariticum (Dall, 1886) * P. omanense (Melvill, 1906) L. tertium Fischer-Piette, 1977 P. papillosum (Poli, 1791) * L. trinitatis (Tomlin, 1929) P. turtoni (Sowerby, 1894) Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 Papyridea Swainson, 1840 L. annettae (Dall, 1889) * L. cumingii (Broderip, 1833) * P. aspersa (Sowerby in B. & S., 1833) * P. crockeri (Strong & Hertlein, 1937) P. hiulcum (Reeve, 1845) Gray, 1853 Lunulicardia P. semisulcata (Gray, 1825) * L. auricula (Niebuhr in Forskål, 1775) * P. soleniforme (Bruguière, 1789) * L. retusa (Linné, 1758) * L. subretusa (Sowerby, 1834) * Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 L. tumoriferum (Lamarck, 1819) P. commutatum (B. D. D, 1892) Lyrocardium Meek, 1876 P. exiguum (Gmelin, 1791)* P. hudsoniense (Deshayes, 1855) L. anaxium Oliver & Chesney, 1997 * P. minimum (Philippi, 1836)* L. aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) P. nodosum (Montagu, 1803) * L. kalamantanum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * P. ovale (Sowerby, 1840) * L. lyratum (Sowerby, 1834) * P. pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831) * L. pectinatum (Linné, 1758) * P. quadrarium (Reeve 1845) P. scabrum (Philippi, 1844)* Microcardium Thiele, 1934 P. simile Milaschewitsch, 1909* M. aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981 P. stellatum (Reeve, 1845)* M. gilchristi (Sowerby, 1904) P. sueziense (Issel, 1869) * M. panamense (Dall, 1908) P. transclathratum Viader, 1951 M. pazianum (Dall, 1917) * P. vroomi (Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger, M. peramabile (Dall, 1881) * 1984) 18 j. h y l l e b e r g

Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930 V. compunctum Kira, 1959 P. belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * V. coralense (Vidal, 1993) V. dupuchense (Reeve, 1845) * V. elongatum (Bruguière, 1789) * Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886 V. enode (Sowerby, 1840) * P. fraseri (Garrard, 1963) V. fidele (Vidal, 1992) * P. granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). Fossil. V. flavum(Linné, 1758) * P. latum (Bruguière, 1789) V. gaillardi (Fischer-Piette, 1977) P. mansitii (Otuka, 1937) V. gratiosum (Deshayes, 1854) * P. pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * V. hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) P. pseudolima (Lamarck, 1819) * V. indioceanum (Vidal, 1993) P. setosum (Redfield, 1848) * V. insulare Vidal, 1997 V. kengaluorum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992) Pratulum Iredale, 1924 V. kerslakae (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) P. probatum (Iredale, 1927) V. lacunosum (Reeve, 1845) * P. thetidis (Hedley, 1902) * V. luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onver., 1991) * V. lomboke Vidal, 2003 Pseudofulvia Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 V. marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * P. arago Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 V. mendanaense (Sowerby, 1896) P. caledonica Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 V. mindanense (Reeve, 1844) V. nigropunctatum (Habe & Kosuge, 1966) V. okinawense (Kuroda, 1960) Serripes Gould, 1841 V. olivifer (Iredale, 1936) S. groenlandicus (Bruguière, 1789) * V. orbita (Sowerby, 1833) S. notabilis (Sowerby, 1915). Type of Yagudi V. ornatum (Sowerby, 1877) nella V. papuanum Vidal, 1996 S. laperousii (Deshayes, 1839) V. pectiniforme (Born, 1780) * V. peregrinum (Jousseaume, 1888) * Trachycardium Mörch, 1853 V. philippinense (Hedley, 1899) * T. consors (Sowerby, 1833) * V. pulicarium (Reeve, 1845) T. delicatulum (Smith, 1915) V. punctolineatum (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) T. egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856) * V. rhegminum (Oliver & Chesney, 1997) T. isocardia (Linné, 1758) * V. rubicundum (Reeve, 1844) * T. leucostomum (Born, 1780) * V. rugosum (Lamarck, 1819) * T. manueli Prado, 1993 V. serricostatum (Melvill & Standen, 1899) T. panamense(Sowerby, 1833) * V. sewelli (Prashad, 1932) T. procerum (Sowerby, 1833) * V. sorenseni (Powell, 1958) T. subelongatum (Sowerby 1840) * V. subassimile Vidal, 2003 * V. subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838) * Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900 V. thomassini Vidal, 1998 * T. granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * V. translatum (Prashad, 1932) * T. guppyi (Thiele, 1916) V. tumidum (Deshayes, 1855) T. obovalis (Sowerby, 1833) * V. vertebratum (Jonas, 1844) * V. wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) Vasticardium Iredale, 1927 V. alternatum Sowerby, 1840* Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 V. angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) * V. albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000 V. assimile (Reeve, 1844) * V. asiaticum (Bruguière, 1789) * V. cipangense (Vidal, 1993) V. burnupi(Sowerby, 1897) * c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 19

V. coronatum (Spengler, 1799) * Layout of the dictionary follows Webster’s V. incarnatum (Reeve, 1844) * Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Lan- V. mirabile (Deshayes, 1854) guage 2003 and Collins shorter English Diction- V. multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838) * ary 1994. The Danish letters å, æ, and ø, are listed V. pulchricostatum (Iredale, 1929) under a and o in this dictionary. V. rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988 V. rudentis (Fischer-Piette, 1977) V. sinense (Sowerby, 1838) * 8vi Abbr. of octavi referring to CVIII. V. vidali Ter Poorten & Dekker, 2002 a Meaning price per specimen. “a” is followed by a figure and a symbol of the old Danish and German currency called Mark. Seen on labels of the Steenberg collection and in Beck’s catalogue listing shells purchased by Prince Christian from a shell dealer in Hamburg in 1837. (Fig. 2). A. C. J. Abbr. of the Danish zoologist A.C.Johan sen on labels. A. G. T. Abbr. of the Belgian zoologist A. G. Tirlemont. A. I. Abbr. not identified. A. W. H. Abbr. of A.W.Hauch. Aalborg Skole Public school in Denmark. ZM Book of Dispatch #193 Cardium muricatum, #193 Cardium medium. Aarhus Museum The Museum of Natural His- Fig. 2. The chevron signifies the old currency called Mark. tory is operated as a private foundation in association with Århus University. See under Collin’s collection. DICTIONARY Aarhus Universitet (University of Århus) was founded by Royal Decree in 1928. It was in- History of museum collections, catalogues, ex- augurated by King Christian X in 1933 after peditions, identifiers, collectors, & abbreviations the first building was completed. used in connection with catalogues, labels, and Aarhuus Latinskole Grammar school in Århus, specimens: Denmark. Mörch provided cardiids for educational purposes. They were extracted from I have extracted pieces of information on expedi- Møller’s duplicates or equivalents. Møller was tions, persons, events and buildings from many regimental surgeon in Helsingør and his col- sources. In particular the history of buildings in lection was donated to ZM after he deceased. Copenhagen (Bramsen, B & P. Fogtdal (eds). ZM Book of Dispatch: #33 Cardium medium 1987-1991), life histories of Danish and Norwe- L West Indies, 1. #34 Cardium muricatum L. gian persons (Bricka, C.F. 1887-1905), activities West Indies, 1. #35 Cardium rugosum Lam. by the kings CVIII and CX (Jørgensen, Harald. Red Sea, 1. #36 Cardium edule Denm. 2. #37 1944. — Nørlund, N.E. 1937), orbituaries (Dansk Cardium laevigatum Chem. West Indies, 2. naturhistorisk Forening. Årsskrift 1988-2007. — Abänderung German meaning variety. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhis- Abbott, Tucker (1919–1995) American mala- torisk Forening. 1917-1988.), the history of Co- cologist. Identified cardiids onboard the frig- penhagen University and the museums (Spärck, ate ”Galathea” in 1951. R. 1945. Wolff, T. 1999), expeditions and vessels Abbr. = Shortened form of abbreviation. (Wolff, T. 1967) Wollf’s publications are in Eng- Abildg. Abbr. of Abildgaard. lish. The other sources are in Danish. Abildgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801). dr. 20 j. h y l l e b e r g

med. Active in the management of KM from Agerbek See under Agerbeck. 1796–1801; established the Natural History Ålborg Modern spelling of Aalborg. Association (Naturhistorie-Selskabet) includ- alpha First letter in the Greek alphabet. ing a museum in Prinsens Palæ in 1789. He Als Island in southern Denmark. was President and founding father of the first Amalienborg Slot Originally the Amalienborg Danish Veterinary and Agriculture College Castle was residence for the royal family dur- (Veterinærskole) in 1773. He had a versatile ing the winter season. It dates back to about intellect and maintained a shell collection, 1750. Part of the King CVIII’s large shell including Cardiidae, which was transferred to collection at the Amalienborg Castle was ZMUC in 1960. See also under Naturhistorie- transferred to the University Museum after he Selskabet. died in 1848. Aboe Mrs. Donated cardiids from South Africa, amb. Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon. Algoa Bay, the Cap 1858, through Pharmacist amboena Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon. Mr. Benzon. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ac- Amboinea The Indonesian island Ambon. cession book 1840–1867: #86. Cardium. Amdrup Born 1866 First lieutenant (premierløjt- Academic Museum The first proper academic nant) onboard the ship ”Antarctic” to eastern museum of the University of Copenhagen Greenland, 1900, according to UZM entries in was called Universitets nye Natural Theater. a diary. Advanced to vice-admiral. It maintained a collection for education Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Abbr. of the American and exhibition. Apparently, the public could Museum of Natural History. visit the museum every Wednesday during Amphioxus sand Well sorted, coarse sand char- the period 1794–1800. This collection was acterised by the lancet fishAmphiouxus . later transferred to Det grevelige Moltk’ske Amst. See under Amstelid. Universitetet tilhørende zoologiske Museum amste. See under Amstelid. dubbed the Academic Museum. See under M. Amstel See under Amstelid. acad. & Universitetsmuseum. Amsteli See under Amstelid. Accession books See under Beck 1830–1836; Amstelid Refers to Amsterdam in the Neth- Beck 1836a; Beck. 1842–43; Mörch 1846–53; erlands. Shells from Indonesia dated 1836 Mörch 1853–61; Mörch 1857–68; Mörch reached Copenhagen via Amsterdam. 1866–72; Mörch 1870–89; Posselt et al. an Latin <: close to; assumption; in need of 1889–1937. See also under Tilgangsjournal confirmation. or Tilvæxt–journal. Andra Misspelling of Andréa on label by Adams, Charles Barker (1814–1853) Ameri- Mörch. can malacologist. Collected and identified Andréa Kaptajn = ship captain. Cardiid number West Indian cardiids. Numbers in Mörch’s in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #24 accession book 1866–1872: #154 Liocardium Cardium muricatum collected 1863. Bahia. serratum L. W Indies, Cardium muricatum – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book L. W Indies. #155 Cardium isocardia L. Ja- 1840–1867: #9 Cardium papyraceum col- maica. lected 1864, Mauritius. – Cardiid numbers Adans. See under Adanson. in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45 Adanson (1727–1806) French malacologist. Cardium echinatum. #46. Cardium edule col- Published Histoire naturelle du Senegal. Co��- lected 24. April 1866. North Sea (Nordsøen) quillages in 1757. 55°40’N 4°30’E. The museum received a Ads. S. Stands for Adanson’s publication from shell collection 1866. Cardiid numbers in 1757, with reference to Senegal. Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #59. Afgangs-Journal Danish for dispatch book. Cardium crassum Gm. C. norvegicum Spgl. Afr. occid. Latin for West Africa. L < occidens: 51°30’N 2°10’E. #68 Cardium edule L. the west; derived from the setting sun. Nordsøen 1867. – Shells submitted 1870. Agerbeck Ship captain. Collected cardiids in Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book China. 1866–1872: #125 Cardium Cheriba, 4.5 feet c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 21

depth. – Shells submitted 1871. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #67 Cardium medium L. var. – (Rota) Shells submitted 2 April 1872. Donated to him by the museum in Port Louis. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #48 Cardium ”pulchrum Sow” Mauritius. 195. Andrea See under Andréa. Andreà See under Andréa. Andrèa See under Andréa. Andréa Ship captain, collected material for NF c/o Japetus Steenstrup. Collected in Bahia Fig. 3. Label for Fragum unedo L. with Antonia (=Annie) (?Salvador) 1863. Vedelsby’s characteristic signature: Det. AV. 1992. Andrew See under McAndrew. Antil. Abbr. of the Antilles. 1853–1861: #104 Cardium, 1. #105 Cardium Antill Abbr. of the Antilles; the West Indies. unedo, 1 Ex. 4511. indi. 3. Antillerne Danish for the Antilles. av. Abbr. of ”avbildning” = figure. Abbr. used Anton Bruun Large American research vessel by H.Beck. named “Anton Bruun”. Named after the Dan- AV. Abbr. of Antonia (formerly Annie) Vedelsby ish marine scientist Anton Bruun. Operated in (Fig. 3). the Indian Ocean around 1960. Azor Abbr. of the Azores. ap. < L. Abbr. See under apud. Used on labels by B. D. D. Abbr. of Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, & Doll Beck and Mörch. fus (1892), on labels. Appelløf In 1898, he worked at Bergen’s Mu- Bä. Abbr. not verified. Collected cardiids in Sri seum, Norway, Dept. of Natural History, ac- Lanka (Ceylon). It could be the Russian mala- cording to UZM entries in a diary. cologist Carl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876). apud < L. close to, confer. Baastrup Collected cardiids in the Mediterra- Arabia felix Latin: Happy Arabia = Yemen. nean; Corsica 1920. Arct. Abbr. of the Arctic. Bach dr. Identified cardiids around 1840. Århus Modern spelling of Aarhus. Backeljau, T. Collected cardiids in Poland Arøe Collected cardiids in the North Atlantic 1970. 1834. Badarson, Gudm.G. Spelling of Bardarson on Art Museum of King Frederik III See under labels. Kunstkammer. Bandahavet Danish for the Banda Sea. Atlanterhav Danish for the Atlantic Ocean. Bandie Spelling of Bandiera on labels. Atlantide Danish expedition to West Africa Bandiera Sign. Cav. Collected cardiids in the 1945–46. Dr. Anthon Bruun was appointed Mediterranean, Italy 1866, according to la- leader of the expedition. Onboard the pri- bels. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession vately owned motor yacht “Atlantide” were book 1840–1867: #127 Cardium oblongum. also Jørgen Knudsen and Torben Wolff. The serratum. Messina. #128 Cardium oblongum. yacht was equipped for marine research with jun. lævigatum Messina. #129 Cardium glau- necessary winches and sampling gear. In grati- cum ?Messina. #130 Cardium exiguum. bian- tude for help provided by the UK, a British gulatum Messina. #131 Cardium rusticum. scientist, Dr. Francis C. Fraser, was invited to edule Messina. #132 Cardium aculeatum participate. Everything was in shortage after Messina. the war ended in 1945 and a permission to set Bang Senior manager of the telegraph. His shell sails was needed from the British authorities. collection was auctioned 16 January 1849. auct. Abbr. of auctor, by authors. According to Mörch’s accession book 1846– Australian Museum Sydney, Australia. Car- 1853, the museum purchased one cephalopod, diid numbers in Mörch’s accession book but no cardiids. 22 j. h y l l e b e r g

Bang, Niels Hofman (1776–1855). Owner of an fit together. #3–4C. costatum, 2, C. costatum, entailed estate (Stamhusbesidder). See under the same as above. #5 C. ringens, 3, C. ringens Hofman-Bang. n° 4. #6–7 C. asiaticum, 2, C. lamellatum n° Bank Collected cardiids together with Ravn in 2. #8–10 Cardium–sp– an junior procedentis?, the Antilles, West Indies. 3, C. coronatum n° 3. #11–12 C. apertum, 2, Banker, R. submitted cardiids from Scotland to C. hians n° 24. #13 C. bullatum, 1 and some ZM 1977. single valves, Solen bullatum. #14–15 C. Bardarson, Gudmundur (1880–1933). Icelan- bullatum, 2, Sangviolaria bullata. #16–19 C. dic zoologist and teacher, collected cardiids in papyraceum, 3, C. papyraceum n° 25. #20 C. Iceland 1900 and 1908. ciliare?, 1, C. ciliare n° 7. #21 C. echinatum?, Bardenfl. See under Bardenfleth. 1, C. echinatum n° 8. #22–23 C. echinatum?, Bardenfleth, W.L. Lieutenant. Collected cardi- 1, C. echinatum n° 8. #24 C. aculeatum, 1, C. ids in the West Indies before 1848. – Mörch’s aculeatum n° 5 var. A. #24 C. aculeatum var. accession book 1870–1889: collected shells in 1, C. aculeatum B. #25 C. aculeatum var. 1, the South Sea 1875. C. aculeatum var. C. #26–27 C. tuberculatum, Bardfe. Abbr. of Bardenfleth. 2, C. tuberculatum n° 8. #28 C. isocardia, Bardfl. Abbr. of Bardenfleth. 1, C. isocardia n°-. #29 C. muricatum, 1, C. Båridsson, Diomedes Collected cardiids in muricatum var. from Pulo Condore [errone- Iceland 1930. ous loc.]. #30 C. muricatum, fl.C. muricatum Barker, C.J. Collected cardiids in the West var. from Pulo Condore [erroneous loc.]. #31 Pacific. C. marmoreum, 1, C. leucostomum v. Born Barrett, Lucas (1837–1862) British malacolo- n° 14. #32–33 C. marmoreum, 2, var. af. n° gist at the Museum of Cambridge, St. Andrews 14. #34 C. magnum, 1, C. magnum n° 13. Hill, UK. received shells sent from ZM 1 #35 C. rugosum?, 1, C. magnum B. #36–37 October 1850. ZM Book of Dispatch #15 Cardium –sp– an flavum L?. 2, C. flavum n° Cardium elegantulum Bk. 2. – #1 Cardium 11. #38 C. sulcatum, 1, C. obsoletum n° 15. grønlandicum Ch. 4. #39–40 C. sulcatum, 2, C. obsoletum n° 15. Bay, E. Zoologist onboard “Hekla” during the #41–42 Cardium –sp.– an serratum L non expedition 1891–92. Lin. 2, C. serratum n° 27. #43 C. lævigatum, Bech Occasional spelling of H.Beck on labels. fl (6), C. lævigatum n° 29. #44 C. aeolicum Beck 1829–30 (T 274). Optælling af Conchili- single valves C. pectinatum n° 18. #45 C. erne i Spenglers Samling efter Modtagelse i Cataloget 1829–30. Spengler’s Collection. Stock-taking of specimens after having received the collection. Cardium: 44 species represented by 108 specimens. Beck 1830–36 (T 275). Magazin Catalog for Conchilierne 2. Deel (only shown on the spine) Magazine Catalogue of Molluscs 2nd part. Beck’s first entry 31 July 1830. His last entry 12 April 1836. Each year signed by J.H. Reinhardt and H. Beck: Cardium p. 161–171. The sequence of information is running number (#), species number (not shown here), species, number of individuals, older identification (numbers refer to Spengler), condition (good, poor, etc. not shown here), Fig. 4. Five columns of Beck’s catalogue (T 275). The first line reads: [translation within brackets] Løbe n° [running n°], size (large, medium, small, not shown here). Art: [species], Cardium., Ind. [individuals], ældre Bgt.: [older #1 C. costatum, 1, C. costatum, the shells fit to- name]. The second line reads: 5. 2. C – ringens, 3 half shells, gether. #2 C. costatum, 1, none, the shells now C. – ringens n° 4. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 23 rusticum, fl. C. rusticum n° 20. #46 C. edule, 1 good specimen, 2 poor specimens. – Dated fl. C. edule. #47 C. groenlandicum, fl (5), C. 1836, an overview of shells sent from Count groenlandicum n° 31. #48 C. islandicum Ch, Vargas-Bedemar cf. tilvæxtprotokol (Acces- 4, C. islandicum n° 21. #49 C. norvegicum, sion book) 12 April 1836. #1 Cardium tuber- (3), Spengler n° 25. #50–52 C. norvegicum culatum, confirmed by Mörch, = C. rusticum var. 1, Spengler n° 25 var. B. #53 C. latum, 4, L. #25 Cardium sp. an nova? small, young, C. latum n° 22. #54 C. donaceum Chm (one many, but only single valves. (Fig. 4). spcm probably an exiguum), 3, C. donaceum Beck 1831 (T 276). Index Conchyliorum musei a–b–c. #55 Cardium. sp. 1, C. obliquum Sp. Principis Augustissimi Christiani Frederici. n° 12. #56 Cardium sp. 1, none (12a). #57 Scripsit H. Beck. Pridie Cal: 1831. On 7 May Cardium sp. 1, C. fucatum n° 16. #58 Car- 1849 (the year after Beck was sacked) Beck dium sp. 1, C. simplex n° 17. #59 C. striatum handed over the book to the Committee. Cata- Spegl. 1, C. striatum n° 29. #60 Cardium sp logue listing shells in the CVIII collection. ?, 1, C. politum. #61 Cardium sp aff. rustica, Subsequently Mörch provided the catalogue 1, species non Venus, from Russia. #62–63 C. with notes. #1 Cardium costatum. #2 C. in- unedo, 2. C. unedo n° 40. #64–65 C. medium, dicum. #3 C. ringens. #4 C. asiaticum = C. 2, C. medium n° 38. #66 C. fragrum [sic], 1, C. lamellatum Sp. Cat. n° 2. #5 C. coronatum fragrum [sic] n° 39. #67–68 C. retusum, 2, C. Spgl. Cat. n° 3. #6 C. apertum = Card. hians retusum var. alpha n° 35. #69–70 C. retusum, Sp. Cat. 24. #7 C. papyraceum. #8 C. bullatum 2, C. retusum var. beta. #71 C. hemicardium, = Solen bullatus L. – Spengl. C. #9 C. ciliare. 2, C. hemicardium n° 34. #72–73 Cardium. #10 C. ciliare O. Fabr. from Greenland. #11 sp. an Fragrum [sic], 2, C. imbricatum n° 36. #74 C. plicatum Sp?, 1, C. plicatum n° 33. #75 C. cardissa, 1, C. cardissa n° 32 A. #76 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 B. #77 C. cardissa, 1, C. cardissa n° 32 b. #78 C. cardissa (maybe C. junon.?), 1, C. cardissa n° 32 C. #79 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 D. #80 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 E. #81 C. cardissa var. 1, C. cardissa n° 32 F. #82 C. cardissa, 1, no (G!). #83 C. cardissa, 1, no (H!). #84 C. inversum, 1, Cardium nodulosum n° 37 Next entry, called supplementum, refers to Cuming 1834, who provided shells for the Prince Christian Museum; shells selected for the Royal Museum, and received 11. April 1834. – Dated September 1834 the museum received shells from the Fugel collection (den Fugelske Samling), among others 3 unspecified cardiid species. Beck made a distinction between the main collection on display and the magazine collection for research. —Dated July and August 1835, molluscs were exchanged with Mr. Cuming, who submitted #40 Cardium dionæum. – 1836: list of shells from the Fugel collection (den Fugelske Samling). Fig. 5. Front page of Beck’s catalogue 1831 describing the Received in September 1836: #34 Cardium private collection of Prince Christian Frederik (crowned King Christian 8th in 1838). Beck handed over the catalogue retusum, 2 good specimens #34* C. oblong- to the Royal Commission on 7 May 1849, i.e. one year after um, 2 good specimens, 2 poor specimens, 2 he was sacked because of a drinking problem. I have slightly good ones traded with Cuming #35 C. lima, compressed the front page. 24 j. h y l l e b e r g

C. norvegicum Sp. #12 C. echinatum. #13 C. pseudolima. #14 C. aculeatum. #15 C. erinaceum. #16 C. tuberculatum. #17 not used by Beck. #18 C. isocardia. #19 C. muricatum. #20 C. angulatum. #21 C. marmoreum = Cardium leucostomum v. Born. #22 C. elongatum. #23 C. ventricosum. #24 C. rugosum = Cardium magnum var beta Sp. C. 13. #25 C. sulcatum = Card. obsoletum n° 15 Sp. C. = C. oblongum Ch. #26 C. serratum = C. lævigatum. #27 C. lævigatum L. Lm. Sp. = C. serratum Ch. #28 C. biradiatum = C. serratum L. Sp. = C. lævigatum Ch. #29 C. æolicum = Cardium pectinatum Sp. 19. #30 C. rusticum. #31 C. edule. #31.1 C. crenulatum Lm. #32 Fig. 6. Characteristic label by Beck: e Neapel 1830. Card. C. islandicum Ch. Sp. C. n° 21. #33 C. groen- spinosum Sold. = C. erinaceum. Lm. n. 15. landicum Lm. Sp. C. 31 = Mactra radiata Donov. = Card. edentulum Montag. #34 C. significance in systematics, but lack of steadi- latum. #35 [sic] C. crenulatum. #34 sic C. ness. Years of important events in the life of exiguum. #35 C. unedo. #36 C. medium. #37 Beck: 1823 He won the Golden Medal of the C. fragum. #39 C. retusum. #40 C. hemicar- University. From 1831–1845 assistant with dium. #41 C. cardissa. #42 C. roseum Ch. = C. the zoological department of the university junoniæ var. 2 Lm. = Ch. vi. f. 147–148. #43 C. museum (the ZM of the University donated by junoniæ Lm a Lm 1 = C. humanum Ch. – Ch vi. Moltke). See under Det grevelige Moltke’ske f. 145–6. b = var. 3 Lm. Enc. Mf. 294 f. 2. #44 Universitetet tilhørende Zoologisk Museum. C. inversum Lm. a unicolor = C. monstrosum He was dismissed in 1845. From 1829 junior Ch. – Ch. vi. f. 149–150. b maculata E.m. 295 inspector (assistant) with Det kgl. nath. Mu- f.1. (Fig. 5). seum (KM), became inspector in 1842 He Beck 1836 (T 278). Journal ved Forretningerne was dismissed from KM in October 1849. In ved HKH Prins Christian Frederiks Museum charge of the personal shell collection of King 1836. �[��Transactions for that year were num- Christian 8. He was dismissed from this posi- bered starting 5 June 1836]. Accession cata- tion in 1848. See under CVIII. – He was active logue: N° 5 a fine specimen of #3 Cardium in NF. He prepared the Catalogue of Shells magnum purchased in Hamburg1836. See also from the “Kunstkammer” 1829 and enumera- under Bevalet, Meyer, Petit, Ravn, Röding, tion of shells from the Spengler collection Turner, Voigt. 1829–30. It is evident that Beck removed Beck 1839 (T. 278). Loose page attached with material from the Kings collection for private T. 278: the shipment from Greenland 1839. use. Mørch reported (1840–66: 199) that Prof. Without cat. number: Cardium islandicum, C. Steenstrup purchased 196 gastropod species groenlandicum. at an auction in Sorø 1863 after Dr. Beck. All Beck 1842–43 (T 296). Tilgangs-journal Blød- species were reinstalled where they originally dyr Straaledyr 1 Bind. Printed on spine only. were in Mus. CVIII. [Accession catalogue signed by Reinhardt & Beck’s labels written from 1829–1848. Beck Beck 6/2 43]. curated the shell collections of the Kunstkam- Beck, Henrick See under Beck, Henrik. mer and CVIII. In the beginning he wrote Beck, Henrik (1799–1863). dr. phil. was be- with a goose quill on hand-made paper. The stowed on him by the Göttingen University. sizes of labels vary according to the amount Full name: Henrich Henrichsen Beck. Per- of information and the time they were written. sonality according to Bricka: intelligent, well Most labels are provided with abbreviated informed, a sharp eye for shapes and their notes referring to literature information, il- c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 25

lustrations, synonyms and place of specimen beta Second letter in the Greek alphabet. deposition (Fig. 6). Bevalet According to Beck 1836 N° 14: Shells Becken, E. See under Roepstorff, Fr.Ad. de. from Bordeaux and Dax purchased Jan. 1836 1874. from Mr. Bevalet. # 22 Cardium burdigalinum Bedemar See under Vargas Bedemar. Bast. # 23 do var., # 24 C. ? burdigalinum Bell, Alfred (1835–1925) Malacologist. He sub- (edule) Bast. (ref. T 278). mitted fossils to O.Mörch 1869. Cardiid num- Biolog. Stat. Abbr. of Den danske biologiske Sta- bers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: tion. Blegvad collected cardiids for the station #106 Cardium edule L. C. edulinum Sowb. in the Baltic 1929. Nouv. Ca. #107 Cardium angustatum Sowb. Birket-Smith Danish biologist. Collected cardi- R. Crag. #108 Cardium grønlandicum Chem. ids in Egypt. R.C. #109 Cardium parkinsonii Sowb. R.C. BIV Abbr. of “bivalve”. Used together with reg- #110 Cardium interruptum S.Wood, R.C. istration number of type material at ZMUC. #111 Cardium edule L. Crag, England. Bk Abbr. of Beck, Henrik. Bell, R. K. Identified protocardiids onboard Blegvad, Harald (1886–1951). Danish biologist ”Galathea” in 1951 & 1952. working with C.G.Johs.Petersen. Collected Bellona Danish expedition to Brazil using the cardiids for Den danske biologiske Station for frigate “Bellona” 1840–41. many years, and in the Persian Gulf 1937. Bels. Abbr. of Bellsound (Bell Sound) used on blødt ler Danish = soft clay. labels by Mörch. Blom, M. Collected cardiids in Israel 1964–65. Belsound Spelling of Bellsound on labels. Boas, J. E. V. (1855–1935). Professor at the Belsund Spelling of Bellsound on labels. Landbohøjskolen. Collected cardiids 1929. Benzon Mr. Lived in London. On 27 June 1859 See under KVL. he received #21 Cardium elegantulum accord- Boch Dr. Collected cardiids on the Lord Hood’s ing to the ZM Book of Dispatch. Isl. Pacific Ocean before 1845. Benzon, Alfred N. Pharmacist. He had a shell Bock, C. Business man, Grimsby, UK. Accord- collection, which included specimens do- ing to Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889; nated to him by the Zoological Museum c/o submitted shells to the museum; cardiids not Mörch. mentioned. Benzon, Bøje (1891–1976). Pharmacist, dr. Boeck, Axel dr. The museum received shells in scient.; collected cardiids in Italy 1950, East exchange 1872; see dispatch 1868. Cardiid Africa and the Mediterranean 1932–1949, and number in Mörch’s accession book 1870– France 1958. 1889: wet shells #45 Cardium crassum Gm. Benzon, Boye Alternative spelling of Bøje. Udø ved Mandal. #46 Cardium fasciatum Benzon, E. v. Master of the Royal Hunt (Hof Mtg. Karn-øerne. Dry shells: #115 Cardium jægermester). He collected cardiids in Mo- papillosum Poli. #116. Cardium fasciatum rocco. See under Sørensen, W. Mtg. #117 Cardium svecicum Reeve. He also Bergendal Submitted cardiids from Greenland submitted shells from Udö, Mandal in 1879. expedition in 1890 (accession book 1889– Bolt. Abbr. of Bolten. 1937): Serripes groenlandica. Egedesminde. Bolten, Joachim Friedrich (1718–96). German Bergh German malacologist. Collected fossils physician and malacologist. for ZM. bon < French: stands for good quality of illustra- Bergh, L. S. R. (1824–1909). Danish malacolo- tion. Used on old labels written by Beck and gist worked with nudibranchs. Mörch. Bernburg Collected cardiids in Greenland 1903, Bonetz. Abbr. of Bonnezen. 1906. Bonnesen Captain. See under Jensen, E. Bertelsen, E. Collected Caspian cardiids 1956– Bonnezen Sailor. Sold shells from New Brit- 57. tany to the museum 1881. Cardiid number Beskytteren The ship “Beskytteren” was used to in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #1 sample in Iceland 1903, 1904, 1905. Cardium cardissa Ny Brittan. 26 j. h y l l e b e r g

Boren Mate. Collected cardiid 1835. Fabr. Godhavn sand and shells, 14 fathoms. Borgo See under Dall Borgo. #20 Cardium grønlandicum Chemn. Godhavn Born, Ignatius von (1742–1791) Austrian mala- sand and shells, 14 fathoms. cologist. Reference to Born’s publication Brockdorff See under Brockdorf. 1780 is common on old labels at ZMUC, e.g. Brod. & Sow. Abbr. of Broderip & Sowerby. Born t.3 f.8 – Born v. t.3 f. 10 – Born Test. t. Broderip, William John (1789–1859). British xvii f. 9. malacologist. Borries, C. cand. phil. The Museum purchased !! Brown, A. Collected cardiids in Scotland, Clyde (sic) shells 18 January 1850. Cardiid numbers before 1946. in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #4 Brug. Abbr. of Bruguière on labels. Cardium pectinatum, 1. #5 Cardium flavum, Brugi. Abbr. of Bruguière on labels. very large specimens, 2. #6 Cardium mu- Bruguière, Jean Guillaume (1749–1798). ricatum, 1. – Dispatch catalogue: Dated 10 French malacologist; important publication December 1868, he received a shell collection. on cardiids: Encyclopédie méthodique, Bru- Cardiid number in Mörch’s dispatch book guière 1789 with text by Bory Saint Vincent 1857–1868: #176 Cardium echinatum. 1827. Børth Collected cardiids in Sri Lanka before Brünnich, Morten Thrane. (1737–1827). The 1848. first professor in Natural History at Copenha- Borth See under Børth. gen University. Brünnich curated and expand- Börth See under Børth. ed Moltke’s Cabinet, which was transferred to Börup See under Børup. the University in 1772 under the name “The Børup, O. Collected cardiids in Iceland onboard New Natural Theater of the University”. Brün- “Beskytteren” 1907. nich moved to Norway in 1789. See under Bosc, L. A. G. Published “Histoire naturelle des “Universitetets Nye natural Theater”. coquilles ...” 1802, 1836. Brünnich’s Natural Theater See under Brün- Br. Abbr. of Bruguière on labels. nich and Moltke. Bradley, Chester American malacologist. Iden- Bruun Collected cardiids in the Mediterranean, tified cardiids for Emerson, E. Naples. Bræstrup, Palle Danish zoologist; collected Bruun Lecturer. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s cardiids in the West Indies before 1944. accession book 1840–1867: #50. Cardium Bras. Abbr. of Brazil. rusticum #51. Cardium (politum Spgl) cras- Brasil. Abbr. of Brasilien = Brazil. sum Gm. Brasilea Old Danish for Brazil. Bruun, Anton Fr. (1901–1961). Collected car- Brasilien Danish for Brazil. diids in the Mediterranean 1938; participated Brdfl. Abbr. of Bardenfleth. in many expeditions; head of the Atlantide Ex- Brdp. Abbr. of Broderip. pedition to West Africa, leader of “Galathea 2” Brdp. et Sow. Z.I. xv. by f. 3 (?erroneous. I have Expedition. Employed at the ZM from 1938. only found ref. to Broderip & Sowerby 1829, Bruun, Magda Mrs. Wife of A.Fr. Bruun, col- Zoological Society, Tab. ix, fig. 3). lected cardiids for ZM. Bredn. Abbr. of Bredning. Danish = broad. Bucarde lisse French trivial name for Cardium Brg. Abbr. of Bruguière on labels. lævigatum; Linn.; species n° 30 by Bruguière Brinkmann, A. (1878–1940). Collected cardiids 1789. in the Atlantic Ocean, Senegal, 1906. It was Bucarde spineuse French trivial name for Acan- not part of his work at KVL. He moved to thocardia aculeata. Bergen Museum, Norway 1911. Burgess, Clarence Milton (1907–1999) Ameri- Broch. Abbr. of Brocchi on labels. can malacologist; donated cardiids from Ha- Brock Collected cardiids in Greenland 1868. waii. Brockdorf Captain Donated shells to the muse- C Fb See under CFb. um 1868. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s acces- C viii. Abbr. of King Christian the 8 th on labels. sion book 1866–1872: #19 Cardium ciliatum C. Abbr. of Chemnitz on labels by Beck. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 27

C. m. Abbr. of Cardium magnum. to. C. Prlr. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids CFb Abbr. of Christian Fabricius. Beck’s hand- in Naples 1830. writing before 1848. C. VIII. Abbr. of King Christian the 8th on la- cfr. Abbr. of confer. bels. Ch. VI Stands for Chemnitz vol. 6. (1782) on C. VIIII Printer’s error on label. See under labels. CVIII. Charlottenborg Mansion (Palæ) located at the C. F. Stands for Prince Christian Frederik, who corner of Kgs. Nytorv and Nyhavn. It was re- became CVIII. named castle (borg) after Queen Mother Char- C. F. S Abbr. of Christian Friederich Schu- lotte took up residence in 1700. The castle macher. accommodated the Naturalia and Housekeep- C. M. P. Abbr. of C.M. Poulsen. He had a shell ing Cabinet (Natural- og Husholdnings-Cabi- collection, including tropical cardiids; now nettet) 1759–1772. Today it is the domicile of present in the ZMUC dry coll. c/o Steenberg. the Academy of Fine Arts. C. V. J. Abbr. not identified. Ref. to “Atlantide” Chemn. With a full stop. General Abbr. of St. Vincent. Chemnitz. Cab. Abbr. of cabinet on labels. Chemn: With a colon. Abbr. of Chemnitz on calc. Abbr. of calcareous on labels. labels by Schumacher. Calif. Abbr. of California on labels by Mörch. Chemnitz according to Mörch (T 304). Cata- Capit. Stands for ship’s captain. logue without title dealing with the original Carausu I. Mrs. Collected Black Sea cardiids. specimens in the Chemnitz, Müller, and Card. Abbr. of Cardium on labels. Spengler Collections. The order of entries is Cardier Meaning cardiids. Used on labels by running number, volume, figs., species, com- Mörch. ments, and locality. #90. vi. (139) Cardium Carlsberg f. ocean. exp. or Carlsb f. ocean. auricula Forskål. – A duplicate specimen is Exp. omkr. Jorden 1928–30. Stands for present in the Spengler collection (Fig. Ex M. Carlsbergfondets oceanografiske Ekspedition Moltk). C. retusum “L” Ch. #91. vi. 149,50. omkring Jorden 1928–30. See under Dana Cardium monstrosum Ch. – C. replicatum expeditions. Spgl. Ex M. Moltk et Sp. Not the original Carlsberg Foundation The Danish brewery specimen. #92. vi. 155. Cardium aculeatum Carlsberg funded the “Dana” expeditions. L. – C. aculeat. var. A. Sp. #93. vi. (p. 471) Carolinum Cardiids from the Caroline Isl. col- Cardium donaciforme Spgl. Mus. Ch. – C. lected by Hartman1880. medium p.p. Ch. Fig. Ex M. Ch. #94. vi. 166. Casimir Mr. Donated fossil shells to the mu- Cardium fragum L. = Sp. ti. f. 5. #95. vi. seum. See under Wroblewsky. 167. Cardium. – Fragum album Ch. #?96. vi. Caspersen Captain. Submitted shells from St. 181–83. Cardium bullatum L. – C. apertum Anna, east coast of Mexico 1870. Cardiid num- Gronov. Ch. #97. vi. 184. Cardium papyra- bers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: ceum Ch. #98. vi. 191. Cardium magnum “L” #58 Cardium ventricosum Brug. C. magnum Ch. – Ex M. Sp. et Ch. #99. vi. 197. Cardium Born. #59 Cardium citrinum Chemn. rusticum Ch. (non L). Castonier Groom of the Chamber. Submitted Chemnitz, J.H. (1730–1800). Priest and con- cardiids in 1837. Cardiid numbers in Beck’s chologist. Cardiidae illustrated and described accession catalogue 1837–39: #20 Cardium in vol. 6. 1782: Martini & Chemnitz: Neues ventricosum 1. N-Am. #21 C. muricatum 4. systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 1769– #22 C. medium 2. #23 C. isocardia 3. #24 C. 1795. It is uncertain if any of Chemnitz’s ?. #25 C. lævigatum 3. #26–28 not used by cardiids are preserved at the ZMUC today. Beck. #29 C. bullatum ? Maybe as syntypes. catl. Abbr. of catalogue on labels. Chenu (1808–1879). French biologist. Refer- Cb. Abbr. of cabinet on labels. ence to Chenu on labels at ZMUC. cf. Abbr. of confer; meaning; resembling; close Chest. Stands for Chester Bradley. 28 j. h y l l e b e r g chevron V-shaped ornamentation on ribs. Chm. Abbr. of Chemnitz. Chmn. Abbr. of Chemnitz on labels. Chr. P. Abbr. of Chr.Petersen 1905. Christensen, J. senior collected cardiids in Lim- fjorden 1896. Christian 8 th (1786–1848). King of Denmark from 1838–1848. His interest in natural sciences was stimulated already when he was a boy. The naturalist H.S. Holten, one of his teachers, played a key role in this respect. The young Prince Christian Frederik established a small museum at Amalienborg Castle. In 1806 he married his German cousin Charlotte Fred- erikke. They divorced in 1809. Denmark sup- ported France during the Napoleon war. This alliance resulted in the bombardment of Co- penhagen by the British navy in 1807 and the forced separation of Norway from Denmark in 1814. These years were very troublesome for all Danes, including the royal family. Prince Christian Frederik married again in 1815. His new wife was daughter of Duke Frederik Christian of Augustenborg. They settled down in Odense but spent many winters at Amalien- borg or on study tours abroad The first travel took place in 1818. During the following years the Prince carried on his scientific work and Fig. 7. Lithograph of King Christian 8th. From the Steenberg took care of his collections. In 1838 he became Picture Collection at ZMUC. president of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (Fig. 7). Christiansborg Slot Castle of Copenhagen; evidence allows to state the origin of a given planned during the reign of king Christian specimen. VI; initiated in 1731; referred to as the first Clavijo Vice Director of the Royal Natural His- Christiansborg, which burnt down in 1794. It tory Collection in Madrid before 1799. accommodated ”Det kongelige Kunstkammer Cmg. Abbr. of Cuming. or Museum Regium”, but luckily the museum Col. Abbr. of Collin, J. the younger. was in a separate building next to the castle coll. Abbr. of collection. itself. From 1680–1821 the collections were Collegieraad Danish word for “College Coun- accommodated in the library building of the cellor” e.g. Meyer. castle. In 1821 the zoological collections were Collin, Jonas (1776–1861) First bearer of the transferred to ”Det kongelige naturhistoriske name. He had a high government position, Museum”. The second Christiansborg was active in the establishment of “Den naturhis- inaugurated 1828 but burnt down in 1884. The toriske Forening i København” 1833. third Christiansborg was built from 1907–28. Collin, Jonas (1840–1905) Second bearer of It still stands. the name. He was stud. art. when he became Christiansen, H. Worked for St. Nordisk Tele member of NF in 1857. Referred to as Jonas graf; donated cardiids from Taiwan. Collin the younger. He sold a collection of circumstantial evidence Means no direct proof, shells to the museum in 1868. Cardiid num- but knowledge of travel route and other bers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 29

diid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #258. Cardium. Corneliussen Captain. He donated shells to the museum 1874. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #55 Cardium sp. Penang. #237 Cardium sp. 20 fv. water, Singa. Fig. 8. Collin’s label: Cardium aculeatum Linné. The Medi- #358 Cardium australe N S Wales. terranean. J. Col. The lower part of a larger label written by Coromandel coast The coast off E India, Bay Jonas Collin. of Bengal. Cosel, Rudo von (born 1940) German malacologist working at MNHN in Paris. Submitted #213 Cardium echinatum L. jun Hellebæk cardiid paratypes to ZMUC in 1995. #214 Cardium svecicum Reeve, Hellebæk. costis Latin< costa = rib = shell ribs. Term used His collection of cardiids partly went into the by Schumacher. possession of Steenberg. Now available in the Couth. Abbr. of Couthouy. ZMUC general collection. Couthouy, Joseph Pity (1808–1864). American Collin’s collection Dated 7 September 1887, malacologist. Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that Cox, James Charles (1834–1912). Australian the museum purchased J. Collin’s collection malacologist. Submitted shells to ZM 1870. (among others original material from the Lim- Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book fjorden), but the museum only kept half of it. 1866–1872: #283 Cardium sp. New Caledo- The other half was sold to bookseller Lynge nia. #284 Cardium sp. Hobson’s Bay. and stud. mag. F. Riise. Note added to the Coxe Collected cardiids in Pacific Ocean 1870. entry: Lynge’s and part of Riise’s collections Coy Collected cardiids in the Caribbean 1867. were sold in 1935 to the Museum of Natural Cum. Abbr. of Cuming. History, Aarhus University, Denmark. See Cumg. Abbr. of Cuming. under Aarhus Museum. (Fig. 8). Cuming 1834, 1835 See under Beck 1830– Comtesse, David Louis (1883–1957) British 1836. captain and malacologist. Collected cardiids Cuming, Hugh (1791–1865) Esq., London. Brit- in Australia; onboard the Carlsberg Founda- ish malacologist and shell dealer. His left shell tion Oceanic. Exp. 1928–30. collection (83,000 specimens) was purchased Conchiilien Musei Schumacherium See under by the British Museum 1866. Supplied cardi- Schumacher’s collection. ids to CVIII. Cuming also donated shells to conchologist Person who works with conchol- ogy, i.e. the branch of zoology that deals with the study of shells of molluscs. Conr. Abbr. of the Danish museum conservator Conradsen on labels. Conr. Abbr. of the malacologist T.A.Conrad on labels. Conrad, T. A. (1803–1857). American malacologist. Conradsen Museum conservator. Collected shells in the Bay of Aarhus, Nov. 1857. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #9 Cardium fasciatum, 4. coralline matter Derived from calcareous al- Fig. 9. Cardium trigonoides Pallas. Both Beck and Mörch gae. wrote labels attached with Cuming’s specimens This label Corbet Mr. The Museum in Rheims, France; from 1842 is similar to the style of Beck, but it is possibly submitted unidentified Tertiary fossils. -Car written by Cuming. 30 j. h y l l e b e r g

the Museum; Mörch wrote the labels from his dictation. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #163 Cardium mortoni. United States, 2. #164 Cardium donaciforme. Philippines, 1. (Fig. 9). Fig. 11. Mörch’s characteristic marking of material from the Cuningham Submitted cardiids from Australia museum of CVIII. The marking is seen on labels as well as on the inside of specimens. 1835 (Fig. 10). Cuningham, Allan (1791–1839). British malacologist. asterisk* if they appear on old labels listed Cuv. Abbr. of Cuvier. in the present catalogue. Geographical ar- Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832). Baron, French eas in alphabetical order. Algeria: Michaud. zoologist. Ana: Lyck. Antilles: *Bardenfl. *Sommer. CVIII (1786–1848). King Christian 8 th. He is ab- Magens. *Scholten. Castonier. *Hornbeck. breviated CVIII on labels by Mörch (the most *Ravn. Nissen. *True Ekhard. Arabia & Red common abbreviation). The king’s collection Sea: *Forskål. *Greenough. D’. Roux. Austra- was transferred to the University Museum and lia: *Cuming. Lyell. *Cuningham. Woltown. encompassed many important specimens, e.g. Q. et Gaimard. Lesson. MC. Belgium: Can- from Otto Fabricius, Forskål, and O.F. Müller. thraine. *Nyst. Brazil (Am med): *Reventlov. See also Beck’s catalogue 1831 and Christian *W.Lund. Röding. Woodbene Pairish. Cap: the 8 th (Fig. 11). Westermann, Trentepol, *Petersen. Ekloa. CVIII list of contributors Beck wrote the Central America (Am. m. int): D’Orbigny. list for personal use. It shows persons who *Cuming. China: Trentepol. *Petersen. *Lud- contributed to the shell collection of King vigsen. Congo, Mozambique: *Dal Borgo. Christian 8 th (CVIII). The list is not dated Denmark: *O.Müller. *Abildgaard. Hol- but written before 1848. Beck’s entries show ten. *Otto Fabricius. *Spengler. Chemnitz. countries and persons who submitted mate- *Grove. *W.Lund, *Hofman-Bang. *Kröier. rial from these countries (not nationalities *Møller. *Steenstrup. Egypt. Red Sea: Beske. of the persons). The same person may have Cailliaud. (Ruppel). (Rusegge?). Dumreicher. submitted shells from more than one country, Faroe Islands: *Forkhammer. *Vargas Bede- e.g. Falbe, who collected in Italy, Greece, mar. France: Lamarck. G.Cuvier. Ferussac. and Tunisia. I have marked persons with an Blainville. *Valenciennes. Deshayes. Brong- niart. Michaud. Risso. Rieneu. Recluz. Rey. Gilles. Waldemar. Neraudreu [?]. *Bevalet. Rüssel. Marquies. Q et Gaimard. Lesson. Ger- many: Martini. Schröter. Winthern. Thorey. Beske. Hofmann. Jenisson. Pfeifer. Menke. Rossmäsler. *Philippi. Ehrenberg. Bronn. Goldfuss. Münster. Hoeninghaus. M.v. Müh- lfeldt. Ziegler. *Malsburg. *Müller. Taeschel. Wigmann. Greece: Falbe. Greenland: *Chr. Fabricius. Ginge. Pingel. *Vahl. *Holböll. Tafting. Guinea: Hein. Tscherning. Trente- pol?. Klein. *Mörck. I Oc Inter: Westermann. Iceland: Faber. Indian Ocean. Tranquebar: *Schönheider. *Seidlin. *Hansen. (Mourier). Horstmann. Indian Ocean. Ceylon: *Börth. In- dian Ocean. Ganges: Wallich + Cantor. Isl. De France & Seychelles: *Ludvigsen. *Petersen. Fig. 10. C. fragum N. Holl. Collected by Cuningham 1835. Italy: *Capesse Lado. Montechelli/Pak. Delle Label from the time of Beck. Chiajei. Certa Bivona Caron. Chret Jahn. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 31

Regering (The French Government) which donated cardiids to ZM 1868. D. B. R. Abbr. of Dall, Barth, and Rehder. D. F. H. Abbr. of Danmarks Fiskeri & Havunder- søgelser (Danish Fisheries & Sea Research). D. N. F. Abbr. of Dansk naturhistorisk Forening (Danish Natural History Society). D. W. Abbr. of Dillwyn on label by Bech. d’Orb. Abbr. of d’Orbigny. d’Orbigny, A. d’. French malacologist, d’Origny Master at grammar school (Adjunkt) in Ribe, Denmark. Received shells from the museum. daarlige Eksempl. Danish for poor specimens. Dal Borgo, O. (1775 –1856). Danish consul-general, among others in Rio; collected cardiids Fig. 12. Label by Beck: C. ciliare Ch. vol XI. XI. f. 1951-3 = for the KM. (Fig. 12). junior C. aculeata. Portugal. Beck abbreviated Dal Borgo’s Dana expeditions Important expeditions to the name (DBg.) in a very characteristic way. western Atlantic and Mediterranean 1921; cardiids collected in the West Indies and Haiti 1922; Expedition circumnavigating the globe *Philippi. *W.Lund. *Prunner. Falbe. Schouv. 1928–30. Japan Siebolt. Java & Ambon: Westermann. Dana The steam trawler “Dana” was used to col- *Voigt. Madagascar: Prevost. Mus Paris. Mo- lect cardiids in Øresund 1922 and in Storebælt rocco *Grove. Nepperschmidt. *Schousboe. 1925. North America: Lea. Petersen. *Ravn. Lyell. Dana vessels Three vessels carried the name Say. Conrad. etc. Norway: Wassermann. Lyck. “Dana”. Dana I is the motor schooner “Dana” *Bock (Sakri). Philippines: Trentepol. *Pe- of the East Asiatic Company. Dana II is the tersen. *Cuming. *Kjærulf. Bentley. Poland: steam trawler “Dana” of the Danish State; Pingel. Portugal: *D Borgo. *Grove. Russia: used first time in 1921. Dana III is the fishery Eschscholz. Mertens. Krynicki. Senegal: *Pe- research ship “Dana” built in 1937. tit. South America (Inf. am. m.): *Mus Paris. Danish West Indies See under West Indies. Lyell. Spain: Youd [?]. Walton. Sumatra: Tr- Danmark The cruiser “Danmark” was used in entepol. *Petersen. Sweden: Thunberg. Linné. Greenland 1902, in Icelandic waters 1907, Nilsson. Lovén. Marklin. The Netherlands: and for the Northeast Greenland Expedition *Voigt, De Maan, Simons. Tunesia: Falbe. 1906–08. The work carried out is referred to UK: I.Banks. Sowerby. *Cuming. *Cuning- as the Danmark-expedition. ham. Gray. Lyell. Murchinson. Broderip. Danmark-expedition See under Danmark *Greenough. Mantel. Goodal. Alder. Reeve. Dansk Biologisk Station Shortened form of Gaskoin. Sault. Walton. Watson. Stuchbury. Den Danske biologiske Station (The Dan- Graham. Wood. Mawe. West America (Am. ish Biological Station). See under C.G.Johs. occid): Løfgren. *Cuming. *Lyell. Crt Mørk. Petersen. *Suensen. D. Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København CVIII Stands for cardiids of the King Christian The Danish Natural History Society in Co- 8th collection. See Fig. 11. penhagen was founded 1833 by a group of D Bg. Abbr. of Dal Borgo. influential persons. The original name was D Bgo. Abbr. of Dal Borgo. “Den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn”. D Borgo See under Dal Borgo. Compare with “Naturhistorie-Selskabet”. D Brg. Abbr. of Dal Borgo. Dansk naturhistorisk Forenings Samling Col- D. franske Reg. Danish Abbr. of Den franske lections of the Danish Natural History Society. 32 j. h y l l e b e r g

Henrik Krøyer was associated with the Collec- 1838–1864. The collection was managed by tions from 1833–1847. the following scientific staff: – 1810–1813 Dat. Particular time when a sample was ob- professor Jens Rathke – 1813–1845 profes- tained. sor Joh. Reinhardt. – 1831–1846 assistant, dr. Dbgo. Abbr. of Dal Borgo. Henrik Beck. – 1846–1864 professor Japetus De forenede Museer (United museums) In 1867 Steenstrup. – 1852–1864 assistant O. Mørch. Mörch wrote an inventory of display and – 1837 the main building of the University had magazine facilities following the fusion of been rebuilt after the bombardment and the three collections. He listed cupboards, number housing situation relieved. – In 1838 the col- of drawers and cabinets. All facilities were lections were transferred to Nørregade. – 1848 combined in the new Zoological Museum King Christian VIII passed away and his com- (ZM) constructed in Krystalgade. From the prehensive collections were transferred to Det Museum of CVIII: ZM received cupboards grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende with 828 drawers, 20 exhibition cases, 2 naturhistoriske Samlinger. upright cupboards. From the University Mu- de la Laing See under Laing, de la. seum: cupboards with 226 drawers, 4 exhibi- De Luc See under Luc, De tion cases, 1 upright cupboard. From the old deciduous Falling off at periodical times. Here Royal Museum: cupboards with 400 drawers, in the sense of breaking off easily. 4 exhibition cases and 3 upright cupboards. ded. = det. < L. determino = the limits of, deter- In total 1454 drawers but 176 of these were mined by. old, previously belonging to Spengler og Defr. Abbr. of Defrance. Naturhistorisk Selskab. He also mentions Defrance, Jacques-Louis-Marin (1758–1850). drawers stored in the loft on top of the Uni- French malacologist. versity Museum in Nørregade. See also under Deichmann, Elisabeth (1896–1975). Danish- Museum Collections and Mörch 1867 for American Zoologist. Collected cardiids in display of cardiids. Panama 1924. De grevelige Moltkeske Universitetet tilhørende Deichmann, Henrik Zoologist onboard the naturhistoriske samlinger. The Count Molt- “Hekla” Expedition 1891–92 and the “East- ke’s natural history collections belonging to Greenland Expedition” 1898–1900. the University displayed activity 1810–1864. Delesseria Genus of red algae. Years of important events: – 1810 poor delta The 4 th letter in the Greek alphabet. economy had made the natural science of the Den 3.aarige Østgrønlands-Undersøgelse The University go down on its knees. In addition, 3-year East Greenland Investigation 1931– poor housing conditions, which followed the 34. bombardment of Copenhagen by the British Den Danske biologiske Station The Danish bio- in 1807, made the situation rather miserable. logical Station. See under C.G.Johs.Petersen. However, Count Joachim Godske Moltke Den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn. acted and purchased Universitetets Natural The original name of the society founded in Theater. It was fused with a large collection 1833. [“The Natural History Society in Co- he had inherited after his father and given penhagen”]. Compare with “Dansk naturhis- as a present to the University. This free gift torisk Forening i København” and “Naturhis- was named ” De grevelige Moltke’ske Uni- torie-Selskabet”. versitetet tilhørende Samlinger”. In this way Desh. Abbr. of Deshayes on labels by Mörch. the University received new funding and the Deshayes, Gérard Paul (1795–1875). French natural history collections were returned. It malacologist. His name is pronounced “deé” was an unusual event The collections had in French. three addresses over time: 1.) Nørregade 10, Det gamle Universitets Museum The old mu- where the collection was stored 1810–1832. seum of the university mentioned in Mörch’s 2.) St. Kannikestræde 34 during the period accession book 1866–1872 = the Zoological 1832–1838. 3.) Nørregade 10 again from Museum in Nørregade. Collections were c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 33

moved to the Zoological Museum in Krystal- the management. Reinhardt became chief in- gade in 1867. spector and Beck became inspector. 1845 Re- Det grevelige Moltkeske Universitetet tilhø- inhardt died. 1845 Steenstrup was appointed rende zoologiske Museum. Identical with “De professor zoologiae, but during the following grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende 3 years there was no contact between the naturhistoriske samlinger” (The Count Moltke University and Det kgl. naturhistoriske Mu- Zoological Museum belonging to the Univer- seum. 1845–1847 the Galathea expedition sity) referred to as the “University Zoological was carried out, but the collections were not Museum”. ��See also under Grev Moltkes Sam- fully utilized because of a war which raged ling and De grevelige Moltke’ske Universite- with Germany from 1848–51. 1848 dr. Beck tet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. was dismissed because he was addicted to Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum Abbr. of Det drinking. 1848 Joh. Theodor Reinhardt was kongelige naturhistoriske Museum. Also�� ab- appointed inspector after his father. – 1850 breviated KM. the “Universitetsmuseet” in Nørregade gained Det kongelige naturhistoriske Museum The increasing significance during the time of Royal Natural History Museum displayed Steenstrup who was determined to strengthen activity 1804–1864. The Museum had 3 ad- the natural sciences. Hence, he worked on a dresses during its lifetime. 1.) Rosenborg Slot, fusion of Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum og where the Spengler Collection was stored Universitetsmuseet. It was a difficult task but 1804–1821. 2.) Østergade 52, where other zoo- he succeeded and a law passed Parliament in logical collections were stored 1804–1821. 3.) 1862 stating the fusion of the natural history Det Holsteinske Palæ, Stormgade 10 where the collections. 1864 Det kgl. naturhistoriske Mu- collections amalgamated 1821–1864. Years of seum closed. important events: 1806 Johannes Hagemann Det mineralogiske Museum The Zoological Reinhardt was appointed inspector at the Det Museum received shells from the Museum kongelige naturhistoriske Museum in Øster- of Mineralogy in Copenhagen. Cardiid num- gade. He worked 39 years at this museum. bers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: 1820 The King sanctioned that larger prem- #45 Cardium cardissa, ex Moltke, 2/2. #46 ises could be leased, viz. the Holstein Palace Cardium humanum, ex Moltke. #47 Cardium in Stormgade. 1821 the collections stored at unedo, ex Moltke. #58 Cardium aculeatus Rosenborg Castle and the collections from [sic], ex Moltke. #51 Cardium isocardia, ex Østergade were transferred to the Holsteinske Moltke. #52 Cardium oblongum, ex Moltke. Palæ in Stormgade. By this act ”Det kongelige #53 Cardium tuberculatum, ex Moltke. #55 naturhistoriske Museum” in Stormgade was Cardium costatum, ex Moltke 1. ex Min. Mus. created. The attraction of the museum was a 1. #60 Cardium edule, ex Moltke. – Shells collection of stuffed birds (Wøldig’ske fugle- from the museum of mineralogy, Copenhagen, samling). Hence, the citizens of Copenhagen 5 July 1850. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s ac- nicknamed The Royal Natural History Mu- cession book 1846–1853: #177 C. lævigatum, seum “the bird museum” (Fuglemuseet). 1821 1 5/2. #178 C. edule, Falmouth, 2. #179 C. The zoological collections from the chamber echinatum, 3/2. of art (Kunstkammeret) amalgamated with the Det physiologiske Museum The Museum of other collections. 1827 The Danish State pur- Physiology received glass tubes in 1868. chased the Holsteinske Palæ. 1829 A reform Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book was carried out. The old Commission was 1866–1872: #73 Cardium pullus? #156 Car- dissolved and a board of directors established dium grønlandicum Chem. #157 Cardium to govern the ”Det kongelige naturhistoriske ciliatum Fabr. Museum”. 1829 Beck appointed assistant for Det. Abbr. of < L. determino = the limits of, Reinhardt. 1840 Henrik Krøyer collected in determined by = identified by, ID. South America onboard the frigate “Bellona”. Diana The naval schooner “Diana” sampled 1842 a new reform was carried out regarding in Iceland 1884, 1900, 1902. Stud. mag. A. 34 j. h y l l e b e r g

Ditlevsen was onboard in 1902. “Diana” oper- book 1866–1872: #19 Cardium edule L. – ated in SE Iceland 1900. Dated 3 December 1887 Mörch’s accession Dijmphna duplicate cardiids According to the book 1870–1889 tells that Steenstrup donated dispatch book 1890–1921; duplicate speci- subfossil Cardium edule collected by Dreyer mens from the ”Dijmphna” cruise were sent at Vindeby Nor NW of Eckernförde. to museums in London, Paris, and Cambridge DRY Stands for the general collection of dried in October 1890. The cardiid species Cardium shells at ZMUC. ciliatum mand Serripes groenlandicus were Duméril, André Marie Constant (1774–1860). mailed to two unspecified museums. French naturalist. Dijmphna The steamship “Dijmphna” used for a Dumr. Abbr. of the Duméril. Collected cardiids Danish expedition 1882–83 to the Kara Sea. in the Red Sea. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston (1778–1855). British Duus Consul in Hong Kong. Cardiid number Malacologist. Published “A descriptive cata- in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #144 logue” 1817. Cardium multispinosum, 2. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston (1778–1885) British Dv Abbr. of Dictionnaire Vers, referring to malacologist. Published “A descriptive cata- “Histoire Naturelle des Vers, Encyclopédie logue ...” 1817. méthodique” by Bruguière 1789. Discr. Abbr. of < L. discrepantia = disagree- Dw Abbreviation of Dillwyn. ment, difference. Used by Mørch to indicate Dyret i Regentsg. Danish language meaning that that Spengler and Chemnitz used different the animal is deposited in a test tube. names for the same species. e < L. Abbr. of ex = from, out of. dispatch book Afgangs-Journal in Danish. Spec- e mar. Tarantin = “from Bay of Taranto”, the imens sent from ZM ca. 1849–1893; mostly Mediterranean. recorded in Mörch’s handwriting. Not signed, e Mus Chr. 8vi From the museum of CVIII. On not fully dated, but the book probably started label by Beck around 1848. – Other dispatch books: Mörch e Mus Christiani 8vi From the museum of 1857–1868. Afgangs-Journal for Molluskerne CVIII. On label by Beck. 1890–1921. e Museo regio From the royal museum. On label Ditlevsen, A. According to UZM entries in a by Beck diary he participated as a student onboard the e Museo regio Hafniae From the royal museum naval schooner ”Diana”, 1902 Sampled cardi- in Copenhagen. On label by Beck ids at the Faroe Islands and Iceland. E. Stands for “Encyclopédie méthodique”, Bru- Dohm, Dp. Stettin. Dated 29 August 1867, he guière 1789; text by Bory Saint Vincent 1827; received a shell collection. No number in see also under Eni. Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: Cardium e.g. < L. Abbr. of exempli gratia = for example. æolicum Born E. m. Abbr. of Encyclopédie méthodique, Bru- Dollfus, Robert Philippe (1887–1976). French guière 1789; see also under Eni. malacologist. E. S. Abbr. of E. Schimmelmann. Dollfuss R. Ph. Collected cardiids at the Faroe East India Old geographical term covering In- Islands 1929. Spelling of Dollfus on labels. dia & countries east of India; it includes the Donov. Abbr. of Donovan on labels by Beck. Malay archipelago and the Indonesian islands, Donovan, Edward (1768–1837). British mala- i.e. countries along the Bay of Bengal, in the cologist. Published “The natural History of Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean. British Shells 1800–1804”. East-Greenland Expedition 1898–1900. Carls- Donv. Abbreviation of Donovan. bergfondets Østgrønlandsekspedition com- doublet Both valves fit together, i.e. a complete manded by senior lieutenant G. Amdrup. It bivalve; word used by Spengler 1799. lasted 3 years. Søren Jensen participated as Dr. Th. Mortensen. See under Mortensen. zoologist. Dreyer Colonel, Clarupgaard. Collected fossil Eck. Abbr. of Eckard. shells. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession Eckard See under Ekart. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 35

Enumeratio Musei Christiani octavi. Mörch’s catalogue listing the organisation of shells in the museum of CVIII. epsilon The 5 th letter in the Greek alphabet. Eschr. Abbr. of Eschricht. Eschricht, Daniel F. (1798–1863). Professor of physiology. Started to build up a private collection called the “Zootomical-Physiological Museum” 1825. It was sold to the “Zoological Museum of the University” in 1841. See under Fig. 13. Cardium incrassatum m. [invalid species]. Caspian Universitetets zoologiske Museum. Essential Sea. The handwriting is possibly by Eichwald. Mörch added for the establishment of “Den naturhistoriske the Greek letter alpha. Forening i Kjøbenhavn” (see under NF) and supplied cardiids for N.F. from the Mediter- ranean. Edmunds, J. Collected cardiids in W. Africa Ess: Abbr. of Schumacher’s “Essai d’un nou- 1970. veau…” 1817. Eichw. Abbr. of Eichwald. et < L. et = and. Eichwald, Karl E. Ivanovich von (1795–1876). eta The 7th letter in the Greek alphabet. Russian malacologist; studied molluscs of Etatsraad Danish for titular Councillor of state. the Caspian Sea. He wrote “m.” after species Ex, ex < L. ex = from described by him (Fig. 13). Ex., ex. Abbr. of < L. exemplar = specimen of Ek. Abbr. of Ekart. a species. Ekart, F. Collected cardiids in the Antilles before Exempl. Abbr. of < L. exemplar = specimen of 1848. a species. Eksp. Abbr. of Ekspedition. Exemps. Abbr. of < L. exemplaris = specimens Ekspeditionen Danish for the expedition. of a species. Elberling, C. Graduate. He received shells on 1 Exp. Abbr. of expedition. Nov. 1860 according to ZM book of dispatch: Expedt. Stands for the Expedition de la Venus, #33 Cardium flavum. – On 26 Jan. 1861: #107 Petit Thouars 1839. Cardium echinatum – not dated: #159 Card. Expl. E. Coast U.S. Abbr. of Exploration of the spinosum (bullatum). east coast of USA by Wm. Stimpson. Emerson, Evelyn American collector; donated cardiids from the Gulf of Mexico and Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. empt. Abbr. on old labels by Beck (next to Mus. Regio). < L. emptio; a purchase. emt. Abbr. on labels by Beck. See under empt. emto or emta Abbr. on labels by Beck. See under empt. (Fig. 14). Enc. Abbr. of “Encyclopédie méthodique” 1789, text by Bory Saint Vincent 1827. Encycl. Abbr. of Encyclopédie méthodique, Bruguière 1789. Endeavour Research vessel used by Mortensen in Australia during the Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Exp. 1914–16 Eni. Stands for “Tableau Encyclopedique et Fig. 14. Label by Beck: C. hemicardium var. e Mus. Reg. Methodique” by Bruguière in Bory de St. emto. Mörch added 44 and the Greek letter epsilon in pen- Vincent 1827. cil. 36 j. h y l l e b e r g

Exposition universelle Stands for Exposition Find A person who collected cardiids in the universelle de Paris 1868. Shells exhibited in Antilles. Paris were donated to ZM. Cardiid number Findested Danish language, meaning finding in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #87 place. Cardium fragum L. East India. Fjeldsøe Collected cardiids in the former Danish f. Abbr. of < L. figura = figure. West Indies before 1917. F.C. Abbr. of Frederik Christian of Augusten- Fjeldsted, K. Collected cardiids in the former borg. Danish West Indies. fa. Abbr. of Fabricius. Fjeldstrup Teacher. He collected shells at the Fabr. Abbr. of Fabricius who provided alco- Faroe Islands during the summer 1887. No hol specimens for the CVIII coll. (Mörch number in Mörch’s accession book 1870– 1858–59). 1889: Cardium echinatum. Fabricius, C. Submitted cardiids from Green- Fla Abbr. of Florida, USA. land before 1848. Fleischer Submitted cardiids from Greenland Fabricius, F. Collected cardiids in Greenland before 1863. Fabricius, J.Chr. (1745–1808). Danish ento- Fng. Abbr. not identified. Material from Green- mologist, prof. of economy and natural his- land on label by Beck. tory. See under CFb. Forch. Abbr. of Forchhammer on labels by Fabricius, Otto (1744–1822). Danish bishop. Mörch. Collected cardiids in Greenland; published Forchhammer, J.G. (1794–1865). Professor; “Fauna groenlandica” 1780. active in the management of KM from Færøerne The Faroe Islands in Danish lan- 1848–64. Collected shells October 1848 on guage. the island Sylt. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ac- Fam: Terminated with a colon. Abbr. of family. cession book 1846–1853: #2 Cardium edule, fathom = 1.8 m. This old measurement has often Terpsted, 5 8/2. been converted into the metric system on ZM Forkhammer See Forchhammer. labels; see under fv. Forsk. Abbr. of Forskål. Fav. Abbr. of the French naturalist Favanne. Forskål in Niehbur 1775. Forskål died in Ye- Fedd. Abbr. of Feddersen men 1763; subsequently Niebuhr published Feddersen Master at a grammar school (Ad- his findings. junkt). ZM accession 1862: Cardiid number Forskål, Pehr Spelling of Peter Forskål in the in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867 #153. Swedish Pantheon. Cardium balthicum. Dispatch from ZM: dated Forskål, Peter (1732–1763). Zoologist and 8 August 1862 he received a shell collection. botanist. Participated in the Expedition to Cardiid number in Mörch’s dispatch book “Arabia Felix” initiated in 1761. He died 1763 1857–1868: #43 Cardium rusticum. in Yemen. Cardiids collected by Forskål are Feilberg Submitted shells from sheriff (Sys- available at the ZMUC today. selmand) Müller, the Faroe Islands 1867. Forskål’s collection Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book accession book 1846–1853: #61 Cardium fla- 1866–1872: #67 Cardium edule #68 Cardium vum, 62. (3 previously entered). #62 Cardium echinatum. muricatum, 4 1/2. #63 Cardium assimile, 1 (1 Fhll. Abbr. of the locality Fairhill; used by Mörch previously entered). #64 Cardium auricula for specimens in the Møll. coll. Niebuhr. Original to Ch og Rgf (1 previously fi. Abbr. of < L. figura = figure. On labels by entered). #65 Cardium unedo, 1. #66 Car- Mørch. dium papyraceum Ch, fragile Forsk?, 1 2/2 fi. i Abbr. of figure i. (3 previously entered). #67 Cardium edule, 1 fide < L. confidence in; according to. 1/2. #68 Cardium edule, fossil Suez 1/2. #69 Fifth (5th) Thai-Danish Expedition 1966 Joint Cardium digitale aff. 1. #70 Cardium, Savig. Thai–Danish expedition to the Andaman Sea t. f. fossil, 2/2. between Myanmar (Burma) and Malaysia. Forskål’s Samling Undated entry in Mörch’s ac- c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 37

cession book 1846–1853. See under Forskål’s ish fathom converts into 1.883 m; the British collection. fathom into 1.829 m. Forsskål See under Forskål. His name is spelled Fylla The naval cruiser “Fylla” was used to col- in different ways by authors: Petter Forsskål, lect bottom fauna in West Greenland 1882, P. Forsskåhl, P. Forskål, Forskhal, Forskael. 1884 1886, and 1887. Cardiids were deposited Fr. havn Abbr. of Frederikshavn, Denmark. at the ZM. fra Udst. Abbr. of Danish “fra Udstillingen” = G. G. U. Abbr. of Geological Survey of Green- from the exhibition. See under Universitetets land. zoologiske Museum. G. W. Abbr. of Professor Gregers Wad. fra udstil. or Fra udstil. See under fra Udst. Gabriel, Charles John (1879–1963). Australian fragile shell Refers to delicate, thin, easily bro- malacologist. Collected cardiids in Australia ken shells. 1921, 1923. Frederik Christian of Augustenborg (1765– Gad, Svend Danish Consul in Singapore; col- 1814). Duke Frederik Christian of Augus- lected cardiids for the museum 1902–1910 tenborg, president, management of KM from according to UZM entries in a diary. 1796–1814. Galathea label Material from the second Ex- Frederik III (1609–1670). King of Denmark. pedition 1950–52 has labels of two types: He started The Royal Cabinet of Curiosities. 1) Galathea-St. No.; 2) Zoologisk Museum, It existed from 1650–1821. See also under København, Galathea-Ekspeditionen 1950– Kunstkammer . 52. St. No. These texts are printed on top of Frederiksborg Latinskole Frederiksborg gram- labels. mar school, Denmark. Kneckenborg received Galathea The first expedition 1845–47; initiated shells 1. March 1850. ZM Book of Dispatch by CVIII. The vessel “Galathea” was a modi- #24 Cardium serratum L. (= C. laevi. Ch), 1. fied corvette. The navy ship had a length of #25 Cardium echinatum L. 1. #26 Cardium 43 m and drew only 5 m. It could enter small edule L. Grimstad, 1. harbours and sail up the rivers. Friele, Herman (1838–1921) Pharmacist, Ber- Galathea The second expedition 1950–52. The gen, Norway. The museum received shells vessel “Galathea” was a modified frigate built November 1874. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s by the British in 1934. The 80 m long navy accession book 1870–1889: #74 Cardium ship was purchased by Denmark in 1949. It edule L. #76 Cardium norvegicum Spgl. #78 was equipped with a 12 km long wire to enable Cardium fasciatum Mont. #79 Cardium no- deep sea bottom sampling. dosum Turt. #80 Cardium minimum Phil. C. Galathea The third expedition 2006–07. The suecicum Sow. vessel was a naval inspection ship named Friis Secretary. Submitted shells from China c/o “Vædderen”. The expedition is usually re- Heu Sass 1851. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ferred to as Galathea 3, although the vessel accession book 1846–1853: #34 Cardium did not carry the name Galathea. So far I have multispinosum, 1. Friis had a large collection, not seen any cardiids collected during the third which included shells donated to him by the expedition. Zoological Museum c/o Mörch. Gall Mr. Sold shells to Mörch when he visited Fristed Collected cardiids in Sri Lanka and Norway. Cardiid number in Mörch’s acces- Southern India 1889. sion book 1866–1872: #77 Cardium edule Fristedt, K. See under Fristed. var. glaucum. Fucus Genus of brown algae. Gallardo A. Chilean marine biologist. Collected Fugel 1834 See under Beck 1830–1836. cardiids in Vietnam 1960. Participated on- Fugl. Abbr. of Fuglsang. board the 5 th Thai-Danish Exp. 1966. Fuglsang Danish naturalist; collected tropical Gamb. Abbr. of Gambia, West Africa. cardiids. Gemzøe Collected cardiids in Iceland 1904. fv Abbr. of fathom (favn). The precise length of Gibraltar Rhed Danish: the sheltered roadstead a fathom varies among countries. The Dan- of Gibraltar. 38 j. h y l l e b e r g

Gm. Abbr. of Gmelin 1791. bers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Gmel. Abbr. of Gmelin. #57 Cardium islandicum. #58 Cardium grøn- Gml. Abbr. of Gmelin. landicum. #59 Cardium grønlandicum var. Godthaab Expedition Cardiids were sampled in Gronenl. Abbreviation. Stands for of Green- Greenland 1930. land. Godthaab The vessel ”Godthaab” operated in Grønl. Abbr. of the Danish word Grønland = Greenlandic waters 1930. Greenland. Gould, Augustus Addison (1805–1866). Col- Grønland = Greenland. lected alcohol specimens for CVIII. See under Grönland See under Grønland. Mörch 1858–59. Grønlands Zoogeogr. Undersøgelser = Green- Grækenland Danish: Greece. land’s Zoogeographical Investigations. Thule Greenland collection. Shells from an exhibi- 1968. tion in Kiel 1846. Cardiid number entered on Gronovius (1730–1777). Dutch naturalist and 26 August 1859 in Mörch’s accession book shell collector. Author of “Zoophylacium” 1840–1867: #73. Cardium ciliatum Fab. (new 1781. 6 September 1836 Møller). #74. Cardium Grove Collected specimens for CVIII. He had (Serripes) grønlandicum. Gigantic. Godthaab a shell collection, including tropical cardiids, 1830. Depicted by Müller Mss. One patho- now present at ZMUC. logical specimen with double roof containing Grove, C.G. Councellor of justice, Roskilde, sand. One picturata. Godthaab 1829. Denmark. Greenogh Spelling of Greenough on labels. Growe Contributed cardiids to ZM from Java Greenough According to Mörch, 1840–66, 1844. See under Grove. he checked subfossils from the Red Sea, Gualt. Abbr. of Gualtieri. Erythræa: #43 Cardium ciliatum Fab. (Mörch Gualtieri, Niccolo (1688–1747). Italian mal- stated: it does hardly belong to this coll.) #44 acologist. Published “Index testarum…” Cardium. #45 Cardium radiatum Reeve? 1742. (from T 278). He collected cardiids in the Red Gudmund Collected alcohol specimens for Sea 1860. CVIII. See under Mörch 1858–59. Grev Moltkes Samling The Collection of Count Guine Abbr. of Guinea. Moltke housed in Amalienborg until 1810. Guyon Mr. Submitted cardiids from Algeria, 1 Grev Moltkes Universitetet tilhørende Muse- June 1850. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s acces- um Stands for the collection of Count Moltke sion book 1840–1867: #34. Cardium crassum belonging to the University. Shortened name, juv. #35. Cardium papillosum. #36. Cardium identical with “De grevelige Moltke’ske Uni- echinatum. See also under vase. versitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlin- H. C. or HC Abbr. of Hugh Cuming, British ger” and “Det grevelige Moltke’ske Univer- malacologist and shell dealer. sitetet tilhørende zoologiske Museum”. For H. K. Abbr. of Henrik Krøyer. a period the collection was stored because of Hab. Abbr. of < L. habitat = location. damage to buildings during the bombardment Haderslev Latinskole Haderslev grammar of Copenhagen by the British commanded by school, Denmark. ZM Book of Dispatch #30 Admiral Nelson in 1807. Cardium laevigatum Chem Vestind. 1. #31 grev, greve = Danish word for count Cardium muricatum L. Vestindien, 1. #32 Grl. Abbr. of Greenland. Cardium medium L. Vestindien, 1. #33 Car- Gröenland See under Grønland. dium edule Grimstad, 1. Gron. Abbr. of Gronovius. Hallas Dr. Submitted shells from Capt. Hammers Grøndal, Benedikt Graduate, Master at a gram- Expedition 1867. Cardiid number in Mörch’s mar school, Reikiavik, Iceland. Cardiid num- accession book 1866–1872: #1 Cardium el- ber in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: egantulum Beck. NE of Laganæs, 70 fathoms. #29 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. – The museum #6 Cardium elegantulum Beck off Borgefjord, received shells October 1875. Cardiid num- 80 fathoms, on Onuphis tubes. #7 Cardium c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 39

elegantulum Beck ?May, off Borgefjord, 80 fathoms, on Onuphis tubes. Hallgr. Abbr. of Hallgrimson. Hallgrimson Mr. Collected cardiids in Iceland, Reykjavik 1840–41. See under Magazine. Hammer Captain. See under Hallas. Hanno. Abbr. of Hannover. Hannov. Abbr. of Hannover. Hannover Dr. surgeon lieutenant, licentiate in 1846. He collected cardiids in the Mediterra- nean. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #92 Cardium aculeatum, 1. Fig. 16. Characteristic label from the Hauschild coll. His #93 Cardium oblongum, 1. labels were typed on light blue paper. Apart from Hauschild’s Hansen Business man, Port Elisabeth, Cap. The typed labels only some American cardiids at ZM are provided museum received shells through Mrs. Hansen. with typed labels. Y.C. refers to Yoldi’s collection n° 437 from Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book the Philippines. 1870–1889: #39 Cardium sp. Hansen Lieutenant in the navy; found shells at a ship stranded in East India. Cardiid num- Harder, G. G. U. Collected cardiids in Green- bers in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: land 1906, together with Jensen. #124. Cardium unedo. #125. Cardium. #126. Harper Pease Mr. See under Pease. Cardium flavum. 20 Nov. 1862. Shells found Hartman Collected cardiids in the Caroline Isls. in stranded ship. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s 1880 (Fig. 15). accession book 1840–1867: #92. Cardium Hartmann See under Hartman. unedo. #93. 1. fragment juv. Hauch A. W. (1755–1838). Senior Lord Cham- Hansen, H. J. (1855–1936). dr. phil. 1883.�� Par- berlain. Active in the Management of KM ticipated in the “Ingolf “expedition 1895. from 1802–38. Hansen, M. M. Collected cardiids in Barbados Hauch The naval vessel “Hauch” was used by 1976. the Fishery Inspection to collect cardiids in Hansen, P. M. (1901–1976). Name on misplaced Kattegat from 1883 to 1886. label with the Steenberg coll. Hansen did not Hauschild Danish shell collector. collect cardiids in Greenland 1927. Hauschild’s collection Cardiids are deposited at ZMUC (Fig. 16). Havbugt Danish for bay. Haysii Erroneous spelling of hayesii by Mörch. Hbk. Abbr. of Holbæk or Hellebæk. HCum. Abbr. of Hugh Cuming. Hedegaard Naval officer. Collected material for NF c/o Japetus Steenstrup. Hedemann Collected cardiids in Greenland 1922. Heegaard, P. E. (1908–1974). Danish zoologist. Collected cardiids in Australia 1938. Poul E. Heegaard was associated with the Danish Zoological Museum and the Fishery Research Institute. Hekla the Norwegian steamer “Hekla” was hired Fig. 15. I have not identified the handwriting nor the refer- for the expedition to Scoresby Sound, Green- ence to carolinum n° 34 in available catalogues. Collected by land 1891–92. Hartmann 1880, i.e. two years after Mörch died. Hellebæk Small town north of Copenhagen 40 j. h y l l e b e r g

Hellebek Old spelling of Hellebæk. C Mølleri. Godthaab 1839. – C. – Cardiaceés Helsingør Realskole Elsinore high school, Den- Concha B.

sa. Bona. #177 Cardium porulosum Busch. accession book 1853–1861: #135 Cardium Damery Marne. #178 Cardium obliquum. (Trachycardium), 1/2. 1853. Beynes. #179 Cardium obliquum. Jalgonne. Hylleberg, Jørgen (born 1935) fil. dr. marine #180 Cardium lima. Damery. scientist. Collected cardiids for the ZMUC Hornbeck dr. Submitted one large specimen of in the Strait of Georgia, Wa. USA. 1973–74. #6 Cardium isocardia for his Majesty’s Zool. JH was a guest researcher at the Friday Har- Museum 9/12 1833. Loose page attached with bor Laboratories when Dr. Henning Lemche Beck 1833 (from T 278). visited the laboratory to study nudibranchs. Hornbek See under Hornbeck. Lemche requested me to collect molluscs for Hørring Collected cardiids for the ZM in Kat- the ZM since the museum only had few spe- tegat 1883. cies from this part of the USA. Hørring Graduate (cand. med.). Cardiid number I. oc. Abbr. of Indian Ocean in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #21 I. Philp. Abbr. of the Philippines. Cardium edule. Danmark. – Cardiid numbers I. C. Abbr. not verified. Submitted cardiids to in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9 ZM 1900. Cardium fasciatum. Hornbek 1863. #16 Car- i. e.

Isefjord Danish fjord in contact with Kattegat. forme Spgl. in Schröt. C. donaceum Spglr. Isl. Abbr. of island. Mgr., M.U. Tranquebar. #2. medium Lm. 40, Island Danish & Icelandic word = Iceland. Antill. #3. unedo L., M.U. India or. Stp. (9) Isld. Abbr. of Island. Hemicardia Kl. (no species listed). Ital. Abbr. of Italy. Jan Mayen Cardiids were sampled at the Nor- Iversen Mate. Submitted shells 10 September wegian island Jan Mayen 1900. 1871. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession Jb. Abbr. of Jahrbuch. German = yearly publica- book 1866–1872: #24 Cardium antillarum tion. d’Orb. Cuba. Jean The island St. Jean, the West Indies. J. Abbr. of journal. Jelnes, J. E. Collected cardiids in the Baltic J. C. sen. Abbr. of J.Christensen senior. Col- 2002. lected in Limfjorden 1896. Jen Old spelling of the island St. Jean, the West J. N. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids in Indies. Smålandsfarvandet 1891. Jensen Collected cardiids in Iceland 1887. Jacobsen Master at grammar school in Sorø, Jensen Lieutenant. See under Riise, A.H. Denmark. Received from ZM according to Jensen Worked for G.G.U. He collected cardiids Book of Dispatch for 10 August 1849 #18 Car- in Greenland 1906 together with Harder. dium flavum L. Spgl. C. magnum Ch. (From Jensen, Adolf Severin (1866–1953). Professor the collection of Forskål). of Zoology. UZM entries in a diary reports Jacobsen Pastor, 1861. Cardiid number in him as graduate, collected cardiids onboard Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #17 the ship ”Michael Sars”, 1902. Subsequently Cardium fasciatum, 2. Prof. of zoology, malacologist and leader of Jacobsen, Fr. (T 316). cand. theol. He wrote “Tjalfe” Expedition to Greenland. Curator “Catalogue of my shells”. Two dates: Nor- of molluscs at the museum from 1895–1917. dby April 1859 and Besser June 1867 (from Retired in 1936. Collected cardiids in 1908, Samsö). Fr. Jacobsen received shells from 1909. (Fig. 17). the museum c/o Mörch. I have not been able to trace if Jacobsen’s shells were returned to the museum after his death. He certainly had much contact with the museum since he refers to the Varg. M.U. [Musei universitatis] and Stp. His collection of cardiids: (1) Papyridea Sws. #1. spinosum Meusch., Antill. Solen bullatus Ch. S. soleniforme Brug. (2) Pectunculus Adans. non Lam. (3) Cardium L. #1. costatum L. Lm. Ch. VI. 151–152, Guinea #2. echinatum L. Lm. var. b Lm., Öresund, Hellebek. Skagerak P.D. #3. rusticum L., M.U. Madeira Varg. C. tuberculatum Lm. #4. multispinosum Sow., China. (4) Cerastoderma #1. C. islandicum Ch. VI. 195. Gm. 21 #2. edule L. Gm. 20 Ch. VI. 194., Samsö. (5) Trachycardium Yoldi Cat. #1. Isocardia L. Lm. 17, Antill. #2. muricatum L. Lm. 18, Antill. var. [2] Lm. #3. flavum L. (Spengl.), M.U. C. rugosum Lm., Mare rubr. Stp. (6) Liocardium Sws. #1. citrinum Ch. C. lævigatum Gm. 18.– Lm. 26., Antill. (7) Serripes Bk. #1. grönlandicum Ch. M.U. Grønland Stp. Venus islandica Fbr. (8) Fig. 17. Adolf S. Jensen. From photo in the Steenberg Picture Fragum Bolt. Hemicardium Sws. #1. donaci- Collection at ZMUC. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 43

Jensen, Hj. Dated 20 September 1890 he submitted cardiids from Iceland (accession book 1889–1937): Cardium fasciatum st. 2. Car- dium edule in Reikjafjord. Jensen, K. T. A. Danish shell collector; cardiids from Kattegat 1910–12 and from Finnmarken, Northern Norway. Jensen, Margit Danish zoologist. Collected cardiids in USA 1973. Jensen, O. G. Collected cardiids in Kattegat before 1896. He had a large mollusc collection (Figs. 18, 19). Jensen, Søren UZM entries in a diary mentions him as student onboard the ship ”Antarctic” to eastern Greenland, 1900. (“The East- Fig. 18. Reference to Yoldi’s cat n° 437: Hemicardium unedo Greenland Expedition” 1898–1900). Lin. (O.G.J.) [abbreviation of O.G. Jensen]. Nicobar. At some Jespersen, P. Helveg Collected cardiids in stage the specimen was owned by O.G.Jensen before ending up at the ZMUC via another collection. Odense Fjord 1937. Johansen, A. C. (1867–1931). dr. phil. Director. UZM entries in a diary reports him as gradu- Jensen, E. Danish Lieutenant. Dated 30 August ate, 1898; he collected cardiids in Iceland 1886, Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 1900. He collected cardiids onboard “Dana” tells that Mr. lieutenant E. Jensen onboard 1923 and in Denmark 1914, 1924, 1925 (Fig. the warship ”Diana”, collected many mol- 20). luscs donated to the museum, among others cardiids. The cruise went to Iceland and the Faroe Islands, commanded by Mr. Captain Bonnesen. —. Dated 1 May 1888, Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that senior lieutenant E. Jensen was onboard the corvette ” Dagmar” in the Mediterranean. He collected Cardium sp. at Piraeus.

Fig. 19. Cardium spinosum = C. erinaceum. Sold. Neapel 1830. I have not identified the handwriting. Some elements Fig. 20. A.C. Johansen onboard “Dana” in May 1923 (in Dan- point at O.G.Jensen (Fig, 18); other elements at Jonas Collin ish waters). Phot. by Anton Fr. Bruun. From the Steenberg (Fig. 8). Picture Collection at ZMUC. 44 j. h y l l e b e r g

Johansen, Frits (Fritz) (1882–1957). Danish zoologist onboard “Beskytteren” in Green- land 1905, in Iceland onboard “Beskytteren” 1904, 1905, on the “Danmark” Expedition to Northeast Greenland 1906–08. He collected cardiids in Greenland 1931. There is also a record from Vancouver. Johansen, Kirsten Submitted cardiid from Lim- fjorden to ZM 1995. Johnsen, P. Zoologist. Collected cardiids in Greenland 1947. Johnstrup Professor, submitted shells from the Museum of Mineralogy 1873. A collection of marine shells belonging to A.S.Ørsted’s ”de regionibus marinis” with original labels. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #101 Cardium edule L. – Green- land shells from H.P.C.Møller. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #177 Cardium grønlandicum. #178 Cardium islandicum. #179 Cardium elegantulum. Jønsson, H. Collected cardiids in Iceland 1898. Jordan, J. Collected cardiids in Japan 1911 Fig. 22. Hector F.E. Jungersen. From photo in the Steenberg (Fig. 21). Picture Collection at ZMUC. Jorden Danish word for the globe. Jørgensen Collected cardiids in Greenland and the Faroe Islands 1898. Jr. Pr. Abbr. of (Zoological) Journal Proceed- Jørgensen Pastor. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s ings accession book 1840–1867, dated 27 July Jrn. Abbr. of journal. 1840: #30. Cardium ciliatum. #31. Cardium Jrpr. See under Sow. Jr. Pr. grønlandicum. Collected cardiids in Green- Ju. Abbr. of Jungersen on labels. land 1841. Jungersen, Hector F. E. (1854–1917). Professor Jørgensen, Harriet Donated cardiids from Sar- of zoology, succeeded Lütken as professor dinia 1962. zoologiae in 1899. Participated in the “Ingolf” Jørgensen, L. V. Donated cardiids from Gambia expedition 1895. (Fig. 22). to ZMUC 1979. junior Immature, the same as juvenile. Jørgensen, O. Collected cardiids in the Mediter- Jusb. Abbr. not identified. On label by Vibe, from ranean, Corsica, 1898. Bylot Sund 1968. Just, J. Collected cardiids in Greenland 1968. juvenile Immature specimens also called junior on old labels. K. Mus. Abbr. of Konglige Museum (Royal Museum). = Kgl. Mus. = K.M. K. F. Possibly abbr. of museum conservator Fagerstrøm. Collected cardiids in Øresund, Amager, 1898. K. St Abbr. of K. Stephensen. K. V. zool. collection The zoological collection of KVLH was transferred to the Zoological Fig. 21. Label by Jordan: Japan 38 J.Jordan 12/12 1911. Museum in 1960. See also under KVLH. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 45

historiske Museum and KM. Kirkland, Reynold J. dr. Grand Rapids Michi- gan USA. Dated 9. June 1897 he received molluscs from Greenland. According to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #8 Cardium elegantulum Greenland. #9 Cardium ciliatum Greenland #10 Cardium (Serripes) grönlandi- cum Greenland. kischrot Beck’s spelling of German kirschrot = cherry red. Kjær Løjtnant (Military officer). Collected cardiids in Venezuela and former Danish West Fig. 23. Beck’s handwriting ca. 1837: Kjerulf Manilla. Indies 1897. UZM entries in a diary reports him as lieutenant, West Indies, 1898. Kjærbølling Harbour inspector. Collected car- K. V. L. H. See under KVLH. diids 1847. Kallis Collected cardiids in Iceland 1887. Kjærulf dr. med. Collected cardiids in the Phil- Kanalen Danish for the Channel between Eng- ippines for CVIII. Submitted shells in 1837. land and France. Cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession cata- Kapel, H. Collected cardiids in the Persian Gulf logue 1837–39: #30 Cardium cardissa. #31 1960. Cardium aff. junoniae. #22 Cardium unedo. Kasp. Meer Abbreviated German language for (Fig. 23). the Caspian Sea. Kjærulph Alternative spelling. See under Kaspiske Hav Danish for the Caspian Sea. Kjærulf. Kentz See under Stimpson. Kjerulf Alternative spelling. See under Kgl. Abbr. of kongelig – Danish for royal. Kjærulf. kgl. Abbr. of kongelig ( royal) on labels. Kjøbenhavn Old Danish spelling of Copenha- Kgl. Cb. Stands for Royal Cabinet. gen. Kgl. Museum Abbr. of “Det kongelige Museum” Kjöbenhavn Old spelling of København = Co- – the Royal Museum. penhagen. Kgl. Museum på Rosenborg Stands for the kjøbt Danish word for purchased. Used on old Royal Museum at Rosenborg Castle ca. labels by Mörch. 1800–1821. Kl. Abbr. of Klein. Kgl. Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Zool. Saml. Abbr. of Kon- Klein, J. T. Pre-Linnean naturalist. His publica- gelig Veterinær- & Landbohøjskole. ��Zoolo- tion from 1753 rejected for nomenclatorial gisk Samling [Royal Agricultural University]. purposes. Also abbreviated KVLH or KV. KM or K. M. Stands for the Royal Natural His- Kiel 1846 (T. 310). King CVIII submitted shells tory Museum (Det kongelige naturhistoriske to a German natural scientist meeting in Kiel Museum) moved to Count Holstein’s Mansion 1846. Part of the exhibited shells were badly (Det Holstein’ske Palæ) in 1821. It was an in- treated after they were returned to Denmark. In dependent Government institution. Johannes a letter to ZM from C.G.Johs.Petersen, dated H. Reinhart was chief inspector. Specimens 19 Nov. 1887, he complained that gastropods from the abolished Kunstkammer and Spen- stored on the loft of the Zoological Museum in gler’s shell collection were transferred to KM. n° 54 were very dusty and had suffered much The period of activity was from 1821–1864. damage by being moved about over the years. By law the KM fused with the other natural See also under Greenland collection. history museums in Copenhagen in 1862. Kinberg Collected cardiids in Sweden and Brit- Two years later the construction of the new tan before 1848. Zoological Museum in Krystalgade began. King’s Museum See under Det kongelige natur- See also under ZM and G. Wad. 46 j. h y l l e b e r g

Kolding Latinskole Grammar school in Kold- ing, Denmark. The school received shells from ZM c/o Master at grammar school (Adj.) Jonstrup, according to Book of Dispatch Sep- tember 1849. #20 Cardium isocardia L. 1. #21 Cardium serratum (laevigatum Ch.), 1. #22 Cardium medium L. 1. Kolman, J. G. Dutch zoologist. Studied cardiids at ZM. Kom. f. Havunders. = Kommiss. f. Havunders. Collected cardiids in Limfjorden. Kommiss. f. Havunders. Abbr. of Kommis- sionen for Havundersøgelser = Commission Fig. 24. Copper of the Kommunitet Building on Nørregade for Investigations of the Sea. The commission 10 belonging to the University of Copenhagen. After Wolff was formed in 1902 to conduct the Danish 1979. tasks within the Permanent International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Kommunitet Part of the university building KNM Abbr. of the Royal Natural History Mu- complex. See under Nørregade 10. The Kom- seum. Mörch referred to “Det Kongelige munitet is a scholarship foundation of the Naturhistoriske Museum” in the so-called University of Copenhagen housed in a long Opstillings-Catalog, i.e. Catalogue showing building facing Nørregade. During the bom- molluscs in the Royal Natural History Mu- bardment of Copenhagen in 1807 the univer- seum. Spengler’s name added in pencil to the sity was destroyed except the Kommunitet’s title of the catalogue. building and two smaller houses in the uni- Knudsen, Jørgen (1918–present). dr. phil. Mal��- versity yard. (Fig. 24). acologist at ZMUC from 1941. Participated in Kongelige Danish for royal. the “Atlantide” Expedition 1945–46 and the Kongens Nytorv 4, Thotts Palæ The open space Galathea Expedition 1950–52. Collected and called Kongens Nytorv in inner Copenhagen identified cardiids from West Africa, Gambia, was baptised The King’s New Square in 1669. and Vietnam for the museum. A number of large buildings were constructed Kob. Abbr. of Kobelt, W. “Ilustriertes Con- along the periphery of the square. The Thott’s chylienbuch” 1878. mansion was constructed 1683 and rebuilt København Danish language for Copenhagen. 1763–64. Otto Thott (1703–1785) was a pas- Københavns Universitets zoologiske Museum sionate collector of books, works of art, and Abbreviated ZMUC = Zoological Museum naturalia. Later the mansion accommodated of the University of Copenhagen. Collections the Museum of the Danish Society of Natural from the old Zoological Museum in Krys- History (Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum) talgade were transferred to the new museum from 1833–1847. Today it houses the Em- in Universitetsparken 1963. The name was bassy of France. changed in 2006 to “Statens naturhistoriske Konstk. Abbr. of Konstkammer, old spelling of Museum”. Kunstkammer. See under Frederik II. Koch, H. Lieutenant. Collected cardiids in the Konsul Danish word for Consul. former Danish West Indies 1865. Collected Koolman, J. G. Dutch zoologist who studied shells onboard the frigate ”Tordenskiold” cardiids at ZM. cruising East Asiatic seas, submitted 1 March Kornerup cand. polyt. Technological University, 1872. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession Copenhagen. Collected shells at a clay slope in book 1866–1872: #38 Cardium from Hong the northern area of Strømfjord, Greenland, 6 Kong. #56 Cardium glaucum Brug. Tims ah m above sea level Aug. 1879. No number in Lake in the Suez Canal. Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 47

ciliatum Fabr. Kr. Abbr. not identified, but reference to Yoldi 426 indicates a collection after 1853, the year Mörch issued his Yoldi auction catalogue. Krabbe, Harald (1831–1917) Zoologist, dr. med. 1857. ��Assistant at KVLH in 1858, professor in 1892. Collected cardiids in East- and West India. Kraeuter, J. Collected cardiids at Sapelo Island & the Atlantic, USA 1971. Krafft dr. Provided fossils from Bohemia (Böh- men) 26 Oct. 1865. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #60. Cardium. Prag E. Kramp, Paul L. (1887–1975). Marine zoologist, dr. phil. Collected cardiids in Lillebælt 1916 and the Faroe Islands 1926. Krantz, K. In Berlin. See under Hofman-Bang. Krantz dr. German paleontologist, Bonn. Pro��- vided fossil cardiids to ZM. Krebs, H. C. Danish business man and consul in St. Thomas. Krebs, Henrik Johannes (1821–1907) Danish business man and consul in St. Thomas, former Danish West Indies. Graduate in zoology. Collected cardiids in the Danish West Indies Fig. 25. H.C. Krebs. From copy of photo in the Steenberg 1835. He had a large collection, which in- Picture Collection at ZMUC. cluded shells donated to him by the Zoological Museum in 1849 c/o Mörch. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #117 1876. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession Cardium muricatum, 2/2. #117 Cardium muri- book 1870–1889: #999 Cardium ringiculum catum, 2/2. – Consul Krebs West Indies 1862. Sow. #1000 Cardium spinosum Meusch. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book #1001 Cardium citrinum Chem jun?. #1002 1840–1867: #9. Cardium antillarum d’Orb. Cardium medium L. #1003 Cardium murica- #10. Cardium lævigatum C. mortoni aff. C. tum L. #1048 Cardium spinosum Meuschen. pristis Val. – Cardiids received from ZM ac- (Fig. 25). cording to Book of Dispatch #48 Cardium Kristensen, Thomas K. Donated cardiids from elegantulum Bk. 4. #96 Cardium flavum L. Gambia to ZMUC 1982. – Book of Dispatch 29 November 1849 #31. Kristineberg Old marine research facility on Cardium groenlandicum Ch. 1. #32 Cardium the west coast of Sweden. Dansk Biolo- islandicum Ch. 2. #34 Cardium elegantulum gisk Station collected cardiids in Sweden at Beck, 1. #54 Cardium edule, Grimstad, 1. #69 the Kristineberg Marine Zoological Station Cardium flavum L. (from the Red Sea col- 1914. lected by Forskål). – Krebs lived in Allinge, Kroier, H. Graduate. Donated shells from Spits- Denmark in 1872. The museum received bergen November 1839. Cardiid numbers in shells from St. Thomas. Cardiid number in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #15 Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #84 Cardium an n.sp. (an var. groenlandicum). #16 Cardium muricatum. #325 Cardium mortoni Cardium islandicum Ch. 1. Conr. – The museum received a box from Kroyer Collected cardiids in Trondheim, Nor- Consul Krebs with shells from St. Martin way before 1848. 48 j. h y l l e b e r g

Krøyer, Henrik (1799–1870). dr. phil. Museum Kunstkamm. Abbr. of Kunstkammer. inspector, Director, Naturhistorisk Forenings Kunstkammer In 1650, inspired by Ole Worm, Museum 1835–36, 1840–41, 1842–47, KM the King Frederik III organised a collection inspector 1842–64. Collected cardiids in the named ”Det kongelige Kunstkammer or Mu- North Sea, Denmark, Participated in the “Bel- seum Regium”. It was located in the Castle lona” expedition to South America. 1840–41. of Copenhagen (Københavns Slot, the first Collected cardiids in Brazil. Active in KM Christiansborg). Years of important events: from 1842. Collected alcohol specimens for – 1655 King Frederik III purchased the col- CVIII. See under Mörch 1858–59. According lection of Ole Worm and a book describing to Mörch 1840–66, H.Krøyer checked cardi- the collection was issued “Musei Wormiani ids in 1860 brought home by dr. Krøyer from Historia”. Worm’s collection was incorpo- the Frigate Bellona’s cruise. # 133. Cardium rated together with other curiosa in Kunst- muricatum Linn. Brasil (from T 278). kammeret. – 1665–70 a new building called Kruuse Collected cardiids in Greenland 1897 Kunstkammer-bygningen was constructed and 1907. close to the castle on Slotsholmen. The Royal Kryn. Abbr. of Krynicki. Submitted cardiids Art Collection encompassing natural history 1837. objects moved to this building. – 1728 Co- Krynicki, A. J. Russian naturalist. Published penhagen experienced a major fire destroying “Conchilien tam terrestris ...” 1837. a large part of the city, but the Kunstkam- Krystalgade 25–27 Following the fusion of mer survived without harm. – 1775 Lorenz the existing museums (law passed in 1862), Spengler was appointed manager (kunstkam- construction of a grand Zoological Museum merforvalter) of the cabinet of curiosities. He started in 1864 in Krystalgade next to the filled that position until 1807. –1794 the castle University Library and the University Main Christiansborg burnt down, but as in 1728 the Building. The architect Chr. Hansen created Kunstkammer survived without harm. – 1821 an innovative and ground breaking design for the zoological collections of the cabinet of the construction of museum buildings serving curiosities amalgamated with collections from display of natural history items. The build- ”Det kongelige naturhistoriske Museum”. See ing is still existing but is no longer museum. also under Frederik III. (Fig. 26). KVL Identical with KVLH. Kuf. Abbr. of Kjærulf. KVLH Abbr. of Kgl. Veterinær- & Land- Kunstk. Abbr. of Kunstkammer. bohøjskole [Royal Agricultural University]. The school was established in Frederiksberg 1856 and inaugurated 1858. At that time Fred- eriksberg was a rural suburb to Copenhagen. Today the two areas are amalgamated. KVLH label In 1960 the cardiid collection was transferred to ZMUC from the KVLH. Most specimens have original labels. In addition the specimens were provided with small labels: Kgl. Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Zool. Saml. (printed on

Fig. 26. The first building to the right is part of Kommunitetet. Fig. 27. KVLH label attached with all cardiids transferred The second building is the Zoological Museum in Krystal- from the Royal Agricultural University Zoological Collec- gade around 1900. After photo in Wolff 1999. tion to ZM. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 49

top) and J. 1/1960 (handwritten). I have not Lassen, N. Chr. N. Master at grammar school. located this journal (Fig. 27). Collection left by deceased Sept. 1857. Car- kvm Abbr. of kvartmil = nautical mile. diid numbers in Mörch’s accession book kvml Abbr. of kvartmil = nautical mile. 1840–1867: #130. Cardium ciliatum Fab. Kysten Danish word for the coast. #131. Cardium ciliatum jun. #132. Cardium L&R see under L+R elegantulum Bk. #133. Cardium elegantu- L. Abbr. of Linnaeus or Linné. lum. #134. Cardium elegantulum. #135. Car- l.c. < L. Abbr. of: loco citato = previously cited. dium grønlandicum juv. 3+5. #136. Cardium l’orient French language: Stands for eastern grønlandicum. #683. Cardium edule. #684. Asia. Cardium edule. #732. wet. Cardium ciliatum L+R Abbr. of left and right valves. Fab. d. Dr. Pingel. #733. wet. grønlandicum la Gaayra Only information on label written juv. 1. Dr. Pingel. before 1848. It may be a person or a locality Lav. Abbr. not identified. On label with ref. to in the Antilles. Danish West Indies. labels See under Beck, Galathea, Mörch, Posselt, lc. See under l.c. Spengler, Schumacher, ZM, Steenberg, and Ldbk. Abbr. of Lundbeck on labels. KVLH labels. Lea Philadelphia. Submitted cardiids to His læv. Abbr. of < L. levis = smooth. On label by Royal Highness on 7 February 1839: 2. Card. Mörch. maculata. 2. Card. mortoni. lagt Danish word meaning placed or put. Lea, Isac (1792–1886) American malacologist. Laing, de la Groom of the Chamber. Cardiid His brother was Thomas Gibson Lea (1785– numbers 1865 in Mörch’s accession book 1844), also a malacologist. 1840–1867: #8. Cardium Grgr. #9. Cardium Lectotype A single specimen selected from Grgr. #8. Cardium Malta. #147. Cardium syntypes of a previously described species. papillosum. Equivalent of holotype. Lamarck, J. B. (1744–1828). French naturalist. Leg. Abbr. of < L. legit on labels. Inflected form Cardiids were described in “Histoire naturelle of lego = collected by. des animaux sans vertèbres” 1798. Lehmann, M. C. G. (1775–1856). Judge (As- lambda The 11 th letter of the Greek alphabet. sessor, obsolete Danish title). Active in the Lamck: Terminated with a colon. Abbr. of La- Management of KM from 1808–51. marck. Lemche, Henning M. (1904–1977). dr. phil. Laminaria Genus of brown algae. Malacologist and curator of Mollusca at the Lamk. Abbr. of Lamarck. Zoological Museum. He collected cardiids in Landau. Abbr. of Landauer. many countries. He reorganised the collection Landauer Hessen, Cassel, Germany. Received after it was moved from the old ZM in Krys- cardiids from ZM according to Book of Dis- talgade to the new ZM in Universitetsparken. patch #71 Cardium ciliatum, 1. – Donated car- Unfortunately he often pooled species with diids to the Museum ca. 1862. Cardiid numbers different history in the same box. Lemche in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #194. cut the edges of old labels so they could fit Cardium tenuisulcatum Nyst. #195. Cardium into new boxes he had designed for the col- tenuisulcatum Nyst. #196. Cardium. lection. Lange Lecturer. Collected in Spain, the Bay of leveAnten See under leveanten. Biscay, Vigo and Ferrol. Cardiid number in leveanten The Levant (Levanten) derived from Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #11a Italian sunrise. Seas east of the Mediterra- Cardium echinatum. nean. Larsen Collected cardiids at Gibraltar. Levinsen, G. M. R. (1850–1914). Museum Larsen, G. Collected cardiids at Eburna (not inspector. He wrote some entries for the ac- located) 1877. cession book 1889–1937, e.g. 26 February Larsen, Knud Collected cardiids in Denmark 1896. 1936. Levy See under Lewy. 50 j. h y l l e b e r g

Lewy Professor. Submitted shells from Exp. de la st. 64–133 collected in the Persian Gulf, is Venus 1839. Identified cardiids from Mexico available at the ZMUC. He noted the number 1839. Collected cardiids in Bai de la Mad- of 0.1 square m grab samples per station, pre- eleine. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession liminary identifications, and the wet weight book 1846–1853: #39 Cardium procerum, of the animals with preliminary id’s. Subse- Exp. de la Venus 1839. quent identifications were later added to the li. Abbr. of litra = number catalogue. Lib. Latin

Dyrefjord. #72 Cardium ciliatum. Dyref- Lydecken, I. Collected cardiids on Åland, Fin- jord. #73 Cardium fasciatum. Dyrefjord. land, 1899. #74 Cardium groenlandicum. Onundarfjord. Lyell, Charles (1795–1875) British malacolo- #75 Cardium groenlandicum. Patricksfjord. gist. Submitted cardiids from Canada to CVIII #76 Cardium groenlandicum. Dyrefjord. #77 before 1848. Cardium groenlandicum. Onundarfjord 12 Lynch Collected cardiids as participant in the Fv. – Dated 25 August 1894 he submitted car- Ocean Study Group 1971. diids from the West coast of Iceland, He was Lyngby Collected alcohol specimens for CVIII. onboard the fishing vessel ”Prinsesse Marie” See under Mörch 1858–59. according to accession book 1889–1937: Lynge, Herman (1862–1945). UZM entries in a #21 Cardium fasciatum, Falknafjord N46. diary reports him as book seller, Copenhagen. #22 Cardium fasciatum, Onundarfjord, n.2–3. He received Mortensen’s Siam molluscs 11 #23 Cardium ciliatum, Falknafjord N46. #24 May 1901. He identified the specimens. He Cardium ciliatum, Onundarfjord N9. #25 had a large collection, which included shells Cardium ciliatum, Onundarfjord N5. #26 donated to him by the Zoological Museum c/o Cardium ciliatum, Falknafjord N43. #27 Car- Mörch. See also under Collin’s collection. dium groenlandicum. Falknafjord N46. #28 M et Ch. Abbr. of Martini & Chemnitz: Neues Cardium groenlandicum. Onundarfjord N30. systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 1769– #29 Cardium groenlandicum. Onundarfjord 1795. N25. #30 Cardium groenlandicum. Onundar- M I oc. Abbr. of Mare India oceanus. fjord N5-18. #31 Cardium groenlandicum. m m Abbr. of Mittelmeer = The Mediterranean. Onundarfjord N8. M Moltk. Abbr. of Moltke’s Museum. lunular heart See under lunule. M rub. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum lunule A crescentic structure on anterior part of = red. dorsal margin. M. & St. Abbr. of Melvill & Standen. Lusitania An ancient name for Portugal. m. Abbr. of < L. meus = mine. Refers to author- Lütk. Abbr. of Lütken. ship, e.g. species named by Schumacher (used Lütken, Chr. Frederik (1827–1901). Professor at the end of text on specimen labels). The zoologiae. Dated 30 August 1873, he sub- French malacologist Bruguière used Nob. mitted shells to the museum. No number in (Latin nobilis = recognised) to designate spe- Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium cies described by him. Schumacher also used edule var. baltica. Roskildefjord. – He suc- m: followed by a reference to Plate and Figure. ceeded Steenstrup as professor zoologiae in In this case m: refers to in Martini (See under 1885. The different museum collections in Co- Chemnitz 1782 and under Schumacher). penhagen fused by law (see under Naturhisto- risk Museum). Lütken became inspector of the new museum. As university lecturer (docent), he collected at Hellebæk, 10–14 fathoms. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #66 Cardium echinatum, 2 +1, in alcohol. #67 Cardium fasciatum, 2+1, 2 +1, in alcohol. #79 Cardium ciliatum L 4, dry shells. #80 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. 3, dry shells. #81 Cardium nodosum Mtg. 1, dry shells. – Dan- ish molluscs from Hellebæk and Samsø: #24 Cardium ciliatum L. 1+4. #233 Cardium echinatum, juv. Hlb. 3. #234 Cardium echinatum, 10–12 fv Hlb, 1. #235 Cardium fasciatum, Fig. 28. Label by Beck: Cardium muricatum Linn Lmck: Hlb, 2. #236 Cardium fasciatum, Samsø 3+3. n° 18. Chemn. 7 f. 177. Mus: acad: (Mörch added the letter LV. Abbr. of left valve. Greek letter delta in pencil). 52 j. h y l l e b e r g

M. ac. See under M. acad. M: acad: Abbr. of Academic Museum in Co- M. acad. Abbr. of the Academic Museum. See penhagen. under Moltke. (Fig. 28). M: casp: The Caspian Sea. L< mare = sea; Cas- m. adr. The Adriatic Sea. See under m. Adri- pian: a name. aticum. m: terminated with a colon. Latin < Abbr. of m. adriat. The Adriatic Sea. See under m. Adri- meus. See under Schumacher’s label. aticum. MacAndrew See under McAndrew. m. Adriaticum The Adriatic Sea. L< mare = sea; MacGinitie, George Eber (1889–1989) Ameri- Hadria a town in Italy. can malacologist. Donated shells from Alaska M. Berl. Abbr. of Museum in Berlin. Exchange 1948. of cardiids c/o NF 1866. Madsen, A. P. Captain. See under Museet for M. casp. The Caspian Sea. See under M. Cas- Oldsager. pium. Madsen, H. P. Pharmacist. Donated shells from M. Casp. The Caspian Sea. See under M. Cas- Odessa 1875. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s pium. accession book 1870–1889: #24 Cardium M. Caspium The Caspian Sea. L< mare = sea; edule. #25 Cardium glaucum. #26 Cardium Caspian: a name. exiguum Gm. M. Ch. Abbr. of Martini & Chemnitz. Madsen, Holger Danish zoologist. Donated M. Ch. Stands for the museum of Chemnitz. cardiids from Tunesia to ZM 1970. M. german The North Sea. L< mare = sea; ger- Madsen, Ida Møhl Donated cardiids from Gam- mania = Germany. bia 1973. m. m. The Mediterranean. See under M. mediter- Madsen, Ruth Collected cardiids in the Carib- raneum. bean 1959. M. med. The Mediterranean. See under M. Madsen, Victor Collected cardiids on Åland, the mediterraneum. Baltic 1891 & 1915. M. medit. The Mediterranean. See under M. Mag. Abbr. of store room (magazine). mediterraneum. Magaz. KM Abbr. of Magazin Kongens Mu- M. mediter. The Mediterranean. See under M. seum. See under Magazine collections. mediterraneum. Magazin collections Specimens from Det kon- M. mediterraneum The Mediterranean. L< gelige naturhistoriske Museum were stored mare = sea; mediterraneum = in the middle. for a period following difficulties regarding M. Min. Abbr. of Mineralogisk Museum. economy and housing. When shells were M. min. Abbr. of Mineralogisk Museum. removed from the store, Mörch would write M. Moltk. Abbr. of Moltke’s Museum. new labels indicating if shells came from the M. Moltke Abbr. of Moltke’s Museum. Magazine. If he identified them as coming M. reg. Abbr. of Museum regium. from Det kongelige naturhistoriske Museum, m. rub. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum he added KM in pencil. In August 1860, Pro- = red. fessor Reinhardt delivered a box he found in M. rubr. The Red Sea. L< mare = sea; rubrum = the Magazine. It contained Icelandic shells red. Abbr. on labels by Beck and Mørch. from Mr. Hallgrimson. Cardiid numbers in M. Sp. Stands for the museum of Spengler. Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #57. M. zt. Berol. Stands for the Zootomical Museum Cardium ciliatum Fabr. #58. Cardium. Rkvk. in Berlin, Germany. 40–41. (Fig. 29). m., M. Latin < Abbr. of mare = sea. Magazine Catalogue 1829 (T 274). Shells from M. P. Abbr. of the Museum in Paris. “Kunstkammeret”, transferred to Det Konge- M. U. Abbr. of Musei universitatis = University lige Naturhistoriske Museum, were stored in a Museum in Copenhagen. magazine while the University of Copenhagen M: Abbr. of Martini. See under M et Ch. was rebuilt following the British bombard- M: ac. Terminating with a colon. See under M. ment in 1807. H.Beck & J.Reinhardt signed acad. the catalogue on 13 June 1829. The sequence c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 53

of information (not all information indicated Mandal-Barth Danish zoologist who collected for each species): running number (#), species, cardiids in the Øresund, Charlottelund, 1960. markings, and remarks. #45 Cardium costat- Manh Senior lieutenant. Cardiid number in um, marking 662, NB two unpaired valves. < Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #7. Car- Cardium costatum, marking 93. < Cardium dium edule. Tokkebjerg, 8.5 fathoms, rocks. costatum, marking 480. #46 Card. apertum, 31 October 1863. marking 28+. #47 Card. unedo, marking 42. Manniche, A. L. V. Zoologist on “Danmark Ex- #48 Card. cardissa. marking 12. #49 Card. pedition” to Northeast Greenland 1906–08. hemicardium, marking 44. #50 Card. fragum, Mar. Casp. Stands for Caspian Sea. marking 43. #51 Cardium sp. marking 41. #52 Mar. casp. Stands for Caspian Sea. Cardium muricatum, marking 46. #53 Card. Mar. europ. Stands for European seas. bullatum, marking K+. Mare Europ. Stands for European seas. Magz. Abbr. of store room (magazine). Margrethe The vessel “Margrethe” was used Makasser Old name for the Indonesian city to collect material at the Faroe Islands, North Ujung Pandang now called Makassar again. Atlantic, 1913. malacologist Person who works with malacol- Mark The old Danish and German currency ogy, i.e. the branch of zoology that treats called Mark is abbreviated with a symbol. molluscs. See under “a”. Malm, A. W. Accession book. Dated 3 Novem- Marokko Danish language for Morocco. ber 1863 he sent shells to the Kongl. Universit. Mart. & Ch. Abbr. of Martini & Chemnitz: Zoologiske Museum in Copenhagen as a gift Neues systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet from the Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden. 1769–1795 rejected for nomenclatorial pur- Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book poses. 1840–1867: #157. Cardium pygmæum Don. Martens, Karl Eduard von (1831–1904) Ger- #158. Cardium nodosum Turt. #159. Cardium man malacologist. ZM received shells from fasciatum. #160. Cardium suecicum. – Dis- the ” kgl. Univ. Zoologiske Museum in Ber- patch book. He received a shell collection. lin”. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession Cardiid number in Mörch’s dispatch book book 1840–1867: #45. Cardium lima Singa- 1857–1868: #75 Cardium flavum. pore (Fig. 30). Malm, A. W. See under Tornam, A. Martyn Reference to “The universal Concholo- Malsb. Abbr. of Malsburg. gist” 1784, rejected for nomenclatorial pur- Malsburg German malacologist. His collection poses. was sold in 1837. He supplied cardiids for Martyni See under Martyn. CVIII. Mathies. See under Mathiesen. Mathiesen Danish ship doctor onboard the corvette “Valkyrien” c/o Inspector Reinhart. Col- lected cardiids for NF c/o Japetus Steenstrup. Donated shells c/o Dr. Rink, 12 January 1848. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #79 Cardium, 1. – Mörch’s cat. #79 is from the period when J.T. Reinhardt was inspector at KM. Matsui Collected cardiids in the Gulf of Thailand 1960. Mc. Abbr. not identified. It is possibly a slip for McAndrew. Collected cardiids in China. Mc.Andr. Abbr. of McAndrew. He collected Fig. 29. Mörch’s label: Cardium/Trachycardium muricatum cardiids in Norway 1865. L. Magaz. Mörch added KM and the Greek letter lambda McAndrew, Robert. (1802–1873) British natu- in pencil. ralist. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession 54 j. h y l l e b e r g

Messin Abbr. of Messina, Sicily. Meu. Abbr. of Meuschen. Meusch. Abbr. of Meuschen. Meuschen, F. C. (1719–1800) Dutch malacologist. Published “Zoophylacium Gron- ovianum” 1778 rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. Meyer & Möbius The museum received a shell collection from dr. H.Meyer & dr. K.Möbius, Hamburg, Germany, Jan. 1867. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #39 Cardium edule L. Kieler Bucht. #40 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. In alcohol, Kieler Bucht. #41 Cardium fasciatum jun.? in alcohol, Kieler Bucht. #42 Cardium edule L. jun. Kieler Bucht #43 Cardium pygmæum Gm. C. pygmæum ?Svendborgsund. #44 nr? Hela Bucht, Ostpreussen (East Prussia), by A.Hensche. Meyer, H. Adolf (1822–1889). German malacologist (T 278). According to Beck 1836 N° 3: From Meyer in Hamburg received in exchange #14 Cardium n. sp. e Japan. Fig. 30. The German professor E. von Martens submitted Meyer, Th. Mrc. Andr. College councellor (Col- cardiids to ZM from the Univ. Zoological Museum in Berlin. legieraad, obsolete title). Collected cardiids After photo in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. in Kattegat 1853. Shells collected at Hirtshol- men off Frederikshavn, Denmark, June 1859. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book book 1840–1867: #35 Cardium fasciatum. 1846–1853: #5 Cardium norvegicum. #6 Car- #36 Cardium nodulosum. #37 Cardium sveci- dium edule, 3. #7 Cardium echinatum, 2/2. cum. #55 ?Cardium norvegicum. #59 Cardium Meyr. Abbr. of H.Meyer. crassum med. #245 Cardium (Hemicardium) mgr. Abbr. of the Danish word “monografi” with ? Siam. ref. to Spengler 1799. M-Ch. Abbr. of Martini & Chemnitz.: Neues sys- Mgz Abbr. of magazine. tematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 1769–1795 Mid. Hav. Abbr. of Middel Havet = the Mediter- rejected for nomenclatorial purposes. ranean. med. Medium quality of illustration. Used on Midd. See under Middendorff. labels. Middelh. Abbr. of Middelhavet = the Mediter- Meder v. Donated cardiids from the Moluccas. ranean. Collected cardiids in China. Middelhavet Danish = the Mediterranean Meg. Abbr. of Megerle 1811. Midden. Abbr. of Middendorff. Meiborg See under Mejborg. Middend. See under Middendorff. Mejborg. The museum received Danish shells Middendorff dr. He was passing through Co- 22 September 1870. Cardiid numbers in penhagen from St. Petersburg in 1846. He Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #14 Car- gave the Museum a collection of lymnocar- dium echinatum L. thick shelled. #15 Cardium diids from the Caspian Sea in exchange for norvegicum Spgl. #16 Cardium edule L. Danica and Grønlandica, which Mörch gave mellem Danish word for between. him from his own collection. Cardiid numbers Melv. Abbr. of Melvill referring to Melvill & in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #1 Standen 1906. Cardium trigonoides = C. rusticum. M.Casp. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 55

#2 Glycimeris plicata Pander, M.Casp. #3 Møller Mr., Øfjord, Iceland. The museum re- Glycimeris laevigata Kryn. M.Casp. One ceived shells 4 December 1869. Cardiid num- valve was slightly damaged. ber in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: Mielche, Sol Collected cardiids in the Pacific, #4. Cardium ciliatum Fabr. Tonga Isl. 1956. Møller Regimental surgeon, deceased before mil A Danish mile is approximately 7.5 km. 1849. He had a large collection of cardiids, Miller, L. Donated cardiids from Australia. which after his death was donated to the Min. Mus. Abbr. of Museum of Mineralogy, Zoological Museum. According to old book of Copenhagen. dispatch at the Museum, Mörch selected du- Mineralogisk Museum. Danish for Museum of plicate specimens and donated them to schools Mineralogy. See under Johnstrup, professor. (e.g. Elsinore Secondary School and Aarhus Mittell: Meer: Terminating with colons. See Grammar School) for educational purposes. under Mittelland meere. Möller See under Møller, H.P.C. Mittelland meere Old German language. = seas Møller, H. P. C. (1810–45). Inspector and con- of Mediterranean countries. chologist, worked in Greenland as inspector, Mittellant meere See under Mittelland meere. member of NF. He had a large collection of Mittelmeer German = The Mediterranean. molluscs, including cardiids now present Mke. See under Moltke, A.G. at the ZMUC. – Shells c/o Prof. Philippi. Möb. Abbr. of Möbius on labels by Mörch. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book Möbius Collected cardiids in Denmark 1867. 1846–1853: #57 Cardium papillosum Poli, 5, Møl See under Møller, H.P.C. id Ph. #58 Cardium lævigatum Poli, 3, id Ph. Møll. Sml. Abbr. of Møllers Samling (Møller’s #317 Cardium aculeatum Britt. 1. #318 Car- collection), which included cardiids from dium norvegicum Norway, Phil. 2. – Shells in the Small Antilles. See under Møller, H.P.C. alcohol from southern Norway. Cardiid num- (Fig. 31). ber in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: Møll: Abbr. of Møller. Used on labels by by #417 Cardium edule, in alcohol, southern Beck and in the old ZM catalogues. See under Norway. – Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s acces- Møll. Sml. sion book 1846–1853: #503 Cardium edule Møll: Saml: Terminating with colons. See under Grimstad, 13. #504 Cardium edule Vejlefjord, Møll. Sml. 3/2. Without number by Mörch: Cardium Møller Collected cardiids in Greenland 1787. with nr. 469. 1. – Shells in alcohol collected Møller Collected cardiids in Iceland before by shop assistants in Greenland, September 1896. and October 1842. All id’s by cand. Møller. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #32 Cardium grønlandicum juv. 2. #33 Cardium ciliatum juv. 2. #34 Cardium elegantulum, 1. – From Møller’s collection labeled roadstead of Gibraltar. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #371 Cardium, 12/2. Møller, H. P. C. Deposition of original Green- land shells. See under Johnstrup, professor. Møller, Johanne Collected cardiids in Panama before 1946. Møller, Poul Colony manager. He collected cardiids in Greenland 1903. Møller’s collection (T 303). HPC Møller. Kata- Fig. 31. Label by Beck: Cardium medium Linn. Lmck: n° 40. Chemn 6. f. 162-164. Møll: Sml: [= Møller’s collec- log over mollusksamlingen” Printed on the tion]. Both Beck and Mörch wrote labels for cardiids of the spine only. Written by Mörch, but not dated or Møller’s collection. signed. R.Spärck noted in 1918: supposed to 56 j. h y l l e b e r g

be the catalogue of H.P.C.Møller’s collection; l.d. Kroyer. #848 Cardium sp. (from n° 844, subsequently verified by Tom Schiøtte. – It is Bohusläns Skärgård Kinberg). #849 Cardium indeed a comprehensive catalogue but I failed edule Mf. ”Lappen”. – C. Specimens without to find certain numbers of tropical cardiids locality. #931 Cardium n. #932 Cardium which should stem from Møller’s coll. ac- islandicum. #933 Cardium echinatum. #934 cording to labels in the boxes. Mörch placed Cardium echinatum juv. #935 Cardium edule. Møller’s collection of tropical shells, mainly #936 Cardium fasciatum – D. No cardiids. – E. gastropods, in a section called Exotic Shells (area not specified). #1024Cardium . – F. From numbered #1857–2154 and #2385–3031. In Great Britain. #1088 Cardium echinatum the beginning Mörch subdivided the cata- Mf. Fhll. valve dext #1089 Cardium edule logue using capital letters to mark places of Mf. Orkney valv. – G. Spitsbergen Kroyer. origin, and consecutive numbers to mark #1120 Cardium groenlandicum Spitsbergen individual lots. However, the material was so l.d. Kroyer. #1121 Cardium groenlandicum comprehensive that he had to use the alpha- Spitsbergen l.d. Kroyer. – H. North America. bet many times until he finally cancelled the No cardiids. – I. forgotten under section use of capitals and just mentioned the area B. – H. Godthaab 1840 and 1842 (Green- where sampling had occurred. The prepara- land). #1170 Cardium groenlandicum. #1171 tion of Møller’s Catalogue with 3031 listed C. groenlandicum. #1172 C. groenlandicum numbers is a significant contribution and of juv. #1173 Cardium islandicum. #1174 C. great help to contemporary researchers. The islandicum. #1175 Cardium grønlandicum. catalogue starts with A). Danish Molluscs. #1176 C. grønlandicum juv. #1177 Cardium #609 Cardium grønlandicum Ch. (misplaced elegantulum Beck. – I. Extracted from boxes specimen) extracted from #588 collected marked Julianehaab. #1251 Cardium grøn- at Hven 1842. #610 Cardium echinatum L. landicum. #1252 Cardium islandicum. #1253 Elsinore (Helsingør). #611 C. echinatum. l.d. Cardium elegantulum – I. Box marked Mixta I.Larsen, Sæby. #612 C. echinatum. #613 C. Fiskernæsset 1840. #1315 Cardium grøn- echinatum. #614 C. echinatum. Hveen, 1842. landicum juv. #1316 Cardium islandicum juv. #615 C. echinatum. juv. Hven. Th. #616 C. #1317 Cardium elegantulum. – K. wrapped echinatum. Kattegat St. Mgr. 12-5-1843. in paper marked Mixta Jepsens Lab. Skovf- #617 Cardium edule L. the Little Belt (Strib). jorden. #1349 Cardium grønlandicum juv. #618 C. edule. l.d. I.Larsen, Sæby. #619 C. #1350 Cardium islandicum. #1351 Cardium edule. Mf. ”Skr.” #620 C. edule. ved Abra islandicum. – L. wrapped in paper marked n°. #621 C. edule. Mf Skr. 3 Hven #622 C. Mixta Frhaab. #1381 Cardium grønlandi- edule. Odense Fjord 1841. Th. #623 C. edule. cum juv. – M. Box without markings. #1402 Præstoe Fjord. Th. #624 C. edule. ved n° Cardium grønlandicum. #1403 Cardium is- 623 (Præstoe Fjord). #625 C. edule. #626 C. landicum. – N. < O. < P. < Q. < R. < S. (no edule. Th. Kallebodstrand #627 C. edule juv. cardiids). – T. Without specifications of area. Helsingør 14 April 1841 #628 C. edule juv. #1426 Cardium grønlandicum. – U. Box ved n° 627 (Helsingør 14 April 1841) #629 marked Kuksuk Fossils 1840, July. #1429 C. edule juv. ved n° 627 (Helsingør 14 April Cardium grønlandicum. #1430 Cardium is- 1841) #630 C. edule juv. Hven 1842. #631 landicum. – V. A small wooden box marked Cardium fasciatum Montg. ved n° 620 #632 fossils from Leeret ved Kuksuk 28 July C. fasciatum ved n° 630 (Hven 1842). #633 C. 1840. #1439 Cardium grønlandicum. #1440 fasciatum. Hven. #634 C. fasciatum the Great Cardium islandicum. – X. wrapped in paper Belt. Nyborg. #635 Cardium? sp.? the Little marked dredging, shell fragments (Cardium Belt 1841. #636 Cardium suecicum Reeve grønlandicum identified). – Y. < Z. < A. < B. ved n° 632 (Hven 1842). #637 C. suecicum (no cardiids). – C. 2 boxes marked Søndre ved n° 616 (Kattegat St. Mgr. 12 May 1843.) Strømfjord 15 June 1843. #1507 Cardium el- – B. Norwegian and Swedish molluscs. #847 egantulum. – D. 3 boxes marked FRHB, Mixta Cardium echinatum L. Southern Norway FRB, and Fhb respectively. #1543 Cardium c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 57

islandicum. #1544 Cardium elegantulum. – E. (no cardiids). – F. Box marked Mixta Julianhb. #1565 Cardium grønlandicum juv. #1566 Cardium elegantulum. – G. (no cardiids). – H. 2 boxes marked Godhavns Havn (Harbour of Godhavn). #1583 Cardium islandicum. #1584 Cardium grønlandicum. – I. < K. < L. < M. (no cardiids). – N. Box marked ”Mixta Fiskernæs- set”. #1626 Cardium ciliatum O.Fbr. juv. #1627 Cardium grønlandicum juv. – O. (no cardiids). – P. < box marked ”below Røde Fjeld”. #1642 Cardium grønlandicum. – Q. < A box marked Malene Fjeldsund Ghb. #1651 Cardium ciliatum O.Fbr. C. islandicum Ch. Godthaab. – R. (no cardiids). – S. Box placed together with Insp. Møller’s Danish Mollusca. #Without number: juv. Cardium ciliatum and Cardium elegantulum. – T. < G. < H. < I. < K. < L. < M. < O. < P. < Q. < R. < S. < T. < U. (no cardiids). – X. Extracted from various boxes. #1750 Cardium islandicum. #1751 Cardium grønlandicum. #1752 Cardium echinatum, 2 valves. – Y. (no cardiids). – Z. (in alcohol). Fig. 32. Count J.G.Moltke. Founder of the Moltke collections. #1787 Cardium g. – From number 1792 After picture in Spärck 1962. Mörch stopped using capital letters to mark sections. Headlines would be ”From a selec- to the University. Some cardiids at the ZMUC tion of small wooden boxes”, ”Exotic Shells”, stem from the collection of Moltke (Fig. 32). etc. #1839 Cardium elegantulum. #1849 Car- Moltke, Joachim Godske (1746–1818). Count, dium islandicum juv. and Cardium grøn- prime minister. Inherited most of his father’s landicum juv. #1851 Cardium grønlandicum. collection. He donated his father’s Natural #1852 Cardium islandicum. #2114 Cardium Cabinet and The Natural Theater Collection to grønlandicum 5, 21, 30, 124, 24, 47, 13, 216. the university in 1810. See also under Moltke, #2115 Cardium islandicum 5, 21, 30, 24, 47, Adam G. 13. #2116 Cardium elegantulum 21, 14, 47, Moltke’s shell collection See under Mörch’s 13. #2131 Cardium grønlandicum. Removed catalogue of Count Moltke’s shells. from alcohol. #2132 Cardium islandicum. Montagu, George (1753–1815) British colonel Removed from alcohol. and malacologist. Published “Testacea Britan- Moltk. terminated with a full stop. See under nica or Natural History of British Shells ....” Moltke, A. G. in 1803. Moltk: terminated with a colon. See under Monterosato Tomasso di Maria Allery (1841– Moltke, A. G. 1927) Italian Marquise (Marquis) Palermo. Moltke, Adam Gottlob (1710–1792). Count, Italian malacologist. Accession cat. Dated 10 privy councellor. In 1759 he founded the March 1891 he submitted a substantial collec- Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet (Natural tion of Mediterranean molluscs on exchange & Husholdnings-Cabinettet) at Charlotten- with Danica et Grønlandica of the museum. borg. A position as professor in zoology was The Monterosato collection contained many established at “the Cabinet” which acquired ”species” described by him. Cardiid num- Peter Forskål’s collections from the Arabian bers in the accession book 1889–1937: #542 Journey 1761–1763 (Expedition to “Arabia Cardium paucicostatum Sow. #543 Cardium Felix”). In 1772 the Museum was transferred mucronatum Poli, Palermo #544 Cardium 58 j. h y l l e b e r g

deshayesii Payr. Palermo. #545 Cardium 1/2, M. acad. #368. Cardium, 1/2, M. acad. oblongum Ch. #546 Cardium tuberculatum #369. C. hemicardium L. 1, Sch: #370. C. L. Balearerne. #547 Cardium sp. an var.? Pa- fragum, 2, Sch: #371. C. unedo, 1, Sch:, 65, tias (Grèce). #548 Cardium lamarcki Reeve, 1. Forsk. 65. #372. C. medium, Tortola, 10, Cluoggia. #549 Cardium lamarcki var. Tuni- Møll: – C. medium, 5, Sch: < C. medium, 1, sia. #550 Cardium papillosum Poli. Naples. Møll: #373. C. donaciforme Spengl. Philippin. #564 Cardium parvum Phil. Mondello. #685 1, Cuming 164. #374. C. costatum L. 1, Nt. Fo- Cardium sp. an Cardium parvum Phil. sp. ren. < C. costatum L. 1/2, Sch: < C. costatum ex Kattegat. – Dispatch cat. Dated 1891 he L. 2/2, M. acad. #375. C. asiaticum Lamk. 1, received a substantial collection of molluscs M. acad. < C. asiaticum Lamk. 2, Sch: #376. from the museum (exchange). According C. coronatum Spgl. 1, Sch: #377. C. papyra- to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #127 Ser- ceum Ch. 4 2/2, M. acad. 66, Forsk. 66 #378. ripes groenlandica Greenland. #128 Serripes C. bullatum L. 1, Moltk. < C. bullatum, 1, Sch: groenlandica Kara Sea, Dijmphna Exp. #129 #379. C. soleniforme Brug. Tortola, 7, Møll: < Cardium echinatum Kattegat. #130 Cardium C. soleniforme Brug. 2, Sch: #380. Cardium, echinatum juv. Kattegat. #131 Cardium echi- 1, Sch: #381. C. ringiculum Sow. 2/2, Sch: natum The Sound. #132 Cardium edule The #382. C. flavum L. 7, Sch: < C. flavum L. 3, M. Little Belt. #133 Cardium edule W. coast of acad 61, 4. Forsk. 61 < C. flavum L. 1, Remh. Jutland. #134 Cardium edule var. balticum. 20, < C. flavum L. Ind. Oc. 1, Rink. 5, #383. Baltic. #135 Cardium nodosum Limfjorden. C. muricatum L. 9, Mus. acad. 62. 4/2 Forsk. #136 Cardium exiguum The Sound. #137 62 < C. muricatum L. 9, Sch: #384. C. rastrum Cardium suecicum (minimum auct.) Kattegat. Reeve, 2, Sch: #385. C. erinaceum Lm. 1, Sch: #138 Cardium fasciatum The Sound. #139 < C. erinaceum Lm. 2, M. acad. #386. C. acu- Cardium fasciatum, Iceland. #140 Cardium leatum, Britain 1, Møll: #387. C. echinatum L. islandicum (ciliatum Fabr.) Greenland. #141 Fairhill, 1/2, Møll: < C. echinatum L. Norway, Cardium elegantulum Greenland. #142 Car- 1/2, Møll: 84. < C. echinatum L. 4, Sch: < C. dium norvegicum Kattegat. #143 Cardium echinatum L. 1, M. Moltk < C. echinatum L. ciliatum Kara Sea, Dijmphna Exp. 1, M. acad. #388. C. ciliare Gm. 3/2, Moltk. Monterozato, Allerz Marquis, Palermo. Spell- #389. C. rusticum L. 3, Sch: < C. rusticum L. ing of Monterosato in Mörch’s accession book 5, M. acad < C. rusticum L. 1, Moltk. #390. 1866–1872. C. isocardia L. 4, Sch: 1 Sch. Orig. < C. iso- Montp. Stands for the Museum in Montpel- cardia L. St. Thomas 1, Unger. < C. isocardia lier, France. Exchanged cardiids with ZM in L. 1, Møll: #391. C. leucostomum Born, 3, 1840. Sch: < C. leucostomum Born, 1, M. acad. < C. Monts. Abbr. of the Italian malacologist Monte- leucostomum Born, 1, Sch: < C. leucostomum rosato. Born, 1, Møll: #392. C. pectinatum L. 1/2, Mörch (T 283). “Conchylia bivalvia” Printed Sch: #393. C. papillosum Poli, Gibraltar Rhed, on the spine only. Not signed, not dated, but 5, Phil. Møll: 371, #394. C. fasciatum Mont. probably written around 1848. The sequence 3, Møll: 936, #395. Cardium, 10, Møll: 1021, of information (not all information indicated Cardium, the Channel, 1, Prosch 69, #396. C. for each species): running #, species, local- edule L var. Rygen, 5, Moltk. Suenson. < C. ity, number of individuals, collection mark, edule L. Orkney, 1, Møll: 1089, < C. edule L. source of collection. #361. C. cardissa L. 5/2, Møll: 935. < C. edule L. Als, 5, Sch: < C. 1, Møll, Moltk. #362 sic. C. cardissa L. 1, edule L. Bergen, 1, Sars. < no#. Cardium, M. Mathies 79. < C. cardissa L. 6, Sch: #362. C. rub. 1, Forsk 67, Forsk. 67. < no#. Cardium, humanum Ch. 2, Sch:, 1 Moltk. #363. C. di- fos?, 1/2, Forsk 68, Forsk. 68. < no#. C. as- onæum Sowb. Lord Hoods Isl. 2, Møll: #364. simile Reeve, M. rub. 2 1/2, Forsk 63, M.acad. C. hemicardium L. 1, Sch: #365. C. auricula Forsk. 63. #397. C. islandicum Ch. 3, Sch: < Niebuhr, m. rub. 1, M Moltk, Orig. #366. C. C. islandicum Ch. 2, M. acad. < C. islandicum retusum L. 3, Sch: #367. C. subretusum Sowb. Ch. 23 1/2, Møll: #398. C. norvegicum Spgl. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 59

(Trachycardium) isocardia Vestindien. Car- dium (Serripes) grønlandicum Ch. Greenland. (Fleischer). Cardium (Fragum) unedo Lin. the Philippines Cuming 541 (M. Chr. VIII). Mörch (T 312). Oversigt over CVIII Samling. Overview re the CVIII collection. Cardium without specification in the drawers 11–22. Not signed, not dated, but ca. 1864. Mörch (T 312, separate pages). Heading of document: De forenede Museers Bløddyrsam- ling. Universitetets Samling paa Nørregade. Over ChVIII Samling findes et eget Catalg. The pages show how the collections were organised from the beginning. Fig. 33. Part of Mörch’s catalogue ca. 1848 “Conchylia Mörch (T 313a). “Oversigt over Slægterne i bivalvia” The sequence of information is running #, species, Conchylie-samlingen” Overview of genera in locality, number of individuals, collection mark, and source the shell collection. Catalogue in two parts. of collection. Part one. The cardiids were placed in room I, cabinet C, drawer 16. (Cardium). There are no dates allowing to estimate when part 1 was Norway, 1, Stp. 227, < C. norvegicum Spgl. written, but the style of writing indicates that it Norway 3, Møll 3/8 (Phil) < C. norvegicum was early in Mörch’s work for the museum in Spgl. Stp. 997, < C. norvegicum Spgl. 3, Møll: Nørregade. He served there from 1852–1864. Phil. #399. C. oblongum Ch. 1, M. acad. #400. For part two, see under Mörch T 313a, sepa- C. obliquum Spgl. 1, Sch: #401. C. biradiatum rate pages. Brug. 1, Moltk. #402. C. lævigatum L. 1, Sch; Mörch (T 313a, separate pages). Samling af 1 Moltk (Forsk) #403.C. serratum L. 16, Sch: Originalstykker. [Collection of original speci- < C. serratum L. Tortola, 12, Møll: #404. C. mens. One catalogue in two parts]. Part two: mortoni Conr. United States, 2, Cuming #405. Mollusca in glasses (wet): the cardiids were C. grönlandicum Ch. 3, Sch: < C. grönlandi- placed in room 2 cabinet C, 4. Veneracea cum Ch. 9, Møll < C. grönlandicum Ch. 1, in the museum in Krystalgade. The cabinet Møll: < C. grönlandicum Ch. Spitsbergen, 2, contained Cardium muricatum L. S. Croix, Møll: 1121, #406. C. trigonoides Pallas, M. S. Thomas. Cardium rusticum L., Mediter- casp. 1, Middend. #407. C. (Monodacna), ranean. Cardium oblongum Ch., West Indies Casp. 1, Cuming 133, #408. C. (Adacna), M. (Ravn). Cardium (Liocardium) læævigatum Casp. 1, Midden. #409. C. (Adacna), M. Casp. L., S. Croix. (mus. zoot. Hafn.). Cardium 1, Midden. (Fig. 33). (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum L., Mediter- Mörch (T 312). De forenede Museers Bløddyr- ranean (Kgl. mus.). Cardium (Trachycardium) samling. Not dated. The mollusc collection of isocardium L., West Indies. Cardium (Ser- the united museums. Cardiids on display in the ripes) grönlandicum Ch., Greenland (Fleis- public exhibition, i.e. the labels marked ”fra cher). Cardium (Fragum) unedo Lin., Philip- udst.” in the present dry collection of ZMUC. pines Cuming 541 (M. Chr. VIII). Cardiids were on display in Room 2. Cup- Mörch 1840–66 (T 286). Accession book. Index board C.4. Veneracea: Cardium muricatum by Mörch. No title, no date. L. S. Croix, S. Thomas. Cardium rusticum L. Mörch 1846–53 (T 287). Universitetets zoologi- The Mediterranean. Cardium oblongum Ch. ske Museums Tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr I. Vestindien (Ravn. N.F.). Cardium (Liocar- 1846–53. Printed on the cover. In handwriting dium) lævigatum S.Croix (mus-zoot.Hafn.). on first page: “Tilvæxt-Journal for Mollusca Cardium (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum. N° 1”. Accession book. The Mediterranean. (Kgl. mus.). Cardium Mörch 1849–61 (T 292). Dispatch catalogue. No 60 j. h y l l e b e r g

title, no date. First entry September 1849, last entry dated 1861. Mörch 1853–61 (T 289). Universitetets Zoologi- ske Museums Tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr II. 1853–61. Printed on the cover. In handwriting on first page: Universitetets zoologiske Museums Tilvæxt-Journal for Mollusca N° 2. (begyndt 1853, Febr.) Accession book. Infor- mation from this catalogue is listed here under the persons who contributed with specimens. Mörch 1857–68 (T 293). “UZM Mörch O.A.L. Afgivelse og bytte af Mollusca 1857–1868. Printed on spine only. Dispatch and exchange book. All entries by Mörch. Some shipments are only indicated with receiver and bulk number of species. Dated 1856 molluscs were selected for dispatch to schools. Cardiids are not mentioned. Due to many fusions and splitting up of collections over the years, some species had to be reorganised. Dated September 1857, Mörch noted that he handed over crustaceans to the second inspectorate: Spengler’s original Lepades and 2 drawers, which came from the collection of Naturhistorie Selskabet. Fig. 34. Portrait of O.A.L. Mörch published by Jonas Collin. Mörch 1866–72 (T 288). UZM Tilgangsjournal After J.Hylleberg 2004 (3): 841. for Bløddyr og Stråledyr II 1866–72. ��Acces- sion book. Index by Mörch. No title, no date. Last entry June 1872. the University of Copenhagen (the univer- Mørch The modern Danish letter “ø” and the sity established by Count Moltke). – From Scandinavian and German letter “ö” were 1864–1878 he worked with the ZM shell col- both used by Mörch. The ö-spelling is most lection of the University in Krystalgade where frequent on museum labels and in catalogues. all museum collections had been united. He See under Mörch, O.A.L. wrote a number of catalogues encompassing Mörch, O. A. L. (1828–1878), dr. phil. bestowed accessions registers, shells leaving the mu- on him by the University of Göttingen in 1868, seum as gifts or in exchange, special collec- assistant professor. Full name: Otto Andreas tions, such as Spengler’s and Count Moltke’s Lowson Mørch. Personality according to shells belonging to the Zoological Museum Bricka: eccentric, absent-minded, reserved of the University. [see under “Det grevelige and suspicious, but basically noble, unselfish, Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende zoolo- and very helpful. His knowledge and experi- giske Museum”]. When Mörch included new ence was highly appreciated abroad. He was shells in the collections he would give them quite famous as a an expert of malacology. running numbers, which started with number Years of important events in the life of Mörch: 1 for each lot. At the same time he would write 1844–1848 at the Royal Natural History Mu- that number inside the shell and on the label. seum [Kgl. naturhistorisk Museum = KM]. He prepared the enumeration of shells from Assistant for Beck where he learnt much about the CVIII collection stored in alcohol and the old collections. – In 1847 professor Steen- wrote new labels in 1858–59. (Fig. 34). strup offered him work at the University Mu- Mörch’s Spengler cat. (T 304). Spglers Mgz. seum, which he accepted. – From 1850–1864 (Spengler’s Magazine). Catalogue without assistant curator of the shell collections of title dealing with the original specimens in the c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 61

Chemnitz, Müller, and Spengler Collections. est specimen measures: length 2.3 T., width When Mörch writes “I” (first person) he cites 2 T. 2 L #899. C. fucatum Sp. Length 1.25 T, Spengler’s comments. In this respect, and the width 1 T. 2 L. Guinea #900. C. simplex Sp. It numbering, the present catalogue differs from is slightly smaller than the above sp. Guinea other Spengler catalogues written by Mörch. #901. C. pectinatum L. Ch. f. 187, 88. Largest #875. Cardium. Solen bullatus. L. Ch. 159, 60. specimen: length 1.75 T., width 1.8 #902. C. I own a variety of this bivalve, which is quite edule L. Ch. f. 194 #903. C. rusticum L. Ch. smooth on the outside, only with fine stripes on f. 197. Reg. 77,78. Height 1.5 T., width 1.75 the curvature. I have some specimens, which #904. C. islandicum Ch. f. 195, 96. Height 2.5 are nicely brown-red with a few spots. The T., width 2 T. 8 L #905. C. latum Ch. 192, 93. length reaches 2 T., the width 1.5 T. Guinea. Height 0.25 T., width 1 T. 8 L. Niqbar #906. C. #877. Cardium costatum L. Ch. 151.152. It is donaceum Sp. Ch. f. 165. Height 8 L., width a double, length 2 T. 13 L., width 3 T., depth 1 T. 1 L. Norway #907. var. B. [C. donaceum] 2.5 T., from a friend in Paris. #878. no record. somewhat smaller #908. var. C. [C. dona- #879. Variety of C. costatum [C. indicum ceum] all three are from Trondhjem. #909. C. Lam.], length 2.5 T., width 2.75 T., depth 2.25 hians Gronov. Ch. 187.83. Height and width T. on average, from the natural history collec- 2 T. #910. C. papyraceum Ch. f. 184. Height 1 tion in Madrid. Don Clavijo. #880. Cardium T. 8 L., width 1.5 T. #911. C. norvegicum Sp. lamellatum Sp. Ch. f. 153, 154. Niqb., height 2.5 T. Variety 2.75 Schrøt. Einl. 3. t. 7. f. 12. 2 T., width the same. 1 individual. #881. Car- #912. C. serratum L. Ch. 185, 186. #913. C. dium coronatum Sp. 1 T. 4 L. width, 1 T. 2 L. laevigatum L. Ch. f. 189. The largest specimen deep. Niquebar. #882. Cardium ringens Ch. measures in length 2.25 T., width 1 T 11 L. f. 170. Guinea. The largest specimens mea- Also a variety. #914. C. striatum Sp. Height sure 1 T. 8 L. in length. #883. C. aculeatum and width 1 T. South Sea. #915. C. politum Sp. L. Ch. f. 155. #884. C. aculeatum variety A. South Sea. 0.75 T. #916. C. grønlandicum Ch. 20 ribs. 1 T. 7 L. width, 1 T. 3 L. height. Ch. f. 198. Length 2.75 T., width 3 T. 2 L. #917. f. 155. #885. C. aculeatum variety B. Ch. f. C. cardissa Ch. 143,44. Their unusual size in 156. 3.5 T. length and width. 3 T. thick. #886. length is 2.5 T. and in width 1.25 T. Niquebar. C. aculeatum variety C. Ch. f. 157. #887. C. #918. C. var. B. [C. cardissa] yellow-green echinatum L. Ch. 158. Specimens from the colour. Length 2 T. 2 L., width 2 T. Niqbar. Mediterranean measure 2.25 T in height and #919. C. var. C. [C. cardissa] length 2,75 width. The Nordic are 2 T. in width and 1T. T., width 2 T. Niqueb. #920. C. var. D. [C. 10 L. in height. #888. C. ciliare Ch. f. 171, cardissa] without spines. #921. C. var. E. [C. 72. xi 1951, 52, 53. #889. C. tuberculatum L. cardissa] Trqbar with brown spots. #922. C. Ch. f. 173. #890. C. isocardium L. Ch. f. 174, var. F. [C. cardissa] length 1 T. 10 L., width 1 175. Height 3 T. 1 L., width and depth 2 T. 7 T. 8 L. #923. C. replicatum Ch. 149,150. 1 T. L. #891. C. muricatum L. Ch. f. 177, length 1 L. One more smaller specimen, which on the 2 T. 2 L., width 1 T. 9 L. I have a specimen curved surface is densely covered with light from the South Sea with some changes and brown spots. #924. C. hemicardium L. Ch. very lively colours. Pulocondore. Martyn 2, 159–61. Measures 1.75 T. on the front side, the f. 79. ii. #892. C. flavum L. Length 2T. 4 L., width measured at the lower rim is 1.5 T. #925. width 1.75 L. Red Sea and Niqbr. #893. C. C. retusum Ch. 139–142. Also a variety from obliquum Sp. 3 T. 2 L. on the front side. #894. Coromandel. #926. C. imbricatum Ch. f. 167. C. magnum L. Seb. t. 86. p. 2. Length 3 T., The length of my largest specimen measures width 2.5 T. #895. var. B. [C. magnum] Ch. 1 T. 7 L., width is 1.25 T. #927. C. nodulosum f. 191. Niquebar is somewhat smaller than Sp. Length 1.25 T, width 1 T. #928. C. medium the above #896. C. leucostomum Born. Ch. f. L. Ch. 162–64. Length 1 T. 5 L., width 1 T. 2 L. 179. Length 3 T., width 2.25 T #897. var B [C. #929. C. fragum L. Ch. f. 167. Length 1.5 T., leucostomum] Length 1 T. 5 L., width 1 T. 2 width 1.25. East Indies. #930. C. unedo L. Ch. L #898. C. obsoletum Sp. Ch. f. 190. My larg- f. 168,169. Length 2 T. 4 L., width 2 T. 62 j. h y l l e b e r g

collected by, number of individuals. Cardi- ids encompass. #538. C. (Acanthocardium sic) echinatum as C. echinatum L. Kattegat, Lyngby c/o Fabr. 2. #539 C. (Trachycar- dium) muricatum as C. medium L, I. Antill, Bardenfl. (?), 1. #540C. (Fragum) medium as C. medium L. I. Antill, 1. #541 C. (Fragum) unedo as C. unedo L. I. Philippin. Cuming, 1. #542 C. (Lunulicardia) subretusum as C. Sg. Hemicardium, I. Philippin. Cuming, 1. #543 C. (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. as C. ciliatum, Oefjord Iceland, Gudmund, 2. < C. (Cerastoderma) ciliatum Fabr. = C. islandicum Ch. Belsound, Kroyer, 4. < Oc. sept. glac. C. ciliatum var. pubescens Couth, Fig. 35. Mörch’ cover on the catalogue “Fortegnelse over 1. #544 C. (Cerastoderma) elegantulum Beck den til Christian den Ottendes Conchyliesamling hörende as C. elegantulum Bk. Arctic, Gould 12 org. Samling af Spirituosa 1858/59”. 3 dissolved (opløst). #545 C. (Serripes) grön- landicum Ch as C. (Serripes) hyberboreum Mörch’s CVIII cat. 1864 (T 318). “Enumeratio Bk. Belsound, Dr. Kroyer, 1. < C. (Serripes) Musei Christiani octavi”. Novr 1864 Written grönlandicum junior as Serripes grönlandica in pencil. It lists the organisation of shells of Bk. (Ch), Godthaab, Holbøl, 4. (Fig. 35). CVIII. Cardium IV xxv drawer 11–21. Species Mörch’s labels Written during the period 1844 to not shown. Not signed. 1878, mainly on factory made paper. He wrote Mörch’s CVIII wet spcm. 1858–59 (T 279). labels for new specimens (accessions) and Fortegnelse over den til Christian den Ot- labels elaborating old labels e.g. by Spengler. tendes Conchyliesamling hörende Samling af He wrote the species name and synonym on Spirituosa optagen ved denne Samlings Ome- top of the label. The central part was left open. tiqettering 1858/59 af O.A.L. Mörch (Alcohol At the bottom he continued to the left writing preserved specimens from the Collection collector and his own catalogue number. If of King CVIII). The sequence of informainforma-- available, the locality was written to the right tion (not always complete): running number, (Fig. 36). present and previous identification, locality, Mörch’s Møller cat. “Møller’s collection”. Not dated or signed. R.Spärck noted in 1918: supposed to be the catalogue of H.P.C.Møller’s collection. See under Møller’s collection. Mörch’s Moltke cat. (T 281). “Conchylia Musei Moltkiani”. Catalogue of the shell collection of Moltke. Not dated, not signed. The sequence of information (not all information indicated for each species): running number (#), species, number of specimens, Mörch’s notes. #45 Cardium cardissa, 1, C. cardissa. #46 C. humanum, 1, Ch. #47 C. unedo. #48 C. hemicardium. #49 C. fragum. #50 C. aculeatum, 1, C –a–, 1 C –a–. #51 C. isocardia, 4 loose shells. 1/2. #52 C. oblongum. #53 C. Fig. 36. Mörch copied Spengler’s original labels and added references to Spengler’s publication from 1799. The labels tuberculatum, 1 specimen. #54 C. magnum. were probably written before 1870, i.e. the year Mörch pub- #55 C. costatum. #56 C. ciliare, 1/2 C. ciliare. lished a translation into German of Spengler’s work. #57 C. vulgatum var. [syn. of C. edule]. #58 C. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 63

1821]. Inventory of the original specimens in the Royal Museum, 1850–51. Sept.-April. The sequence of information is running number, species, reference, measurements by Spen- gler, origin of specimens, and remarks. The numbering of the species in Mörch’s 1850 (T 301) catalogue is shown within brackets. The 1850–51 catalogue is nearly identical with Mörch’s catalogue from 1850. However, the numbers differ among the two catalogues. I only show some examples from Mörch’s catalogue as examples and refer to the 1850 catalogue for more details. #229 (249). Car- dium costatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 5 n° 1. Guinea. 2,13; 3. Missing. 2 complete speci- Fig. 37. Label by Beck: C. imbricatum. vBorn t.3/3-4. C. f. mens present. #230 (250). C. indicum Lam. C. 167. Sp. n° 36. Sub nom C. fragum, e Coll. Mtk. n. 2443. hians Brochi. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 6 Variety The label indicates that the specimen originally belonged to A.G. Moltke. of C. costatum. From the Natural History Col- lection in Madrid. 2 1/2; 2 3/4. Average of the convexity 2 1/4. #230a. (251). C. ciliare L. virgineum = Mactra stultorum. #59 C. hians, Orig. Sp. N.S.S. 5,1 p. 18 n° 7. #231 (252). C. 1, C. bullatum L. = C. apertum Ch. #60 C. aculeatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. p. 13 n° 5. C. ac- edule, 2, Cardium edule L. #61 C. aeolicum, uleatum var. b. 3 1/2, 3 1/2; 3. Measurements 1, specimen with number, but it is a Mactra. by Mörch: only 3; 3. #232(253). C. aculeatum (Figs. 37, 38). L. juv. Orig. Ch. vi f 155. C. aculeatum Lin- Mörch’s O. F. Müller cat. 1864 (T 306). naei. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i p. 12. C. aculeatum Oversigt over Originaler. The catalogue en-en- L. Sp. 1 inch 7 lines, 1 inch 3 lines. #233 (254). compasses species by Müller (no cardiids), C. erinaceus Lam. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i p. 14. Menkes’s Original specimens from Malsbuy’s C. aculeatum var C.– 3; 2,8; 2,4. From shell Collection (no cardiids), Orig. to Fauna groen- dealer in Marseilles. Forskål. #234 (255). C. landica with 2 cardiid species: 71. #410 Car- echinatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 16. n° 6. dium echinatum. # 411 Cardium ciliatum ... is C. echinatum. The Mediterranean shells mea- larger than the indicated measurements. sure 2 1/4; 2 1/4. The Nordic shells measure 2 Mörch’s Royal Museum cat. 1850–51 (T inches in width and 1 inch 10 lines in height. 315). Fortegnelse over originalerne i det kgl. Three lines too much. #235 (256). C. rusticum museum 1850–51 Sept-April. Printed on the L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 19. n° 8. C. tubercu- spine: Orig. Mus. reg. (sic) [that is the Spen- latum L. Stp. #236 (257). C. isocardia L. Orig. gler collection deposited in Mus. CVIII after Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 19. n° 9. C. isocardium sic. 3,1; 2.7 lines. They are 2,9; 2,2. S. Thomas. S. Croix. #237 (258). C. muricatum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 20. n° 10. C. muricatum 2,2; 1,9. #238 (259). C. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 21. C. muricatum L. Martyn 679 f. 1,1. Pulocondore, from the South Sea with more lively colours. #239 (260). C. flavum L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S. v,i. p. 22. n° 11. ti f. 2. C. flavum2,4; 1 3/4; 1 3/4. Red Sea, Nicobar Islands. C. vertebratum Jonas? – The catalogue continues in the same Fig. 38. Moltke’s label. I have not found the number 2443 nor way, which is nearly identical with Mörch’s the added n° 32 in available catalogues. catalogue from 1850 (2). However, the num- 64 j. h y l l e b e r g

bers of each entry differ among the two cata- #262. C. magnum L. #263. C. leucostomum logues. Therefore, I only show the numbering Born. #264. Cardium [no specific name listed of the species for the rest of Mörch’s 1850 (3) by Mörch]. #265. C. fucatum Spengler. #266. catalogue and refer to the 1850 (2) catalogue C. edule L. #267. C. lamarckii Reeve. #268. for the details. – #240 (261). Cardium sp. C. islandicum Chemnitz. #269. C. obliquum #241 (262). C. magnum L. #242 (263). C. Spengler. #270. C. oblongum Chemnitz. #271. leucostomum Born. #243 (264). Cardium sp. C. norvegicum Spengler. #272. C. norvegicum #244 (265). C. fucatum Spengler. #245 (266). Spengler. #273. C. politum Spengler. #274. C. C. edule L. #246 (267). C. lamarckii Reeve. laevigatum L. Reeve. #275. C. citrinum Ch. #247 (268). C. islandicum Chemnitz. #248 #276. C. serratum L. #277. C. pectinatum L. (269). C. obliquum Spengler. #249 (270). C. #278. C. striatum Spengler. #279. C. papy- oblongum Chemnitz. #250 (271). C. norve- raceum Chemnitz. #280. C. bullatum L. Sp. gicum Spengler. #251 (272). C. norvegicum #281. C. coronatum Sp. #282. C. lamellatum Spengler var. #252 (273). C. politum Spengler. Spengler. #283. C. ringens Forskål. Spengler. #253 (274). C. laevigatum L. Reeve. #254 #284. C. latum Born. #285. C. soleniforme (275). C. citrinum Ch. #255 (276). C. serratum Bruguière. #286. C. groenlandicum Chem- L. #256 (277). C. pectinatum L. #257 (278). nitz. #287. C. cardissa L. #288. C. cardissa L. C. striatum Sp. #257a (279). C. papyraceum var. #289. C. cardissa L. var. #290. C. cardissa Chemnitz. #258 (280). C. bullatum L. Stp. L. var. #291. C. humanum Chemnitz. #292. C. #259 (281). C. coronatum Sp. #260 (282). C. humanum Chemnitz var. #293. C. monstrosum lamellatum Spengler. #261 (283). C. ringens Chemnitz. #294. C. hemicardium L. #295. C. Spengler. #262 (284). C. latum Born. #263 retusum L. #296. Cardium [no specific name (285). C. soleniforme Bruguière. #264 (286). listed by Mörch]. #297. C. imbricatum Born. C. groenlandicum Chemnitz. #265 (287). C. #298. C. fragum L. #299. Cardium [no specific cardissa L. #265 (288). C. cardissa L. var. name listed by Mörch]. #300. C. nodulosum #266 (289). C. cardissa L. var. #267 (290). Sp. #301. C. unedo L. #302. C. medium L. C. cardissa L. var. #268 (291). C. humanum #303. C. donaciforme Spgl. ap. Schröt. #304. Chemnitz. #269 (292). C. humanum Chemnitz Cardium [no specific name listed by Mörch]. var. #270 (293). C. monstrosum Chemnitz. #305. Cardium. #271 (294). C. hemicardium L. #272 (295). Mörch’s Spengler cat. 1850–51 (T 301). The C. retusum L. #273 (296). Cardium sp. #273 Spengler Collection. Annotated Catalogue. (297). C. imbricatum Born. #274a (298). C. The sequence of information (not all informa- fragum L. #274 (299). Cardium fragum L. tion indicated for each species): running #, #275 (300). C. nodulosum Sp. #276 (301). species, reference, remarks. #249. C. costatum C. unedo L. #277 (302). C. medium L. #278 L. Orig. Sp. N.S.S.5,1. p. 5 n° 1. Guinea. Mea- (303). C. donaciforme Spgl. #278 (304). Car- surements by Spengler: 2.13; 3. Missing. 2 dium. #278 (305). Cardium. complete specimens present. In box marked Mörch’s Spengler cat. 1850 (T 301). Catalogue beta. #250. C. indicum Lam. Orig. Sp. without title dealing with the Spengler Collec- N.S.S.5,1. p. 6 Variety of C. costatum. Missing tion. Annotated. Information in the catalogue but found in Museum CVIII. Mistake is pos- is basically identical with information in T sible. In 2 boxes. From the Natural History 315. Hence, I only list the numbers and names Collection in Madrid. #251. C. ciliare L. Orig. of the species: #249. C. costatum L. #250. C. Sp. l.c. p. 18 n° 7. #252. C. aculeatum L. Orig. indicum Lam. #251. C. ciliare L. #252. C. Sp. l.c. p. 13 n° 5. C. a < var. b. Measurements aculeatum L. #253. C. aculeatum L. #254. C. by Spengler: height and width 3.5 inches, erinaceus Lam. #255. C. echinatum L. #256. thickness 3 inches. Measurements by Mörch: C. rusticum L. #257. C. isocardia L. #258. only 3 inches height and width. #253. C. acu- C. muricatum L. #259 C. [no specific name leatum L. juv. Orig. Ch. vi f 155. C. aculeatum listed by Mörch]. #260. C. flavum L. #261. Linnaei. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 12. C. aculeatum. Cardium [no specific name listed by Mörch]. Measurements by Spengler: height 1 inch 7 c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 65 lines, width 1 inch 3 lines. #254. C. erinaceus width 1.5 inches. #267. C. lamarckii Reeve. 2 Lam. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 14. C. aculeatum. From boxes. Orig. Ch. vi. f. 197. C rusticum L. shell dealer in Marseilles. Forskål. Measure- Mediterranean. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 34. n° 20. C ments by Spengler: height 3 inches; width 2 rusticum L. Mediterranean. Measurements by inches 8 lines; thickness 2 inches 4 lines. Mea- Spengler: height 1.5 inches; width 1.75 inches. surements by Mörch: height 2 inches 4 lines; #268. C. islandicum Chemnitz. Orig. Sp. l.c. width 2 inches 7 lines. #255. C. echinatum L. p. 34. n° 21. Iceland. Measurements by Spen- Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 16. n° 6. C. echinatum. The gler: height 2.5 inches; width 2 inches 8 lines. Mediterranean shells measure 2.25 inches in #269. C. obliquum Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. height, 2.25 inches in width. The Nordic shells 24. n° 12. ti f. 3. < Measurements by Spengler: measure 2 inches in width and 1 inch 10 lines height 3 inches 2 lines. C. magnum Born. C. in height. Three lines too much. #256. C. rus- ventricosum Brug. #270. C. oblongum Chem- ticum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 19. n° 8. C. tubercu- nitz. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 28. n° 15. C. obsoletum. latum L. #257. C. isocardia L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. Measurements by Spengler: height 2.75 inch- 19. n° 9. C. isocardium sic. Measurements by es, width 2 inches 2 lines. #271. C. norvegi- Spengler: height 3 inches 1 line, width 2 cum Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 42. n° 26. C. n. inches 7 lines. Measurements by Mörch: var. Measurements by Spengler: height 2.5 height 2 inches 9 lines, width 2 inches 2 lines. inches, width 2.5 inches. #272. C. norvegicum S. Thomas. S. Croix. #258. C. muricatum L. Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 42. n° 26. var. b. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 20. n° 10. Measurements by Mediterranean Measurements: 2.75 inches. Spengler: height 2 inches 2 lines, width 1 inch #273. C. politum Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 43. 9 lines. #259 C. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 21. C. muri- n° 30. South Sea. Measurements by Spengler: catum L. Martyn. Is C. corbis Martyn C. height 0.75 inch, width 0.75 inch. C. vitelli- pseudolima Sow? missing? t. 79 f. 1.1 Pulo- num Reeve. #274. C. laevigatum L. Reeve. condore, from the South Sea with more lively Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 28. C. laevigatum var. colours. #260. C. flavum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 22. West Indies. Measurements: height 1 inch 8 n° 11. ti f. 2. C.f. Measurements by Spengler: lines, width 1 inch 8 lines. #275. C. citrinum 2.4; 1.75; 1, 75. Red Sea, Nicobar Islands. C. Ch. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 28. C. laevigatum vertebratum Jonas? #261. Cardium [no spe- L. Measurements: height 2.25 inches, width 1 cific name listed by Mörch]. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. inch 11 lines. According to Mörch, none of the 26. n° 15. C. magnum L. var. B. Orig. Ch. vi. specimens attain this size. #276. C. serratum f 191. (specimen of Spengler and Chemnitz). L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 43. n° 27. South Sea. C. C. magnum. Missing? #262. C. magnum L. serratum L. C. biradiatum Brug. #277. C. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 24. n° 13. C. magnum East pectinatum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 32. n° 18. Indies. Measurements by Spengler: width 3 Guinea. 1.75; 1,8. C. æolicum Born. #278. C. inches, width 3 inches 5 lines. Measurements striatum Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 45. n° 29. by Mörch: 1.5 lines too much. #263. C. leu- South Sea. C. australe Sow. #279. C. papyra- costomum Born. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 27. n° 14. ceum Chemnitz. Orig. Chemnitz vi. f 184. West Indies. Measurements by Spengler: Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 41. n° 45. 1 inch 8 lines; 1.5 height 3 inches, width 2.25 inches. #264. Car- inch. Found in Mus. CVIII. #280. C. bullatum dium [no specific name listed by Mörch]. Orig. L. Sp. Orig. Chemnitz vi. f 181 < 83. C. aper- Sp. l.c. p. 28. n° 14. C. leucostomum Born. var. tum sive hians Gronovius. Found in Mus. B. Sp. Measurements by Spengler: height 1 CVIII. Jamaica. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 39. n° 24. C. inch 5 lines; width 1 inch 2 lines. Nicobar Is- hians Gronov. 2,2 Jamaica. Is only 1.75 inch. lands. #265. C. fucatum Spengler. Orig. Sp. #281. C. coronatum Sp. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 9. n° l.c. p. 30. n° 16. Guinea. Measurements by 3. ti f. 1 < 1,4; 1,4; 1,2. C. fimbriatum Wood. Spengler: height 1.25 inches; width 1 inch 2 #282. C. lamellatum Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. lines. Guinea. #266. C. edule L. Orig. Sp. l.c. 8. n° 2. < 2,2; 1,8. C. asiaticum Brug. #283. C. p. 33. n° 19. C. edule L. Sp. North Sea. Mea- ringens Forskål. Spengler. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 20. surements by Spengler: height 1 inch 4 lines; n° 4. #284. C. latum Born. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 35. 66 j. h y l l e b e r g

n° 22. 1.25, 1,8. Nicobar Islands. #285. C. height 1 inch 5 lines, width 1 inch 2 lines. soleniforme Bruguière. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 111 #303. C. donaciforme Spgl. ap. Schröt. Chem. (sic) n° 26. Solen bullatus L. Guinea. Mea- Mörch changed the genus to Donax. Orig. C. surements: height 2 inches, width 1.25 inch. donaceum Sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. Tronhjem in In 2 boxes. #286. C. groenlandicum Chemnitz. Norway. Measurements: height 8 lines, width Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 46. n° 31. Greenland. 2.75 3,2. 1 inch 1 line. #304. Cardium [no specific name #287. C. cardissa L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 48. n° 32. listed by Mörch]. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. C. Nicobar Islands. 2.5 1.25. #288. C. cardissa L. donaceum var. B. Much smaller. Tronhjem. var. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 50. var. B. with a beautiful Missing. #305. Cardium [no specific name yellow-green colour. 2,2; 2 Nicobar Islands. listed by Mörch]. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 37. n° 23. C. #289. C. cardissa L. var. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 50. donaceum var. C. Tronhjem. Missing. var. E. Tranquebar. #290. C. cardissa L. var. Mörch’s Suenson cat. 1857 Capt. Suenson Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 51. var. F. Nicobar Islands. shells auctioned. In this connection Mörch 1,10; 1,8. #291. C. humanum Chemnitz Orig. wrote ”Catalogus Conchyliorum quæ reliquit Sp. l.c. p. 50. var. C. Nicobar Islands. #292. C. Ill. M.N.Suenson Scripsit O.A.L.Mörch. Hæc humanum Chemnitz var. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 51. Conchylia publica auctione XVIII Decbr. var. D. C. cardissae. Tranquebar. #293. C. dividentur. Hafniæ. Typis I.Chr.Græbei. MD- monstrosum Chemnitz. Orig. Ch. vi. p. 155. CCCLVII.” Mörch used the numbers 1556– (the description). Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 52. n° 33. C. 1579 in his list. #1556 Cardium cardissa L. replicatum. 1,1; 1,1. #294. C. hemicardium L. Ind. oc. #1557 C. unedo L. Ind. oc. #1558 C. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 53. n° 34. < Measurements by medium L. Ind. oc. sic [err. locality]. #1559 Spengler: height 1.75 inch, width 1.5 inch. C. lamarcki Reeve Oc. atl. #1560 C. balti- Measurements by Mörch: height 1.25 inch, cum Bk? M. balticum. #1561 C. costatum width 11 lines. #295. C. retusum L. Orig. Sp. L. Guinea. #1562 C. aculeatum L. M. med. l.c. p. 54. n° 35. C. retusum L. Mentioned in #1563 C. rusticum L. (tuberculatum Lam.) M. Ch. vi. from the Red Sea. C. auricula. #296. med. #1564 C. echinatum L. M. med. #1565 Cardium [no specific name listed by Mörch]. C. ciliare L. M. med. #1566 C. isocardia L. I. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 55. C. retusum var. Coroman- Antill. #1567 C. leucostomum Born. I. Antill. del Coast. #297. C. imbricatum Born. Orig. #1568 C. alternatum Sow. Ind. oc. #1569 C. Sp. l.c. p. 56. n° 36. Largest specimen mea- muricatum L. I. Antill. #1570 C. flavum L. (ru- sured by Mörch: height 1 inch 7 lines, width gosum Lam.) Ind. oc. #1571 C. sinense Sow? 1.25 inch. Orig. Ch. vi f. 166. Missing [note China. #1572 C. ringens Ch. Guinea. #1573 cancelled]. Found in Mus. CVIII. 1870. < C. spinosum Meusch. I. Antill. #1574 C. tenui- #298. C. fragum L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 58. n° 39. costatum Sow? Ind. oc. #1575 C. brasilianum ti f. 5 < height 1.5 inch. width 1.25 inch. Orig. Lam. Brasilia. #1576 C. multipunctatum Sow. Ch. vi. f. 166. C. fragum album f. flavum. China. #1577 C. citrinum Ch. I. Antill. #1578 Missing [note cancelled]. Belongs to no. 297 C. lævigatum L. St. Thomas. #1579 C. grøn- but is dubious. < #299. Cardium [no specific landicum Ch. Iceland name listed by Mörch]. Orig. Ch. vi. f. 167. C. Mörch’s Yoldi cat. 1853 (T 281). Count Yoldi’s fragum album f. flavum var. Missing [note shell collection sold at a public auction. In cancelled]. found in the CVIII Collection, is this connection Mörch published. ”Catalo- the same species as the following. #300. C. gus Conchyliorum quæ reliquit D.Alphonso nodulosum Sp. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 57. n° 37. ti f. d’Aguirra & Gadea, Comes de Yoldi. Fascicu- 4. East India. Measurements by Spengler: lus secundus. Scripsit O.A.L.Mörch Hafniæ height 1.25 inch, width 1 inch. Missing [note Typis Ludovici Kleinii. MDCCCLIII.” Under cancelled]. #301. C. unedo L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. the numbers 401–445 Mörch listed the follow- 59. n° 40. East India. Measurements by Spen- ing shells in the family Cardiacea. – Papyridea gler: height 2 inches 4 lines, width 2 inches. Sws. – #401 Cardium spinosum Meusch (List. #302. C. medium L. Orig. Sp. l.c. p. 57. n° 38. 342 f. 179.). I. Antill.

Cardium spinosum var. I. Antill. #403 Car- islandica Fabr. #434 Cardium grønlandica (2 dium bullatum (Solen) L. (Stp.) Ind. oc.

Coeur bisulque. < C. retusum, 2, ex coll. Sch: C. Savigny t. f. C. unedo; parvum angulatum, #3359 C. subretusum Sow. Reeve f. 100. C. ventre prominule. Forsk. p. xxxi, 1, ex coll. subretusum, 2, ex coll. M: acad: #3360 C. Forskp [sic], marking 70. #3375 C. flavum L. hemicardium L. C. imbricatum Born, C. hemi- Spglr. C. rugosum Lam. C. magnum Ch. C. cardium L. 1, ex coll. Sch: #3353a Cardium album Sch:, C. serratum Forsk. p. xxx?. < C. alaforme Sow?, 6, Silurische Schichten Litten flavum, 1, leg. Borries, marking 5. < C. flavum, in Bohemia (Böhmen), leg. Krantz, marking 2, ex coll. Sch: < C. flavum, 2, ex coll. Sch: < 58, #3353b Cardium alaforme, 4, Bohemia C. flavum, 6, ex coll. Forsk:, marking 61. < C. (Böhmen), leg. Krantz, marking 59. #3361 C. flavum, 1, Nicobar, leg. Rink. marking 5. fragum L, C. hemicardium, Le Coeur trian- #3376 C. muricatum L. Le Coeur de cerf. C. guleur. < C. fragum L. 2, ex coll. Sch: #3362 æquilaterum Sch. 5. C. ustulatum Sch. 7. < C. C. unedo L. Le fraise rouge Sch. C. unedo muricatum, 6, ex coll. Sch. < C. muricatum, 2, parvum angulatum ventre prominulo, Forsk. ex coll. M: acad: < C. muricatum, 2, ex coll. p. xxxi. ?. < C. unedo, 1, ex coll. Sch: < C. M: acad: < C. muricatum, 4, ex coll. Forsk. unedo, 1, ex coll. Forsk. marking 67. < C. marking 62. < *C. muricatum*, 1, ex coll. N.F. unedo, 1+2, ex Mus. Sydn. 1859, marking < *C. muricatum, *3, St. Croix, leg. Ravn 105. #3363 C. medium L. Le Coeur de pigeon 1835, ex coll. N.F. < *C. muricatum, *3, S. Sch: p. 160, < C. medium, 3, Tortola, ex coll. Thomas, leg. Krebs, marking 117. < C. muri- Møll: < C. medium, 1, leg. Hofm Bang, ex coll. catum var. m’, 1/1, Cating. leg, Hygom, mark- Møll: < C. medium, 4, Ind. Occ. ex coll. Sch;. ing 135. #3377 C. rastrum Reeve, C. lutescens #3364 C. donaciforme Spglr. Schröt Einl. < C. Sch. C. muricatum flavescens Ch 181. < C. donaciforme, 1, Philippin. leg. Cumg, mark- rastrum, 2, ex coll. Sch. #3378 C. leucosto- ing 164. #3365 C. costatum L. Sch. 158 La mum Born, C. marmoreum Lam. C. subelon- conque exotique. < C. costatum, 3/2, ex coll. gatum Reeve. < C. leucostomum, 3, ex coll. Sch: < C. costatum, 1?, ex coll. N.F. < C. Sch. < C. leucostomum, 1, ex coll. M: acad: < costatum, 5/2, ex coll. M: acad: #3366 C. C. leucostomum, 1, ex coll. Møll. < var?, 1, ex asiaticum Brug. C. lamellatum Spgl. 1799, C. coll. Yoldi, marking 421. #3379 C. assimile costatum indiæ orientalis Ch. C. costatum a Reeve, Reeve f. 45. < C. assimile, 2, ex coll. simplex Sch: < C. asiaticum, 1, ex coll. Sch. < M: acad: < C. assimile, 1/2, ex coll. Forsk. C. asiaticum, 1, ex coll. N.F. – C. asiaticum, marking 63. < C. assimile, m’, 1, ex coll. ex coll. M. acad. #3367 C. coronatum Spgler. Yoldi, marking 422 #3380 C. isocardia L. Sch. C. fimbriatum Lam. < C. coronatum, 1, Cap, p.158. xvi. f 4. Orig! Le Coeur taile. < C. iso- ex coll. Sch: #3368 C. papyraceum Ch. C. cardia, 1, ex coll. Sch. Orig. < C. isocardia, 1, fragile, striatum trans, tantum ad cardines S. Thomas, leg. Const. leg. Unger. < C. isocar- laeves. Forsk. xxxi. 11. e. < C. papyraceum, 3, dia, 3, ex coll. Sch. #3376a C. multispinosum ex coll. Moltk. < C. papyraceum, 1 1/2, ex coll. Sowb. 1, China, leg. Sass. ex coll. Friis, mark- Forsk. marking 66. #3369 C. bullatum L. C. ing 34. < 2, leg. Duus, marking 144. < C. apertum Meuschen Ch. C. hians Moltk. 59. < [Cardium], C. 1, ex Mus. Sydney 1859, mark- C. bullatum, 1, ex coll. Moltk:, marking 59. < ing 104. < C. assimile aff. C. assimile aff. 1, C. bullatum, 1, ex coll. Sch: #3370 C. soleni- leg. Rübe, marking 191. #3381 C. erinaceum forme Brug. C. bullatum Lk: non L, C. aper- Lam. C. aculeatum Lam. B. < C. erinaceum, tum Sch: 9. < C. soleniforme, 3, Tortola, ex 1, ex coll. Sch. < C. aculeatum B, 1, ex coll. coll. Møll: < C. soleniforme, 2, ex coll. Sch: < M: acad: #3382 C. aculeatum L. < C. aculea- C. soleniforme, 1 jun. St. Thomas, leg. Riise, tum, 1, Brittan, leg. Kinberg, ex coll. Møll. < marking 25. #3371 C. [Cardium sp.] C. chin- C. aculeatum, 1, Neapel, leg. Hannov:, mark- ense Sch: 10. < C. chinense, 1, China, Capt. ing 92. < C. aculeatum, 2, ex Montp. 1840, Agerbek, ex coll. Sch: #3372 C. ringiculum marking 48. #3383 C. ciliare L. Ch. < C. cili- Sowb. Reeve f. 115. < C. ringiculum, 2, ex are, 1 1/2, ex coll. Moltk. CVIII, marking 56. coll. Sch:, #3373 C. [Cardium sp.], 1, ex coll. #3384 C. echinatum L. Lovén. < C. echina- Forsk. marking 69. #3374 C. [Cardium sp.], tum, 1/2, Sydlige Norge, leg. Kroyer, ex coll. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 69

Møll. marking 847. < C. echinatum, 1, M: leg. Prosch:, marking 69. < #3393 C. [Cardi- med:, ex coll. Sch: < C. echinatum, 1, ex coll. um sp.] < 4, ex coll. Møll. marking 1025. < C. M: acad: < C. echinatum, 2, ex coll. Sch: < C. vindobonense Partsch. < C. vindobonense, echinatum. 1/2, Fairhill, ex coll. Møll. mark- 10/2, Weesen, Ung. ex M. Vindob. marking ing 1088. < C. echinatum, 8, ex coll. Møll. 170. < C. vindobonense, 11/2, Kostel, Moravia marking 933, 34. < *C. echinatum = C. isocar- (Mähren), ex M. Vindob. marking 171. #3394 dia L? *0, St. Croix, leg. Ravn 1835, ex coll. C. papillosum Poli. < C. papillosum, 4, leg. N.F. < *C. echinatum < 1 uden Skal *2, Faroe Philippi, ex coll. Møll. < C. papillosum, 12/2, Islands, leg. Suenson, marking 116. #3385 C. Gibraltar Rhed, 20 Fv. leg. Larsen, ex coll. rusticum L. < C. rusticum, 2, ex coll. Sch: < Møll. marking 371. #3395 C. suecicum Reeve. C. tuberculatum Lam. 3, ex coll. M: acad: < < C. suecicum, 1, ex coll. Møll. marking 874. C. aculeatum Moltk. 1, ex coll. Moltk. mark- #3396 C. graniferum Sow. Reeve 43. < C. ing 50. < *C. rusticum *3, Vestindien, leg. graniferum, 2/2, Matanzas, leg. Pugg. mark- Ravn, ex coll. N.F. < *C. rusticum *1, 0, M: ing 156. < Lævicardium Swains. #3397 C. med:, leg. Eschricht, ex coll. N.F. < C. rusti- norvegicum Spgler. C. lævigatum Poli non L. cum, 2, ex Montp. marking 49. #3385 C. C. serratum Lam. < C. norvegicum, 2/2, Ber- [Cardium sp.] 4/2, Guinea, leg. Prosch. mark- gen, leg. Sars, ex coll. Stp. marking 227. < C. ing 144. #3386 C. [Cardium sp.] < Cardium norvegicum, 3, leg. Philippi, ex coll. Møll. sp. 1, leg. Henriq. marking 13. < C. antillarum marking 318. < C. norvegicum, 1, leg. Stp. Sowb. 8, S. Thomas, leg. Riise 1860, marking marking 197. < C. norvegicum, 2/2, leg. 508. < C. deshayesii Payr. 1, Corsica, leg. Stp. Philippi, ex coll. Møll. C. crassum Gm. < C. 1860, marking 3. #3387 C. islandicum Ch. C. crassum, 1, Corsica, leg. Stp. 1860, marking ciliatum fabr. non L. C. Nutallii (sic) Conr. < 2. #3398 C. oblongum Ch. C. flavum Born, C. C. islandicum, 2, ex coll. M: acad: < C. is- sulcatum Lam. < C. oblongum, 1, Neapel, ex landicum, 3, Greenland, ex coll. Sch. < C. is- coll. M: acad:, < C. oblongum, 1, leg. Hannov. landicum, Pl, ex coll. Møll. < C. islandicum, marking 93. < *C. oblongum*, 1, ex coll. N.F. 1/2, ex coll. Møll: mf, marking 36. #3388 C. < *C. oblongum*, 1, Vestindien, Ravn N.F. ex edule L. < C. edule, 5, Grimstad, ex coll. Møll. coll. N.F. < C. oblongum, 2/2, ex Montp. marking 503. < C. edule, 1, Bergen, leg. Sars, marking 47. #3399 C. ventricosum Brug. C. ex coll. Stp. marking 228. < C. edule, 5, Als?, obliquum Spgler. C. magnum Born. < C. ven- leg. Nolte, ex coll. Sch. < C. edule, 2/2, tricosum, 1, ex coll. Moltk. ?. #3400 C. bira- Orkney, ex coll. Møll. marking 1089. < C. diatum Brug. C. lævigatum var. Ch: Moltk. < edule, 3, ex coll. Moltk, marking 60. < *C. C. biradiatum, 1, ex coll. Moltk. marking 65. edule, *1, Norge, ex coll. Møll. < *C. edule, < C. ventricosum Brug. < C. ventricosum, 1, *3, ex coll. N.F. < C. edule. [followed by a 16 Galveston Texas, leg. Römer, marking 4. < C. character code] Turk Akidaba. Circa Suez, procerum Sow. < C. procerum, 1, Bai de la rarum, [&] longe a littore projectum in cam- Madeleine. Exp. Venus 1839, leg. Levy. 1839. pis. Forsk. p. xxxi, 12. d. 1, Suez?, ex coll. #3401 C. lævigatum L. Reeve, Reeve f 69. C. Forsk. marking 67. < C. edule, 1/2, fossil, ex pallens Sch: 24. < C. lævigatum, 1, ex coll. coll. Forsk. marking 68. < C. edule var. glau- Sch: #3402 C. serratum L. C. lævigatum Ch. cum Brug. 13, ex Montp. 1860, marking 46. Lam. Sch. < C. serratum, 1, ex coll. Sch: C. #3389 C. [Cardium]. Cardium, 3, Rügen, leg. serr: < C. serratum, 1, leg. Hofm Bang, ex coll. Favne, ex coll. Suenson. #3390 C. fasciatum Møll: < C. serratum, 4, ex coll. Sch: < C. ser- Mtg. < C. fasciatum, 1, Bohuslän, leg. Kin- ratum, 3, Tortola, ex coll. Møll: < C. serratum, berg, ex coll. Møll. marking 848. < C. fascia- 3, ex coll. Møll: < C. serratum, 2, ex coll. tum, 3, ex coll. Møll. marking 936. < C. fas- Møll: < C. serratum, 8, ex coll. Sch: < C. ser- ciatum?, 2 1/2, Falmouth, ex coll. M. min. ratum*, 1, S. Croix, Ravn 1835, ex coll. N.F. marking 176. < #3391 C. rubrum Mtg. Reeve < C. serratum, 1, ex coll. M: min: #3403 C. f. 124. < C. rubrum, 5, ex coll. Møll. marking mortoni Conrad. < C. mortoni, 2, United 1024. < #3392 C. [Cardium sp.] < 1, Kanalen, States, ex coll. Cumg. #3405 C. pectinatum L. 70 j. h y l l e b e r g

gatum] Glycemeris lævigata Kryn. Phola- domya Delewerti Chem. < Adacna lævigata, 1, M:casp. leg. Midd: (Fig. 39). Mörck Governor. Submitted shells from Guinea, December 1838. Cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #17 Cardium costatum single valves. #18 Cardium ringens. #19 Cardium æolicum single valves. Mortensen Captain. Submitted shells from the Caroline Islands 1880. No number in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium sp. Carolinerne. Mortensen expeditions: Th. Mortensen 1899– 1900 to Siam, Gulf of Thailand. – 1905 to the former Danish West Indies. – 1914–16 to the Pacific Ocean (Pacific Expedition 1914–16). – 1922 to Kei Islands (Den danske Expedition til Kei-Øerne 1922). – 1929–30 to Mauritius– Java–South Africa. Mortensen label Most specimens collected during the Mortensen expeditions have labels rewritten at ZM. However, after the Pacific Ex- Fig. 39. Mörch’s front page in the catalogue “Fortegnelse pedition specific labels were made with “Dr. over de i det grevelige Moltkeske, Universitetet tilhørende Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–15” Zoologiske Museum opstillede Mollusca: Bløddyr /: udar- beidet i Sommeren 1850 :/ af O. Mörch.”. The Fig. is slightly printed on top. I refer to this type of label as compressed. a Mortensen label. Such labels may carry an addition: J. 7.1.1918. I have not located this journal. (Fig. 40). C. aeolicum Born, L’orient et L’ocident. < C. Mortensen, Th. (1868–1952). dr. phil. Museum pectinatum, 1, leg. Borries, marking 4. < C. director, echinoderm specialist at the Zoo- pectinatum, 1/2, ex coll. Sch: < Serripes Beck. logical Museum, but he collected all kinds of < Aphrodita Lea. #3406 C. grønlandicum Ch. invertebrates for the museum. Many cardiids < Serripes groenlandica, 1, ex coll. Sch: < Serripes groenlandica, 8, Greenland, ex coll. Møll: < Serripes groenlandica, 1, ex coll. Møll: < Serripes groenlandica, 2, Spitsberg, leg. Kroyer, ex coll. Møll:, marking 1120, 1121. < Serripes groenlandica, 2, ex coll. Sch: #3407 C. truncatum Phil. t 13, f 14. < ”C”. truncatum, 2, Yorkshire, Lias, leg. Pugg, marking 21. < C. [Cardium]. < C. 1, ex coll. Yoldi, marking 430. Monodacna Eichw. #3408 C. trigonoides Pallas, C. lineatum Gm. < Monodacna trigonoides, 1, M:Casp. leg. Midd: #3409 C. [Cardium caspium] C. caspium Eichw, Reeve. < Monodacna caspia, 1, Caspian Sea, leg. Cumg. marking 133. #3410 C. [Cardium plicatum] Glycimeris plicata Fig. 40. Mortensen label. Special labels were preprinted at the Panier, Adacna Eichw. < Adacna plicata, 1, ZM in connection with Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition. The M:Casp. leg. Midd: #3411 C. [Cardium lævi- label states 1914-15 but it included the year 1916. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 71

Fig. 42. O.F. Müller. Text on the Plate (not included here) reads: Cornel. Hoyer. del. & Meno Haas. Sculp. Hafn 1776. From copy in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. Fig. 41. Photo of Dr. Th. Mortensen made in 1910. After Spärck 1933. Müller Sheriff (Sysselmand) on the Faroe Is- present at ZMUC stem from his exceptional lands. Mörch extracted shells from sheriff collecting efforts. He collected cardiids in the Müller’s collection April 1867. Cardiid num- Faroe Islands 1899, Kattegat, Denmark 1905, bers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: West Indies 1905–06, Japan, Philippines, Aus- #10 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. #11 Cardium tralia onboard the ”Endeavour”, New Zealand, edule L. jun. – Müller donated shells 1868. California, Panama, West Indies 1913–1916, Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book Indonesia, New Guinea, Kei Islands 1921–22, 1866–1872: #47 Cardium edule L. jun. #48 Java, Mauritius, Singapore, South Africa, St. Cardium echinatum L. different ages. Helena 1929–30. (Fig. 41). Müller, Otto Friedrich (1730–1784). Konfe- Møsting, J.Sv. Minister of finance. Active in the rensraad (high Danish title, now obsolete), Management of KM from 1838–43. published “Zoologiae danicae, prodromus” Mtg. Abbr. of Montagu 1803. Used on labels 1776. (Fig. 42). by Beck. Müller, W. Donated cardiids from China. MU. Abbr. of Musei universitatis. Used on labels Munk Graduate. The museum received a shell by Beck. See under M.U. collection 1866. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s Müll. Abbr. of Sysselmand Müller on the Faroe accession book 1866–1872: #138 Cardium Islands. echinatum, Hellebæk 1865. #139 Cardium Müller Priest. Submitted shells from Greenland echinatum on the beach between Sæby and 1838. Cardiid numbers in Beck’s accession Frederikshavn Aug. 1865. #140 Cardium catalogue 1837–39: #50 Cardium groenlandi- edule on the beach between Sæby and Fred- cum var. 1 = I. #51 Cardium groenlandicum erikshavn Aug. 1865. #141 Cardium edule jun. pl. #52 Card. 4. on the beach at Hellebæk. #142 Cardium Müller See under Feilberg. edule var. C. balticum Bk. Roskildefjord Feb. 72 j. h y l l e b e r g

Mus. Reg. emt. See under empt. Mus. Regio Abbr. of Museum Regium. Mus. Sydn. Stands for The Australian Museum in Sydney, Australia. Exchanged cardiids with ZM in 1859. Mus. Univ. Stands for the University Museum of Copenhagen. See under UniversitetsmuUniversitetsmu-- seum. Mus. Vindob. Stands for The natural history Museum in Vienna, Austria. Mus. zool. berol. Stands for the Zoological Mu- seum in Berlin, Germany. Fig. 43. Mörch’s label from 1860, showing that ZM received Mus. zoot. hafn. Stands the Zootomical-Phys- Cardium aculeatum L. from the Mediterranean through Mus. Montpellier. Number 48 is Mörch’s cat. n°. iological Museum. Abbr. of < L. hafn. = hafnia = Copenhagen. See under Eschricht, Daniel F. 1866. #143 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. Aastrup, Mus: acad: Abbr. of the academic museum on Vendsyssel. labels by Beck. Mus. acad. Abbr. of the academic museum; see Mus: acad: See under Universitetsmuseum. under Universitetsmuseum. Museet for Oldsager The Museum of Antiqui- Mus. Bergen Abbr. of the Museum in Bergen, ties. Dated 14 February 1889, Mörch’s acces- Norway. sion book 1870–1889 tells that Museet for Mus. berl. Abbr. of museum beroliense, the Oldsager donated subfossil Cardium edule natural history Museum in Berlin. from a køkkenmødding at Mejlgaard, Den- Mus. Ch. Abbr. of the museum of Chemnitz. mark. Captain A.P.Madsen and C.G.Johs. Mus. CVIII Abbr. of the Museum of CVIII.On Petersen collected the shells. label by Beck. Musei Moltkiani (T 281). See under Mörch’s Mus. Marseille Abbr. of the Museum in Mar- Moltke catalogue. seille, France. Museum Collections at the time of the mid-19th Mus. Moltk. Abbr. of Moltke’s Museum. See Century all official zoological collections under Moltke. were deposited in Copenhagen. They were Mus. Moltke Abbr. of Moltke’s Museum. See geographically scattered but amalgamated by under Moltke. law in 1862, i.e. the Royal Museum and the Mus. Montp. Abbr. of the Museum in Montpel- University Museums fused. See also under De lier, France (Fig. 43). forenede Museer. Mus. Montpellier Abbr. of the Museum in Museum in Bergen Norway. Received from ZM Montpellier. according to Book of Dispatch: #33 Cardium Mus. Mosk. Abbr. of the Museum in Moscow. ciliatum Ch. 3. #34 Cardium elegantulum, 1. Mus. nat. Abbr. of Naturhistorisk Museum (mu- #35 Cardium grønlandicum Ch. 2. seum of natural history). Museum in Copenhagen See under 1623–2007 mus. phys-zoot. Hafn. Abbr. of the Zootomical- Chronological overview. Physiological Museum in Copenhagen. Museum in Dresden Germany. Received from Mus. Prag. Abbr. of the Czech Museum in ZM according to Book of Dispatch: #84 Car- Prague; submitted cardiids to ZM from the dium gronlandicum, 3. #85 Cardium ciliatum Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea. Ch. (changed to Fab.), 2+1. Mus. reg. Abbr. of Museum regium which closed Museum in Moskva. The Museum in Moscow, 1821. Russia. The Museum submitted fossils to ZM. Mus. Reg. Abbr. of Museum regium. See also Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book under Kunstkammer. 1866–1872: #13 Cardium cocinnum Busch, Mus. Reg. empt. See under empt. Obere Jura, Chorochow. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 73

Museum in St. Petersborg The Museum in St. Cardium oblongum, 1/2. #48 Cardium aculea- Petersburg, Russia. Dated 7 July 1896 the tum, 2. #49 Cardium rusticum, 2. – Cardiids museum received molluscs from Greenland. sent from ZM according to Book of Dispatch According to the dispatch book 1890–1921: #8 Cardium (Trachycardium) flavum. #20 Cardium grønlandicum Greenland. #21 Museum Montpellier France. Cardiids received Cardium grønlandicum Greenland. #22 Car- from ZM according to book of dispatch #250 dium elongatum [sic] Greenland. #23 Car- Cardium lima Spgl. asiaticum Brug. dium ciliatum Greenland. – Dated 3 April Museum of Mineralogy located in Copenhagen, 1897, the Museum in St. Petersborg received Denmark. ZM received cupboard with fossils. more North Atlantic molluscs: #157 Cardium Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book islandicum Iceland. #158 Cardium islandicum 1840–1867: #87. Cardium. #88. Cardium. Kara Sea, Dijmphna Exp. #159 Cardium fas- #89. Cardium grønlandicum from Greenland. ciatum Faroe Islands. #160 Cardium fascia- #90. Cardium grønlandicum from Greenland. tum Iceland. #161 Cardium echinatum Faroe #257. Cardium. Jozefa Gorri at Kielezei in Islands. #162 Cardium ciliatum Iceland. #163 Poland. Cardium grønlandicum Iceland. – Dated 17 Museum Regium A continuation of Worm’s June 1897, the Museum in St. Petersburg “Museum Wormianum”. It moved to a new received Danish molluscs: #323 Cardium fas- building towards the end of 1670. It occupied ciatum. The Sound. #324 Cardium suecicum a spacious hall on the second floor called the Kattegat. #325 Cardium exiguum The Baltic. hall of natural sciences (Naturalie-salen). It #326 Cardium edule The Little Belt. #327 was part of the royal cabinet of curiosities Cardium echinatum Kattegat. (Kunstkammer). Museum in Sydney The Australian Museum Museum Vindobonensis The natural history in Sydney. Accession. Cardiids were sent to Museum in Vienna, Austria. Cardiid numbers ZM in 1859 from the Australian Museum. in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #170 Dispatch. Shells were sent to Sydney from the Cardium vindobonensis Partsch. Wiesen, Magazine of the Museum. Cardiid numbers Hungary (Ung.) 10/2. #171 Cardium vindo- in Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #234 bonensis Partsch. Kostel, Moravia (Mähren). Cardium flavum. I. oc. #235 C. muricatum. Museum Wormianum 1623–1654 Located in Antill. #236 C. leucostomum. Antill. #237 Copenhagen, Denmark, Worm’s cabinet of C. rusticum. M.med. #238 C. echinatum. curiosities arose in 1623 as a private collection M.germ. #239 C. spinosum. Antill. #240 C. in St. Kannikestræde. Professor Ole Worm medium. Antill. – Received from ZM accord- passed away 1654. ing to Book of Dispatch #42 Cardium ciliatum Musl. Abbr. of musling. Fab. 2. #350 Cardium flavum L. 2. musling Danish for bivalve. Museum in Trondheim Dated 11 March 1891 N. Holl. Abbr. of New Holland = Australia. cardiids were sent to “Museet i Trondhjem” N. Selsk. Abbr. of Naturhistorie Selskabet = Norway. According to the dispatch book Natural History Association. 1890–1921: Cardium coronatum, C. costat- N. F. Abbr. of Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i um, C. pectinatum, C. serratum. København = Danish Natural History Society Museum Lundii L. < lundini = Lund. The mu- in Copenhagen. seum accommodating Lund’s collection. See N. S. or NS Abbr. of Naturhistorieselskabet = under Lund, P.V. Collections of the Natural History Associa- Museum Masiliense Marseilles, France. Cardi- tion. ids received from ZM according to Book of N. S. S. Abbr. of the publication “Naturhistorisk Dispatch #76 Cardium ciliatum. Selskabs Skrivter”. Museum Monspessulanum In book of acces- N. S. Skr. v,i Abbr. of the publication “Naturhis- sions. Shells submitted 1860. Cardiid numbers torisk Selskabs Skrivter v (i)”. in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #46 N. S. Wales Abbr. of New South Wales, Aus- Cardium edule. C. glaucum Brug. 12. #47 tralia 74 j. h y l l e b e r g n° Stands for catalogue number. nich moved to Kongsberg in Norway and his Naga expedition Carried out by American re- chair remained vacant. Brünnich returned to searchers 1959–61 in the Pacific, the South Copenhagen in 1814, where he passed away China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. The in 1823. – 1795 Gregers Wad was appointed Danish malacologist J.Knudsen participated replacement for Brünnich and became ordi- and cardiids from “Naga” are deposited at nary professor in 1803. He worked until 1810. ZMUC. – 1807 inner Copenhagen burnt down follow- Nat. Forenings Rejse Morocco 1985. See under ing bombardment by the British. The collec- Studierejsen. tions were not hit directly. Nevertheless they Nat. Forenings Saml. Stands for collections of had to be packed and stored in smaller rooms the Danish Natural History Society (Dansk because the University requested the original naturhistorisk Forenings Samling). rooms. – 1810 the collections were sold. See Nat. Selsk. Abbr. of Naturhistorie-Selskabet under Count Joachim Godske Moltke and De “Natural History Association” grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende Nath. Selsk. Abbr. of Naturhistorie-Selskabet. naturhistoriske samlinger. “Natural History Association” Natural history collection number 4. The fourth Natural history collection number 1. This first natural history collection of the University “Naturalkammer” displayed activity 1657– displayed activity 1810–1864 See under De 1728. Years of important events: – 1657 the grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende first cabinet of natural history was founded in naturhistoriske samlinger 1810–1864. Domus anatomica at Frue Plads. The collec- Natural history collections in Copenhagen. tion fell slowly into decay and did not have Chronological overview: – 1623–1654 Muse- any greater impact. – 1728 the remains of the um Wormianum. – 1650–1821 Kunstkammer collection were engulfed by fire when the in- (Museum Regium). – 1657–1728 First col- ner Copenhagen burnt down by accident. lection of specimens (Naturalkammer) of the Natural history collection number 2. This University. – 1740–1770 Second collection “Naturalkammer” displayed activity 1740–ca. of specimens of the University. – 1759–1772 1770. The second cabinet of natural history of Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet (Natural- the university was founded by Detharding in og Husholdnings-Cabinettet). – 1770–1810 1740. The collection fell slowly into decay and Universitetets Natural Theater. – 1789–1805 had practically vanished in 1770. No speci- Collections of the Natural History Association mens are preserved from that museum. (Naturhistorie-Selskabets samlinger) located Natural history collection number 3. The third in Prinsens Palæ. – 1796 The Royal Commis- cabinet of natural history “Det Nye Natural sion was established to prepare a museum of Theater” displayed activity 1770–1810. It natural sciences for public use and service. was a continuation of “Moltke’s Cabinet”. Work of this Commission led to the establish- Years of important events: – 1770 the third ment of Det kongelige naturhistoriske Mu- collection founded by the University was seum paa Østergade. – 1805–1864 a museum named the New Natural History Theater in with the same name but different address, viz. Nørregade (Universitetets nye Natural The- Det kongelige naturhistoriske Museum paa ater). M.T. Brünnich was appointed professor Rosenborg. (The Royal Natural History Mu- extraordinarius. His private collection was seum); acquired Spengler’s shell collection in added and constituted the first proper zoo- 1805. The collection was stored at Rosenborg logical collection of the University. Increase Castle until 1820–21 – 1821 The collections occurred through the East Asiatic Company from Rosenborg and Østergade fused and and officials in the former Danish colonies. moved to Stormgade where a new The Royal – 1772 the collections of the Natural- og Natural History Museum was established. Husholdnings-Cabinettet were transferred to 1810–1864 De grevelige Moltke’ske Univer- Universitetets Natural Theater, i.e. The Uni- sitetet tilhørende naturhistoriske samlinger. versity Museum materialised. – 1789 Brün- – 1833–1847 Naturhistorisk Forenings Mu- c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 75

seum (Museum of the Danish Society of Natu- school for vets (Veterinærskolen). – 1796 ral History). – 1862 it was decided that the Abildgaard managed to establish a royal University should maintain a study collection commission which prepared the erection of a referred to in Danish as the Studiesamlingen. public museum of natural science (Museum – 1862 Universitetets Zoologiske Museum in for Naturvidenskaberne til offentlig Brug Krystalgade was decided. – 1867 collections og Nytte). – 1801 Abildgaard passed away. were moved to the museum. – 1870 the mu- – 1804 the Commission purchased the shell seum was officially inaugurated. – 1964 the collection of Lorenz Spengler. It was stored at present Zoological Museum of the University Rosenborg Castle. – 1804 the Natural History of Copenhagen, abbreviated ZMUC (Køben- Association proposed to hand over its natural havns Universitets zoologiske Museum) was history collections to a new museum owned inaugurated in a new locality called the Uni- by the state of Denmark. – 1805 the State took versitetsparken (the University Park). over the collections which were transferred to Natural- og Husholdnings-Cabinettet Dis- The Royal Natural History Museum (Det kon- played activity 1759–1772. Years of important gelige naturhistoriske Museum) in Østergade events: – 1759 the Naturalia and Housekeep- and Rosenborg Castle. ing Cabinet at Charlottenborg was founded. Naturhistorie-Selskabets Samling Collections The collection was located at Charlottenborg, of the Natural History Association located in Kgs. Nytorv. Count Adam Gottlob Moltke Prinsens Palæ 1789–1805. In 1805 the col- was the first president. Peter Ascanius, a lections were transferred to the Royal Natural student of the Swedish naturalist Linné, was History Museum, see under KM. (Det Kgl. appointed professor i natural history. Increase naturhistoriske Museum). of material came from the Danish trading post Naturhistorisk Forening The Danish Natural Tranquebar in India and from Count Moltke’s History Society established 1833. In 1849, private collection. – 1763 Peter Forskål passed the society began issuing a scientific journal away in Yemen. – 1761–67 Forskål’s material referred to as “Videnskabelige Meddelelser” from the expedition to Arabia felix = Yemen The full title is “Videnskabelige Meddelelser (den arabiske rejse) was transferred to the fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöben- Naturalia- and Housekeeping Cabinet. – 1765 havn”. See also under studierejsen. Morten Thrane Brünnich was appointed lec- Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum Displayed turer in natural history and economy. – 1768 activity 1833–1847. Years of important events: J. Chr. Fabricius was appointed professor of – 1833 the Museum of the Danish Society of natural history, but he moved to Kiel (now Natural History (Naturhistorisk Forenings in Germany) where he remained till he died. Samlinger) was established together with The main reason was that M.T. Brünnich a private museum. The museum had 2 ad- already performed the job as professor of dresses during its lifetime: 1.) Wedells Palæ, natural history. – 1772 the Naturalia- and Ny Kongensgade 1 from 1833–35. 2.) Thotts Housekeeping Cabinet (the Charlottenborg Palæ, Kongens Nytorv from 1835–47. – 1847 collection) was transferred to “Københavns the collections were closed and auctioned. Universitets nye Natural Theater”. See under Some specimens were purchased by Det kgl. Moltke 1759–1772. naturhistoriske Museum and other specimens Naturhistorie-Selskabet The Natural History by the University museum. – Cardiid number Association took an active part in education in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #46 from 1789–1805. Years of important events: Cardium costatum, 1. – 1789 Peter Christian Abildgaard founded Naturhistorisk Museum i Aarhus. Museum of the Natural History Association. It functioned Natural History, Aarhus University, Denmark. as a private university during a period of 16 Founded 1919. See under Collin’s collection years. It achieved considerable impact and and Aarhus Museum. had more than 250 members. Abildgaard, Naturhistorisk Museum i København = Zo- originally a medical doctor, also founded the ologisk Museum, Copenhagen. The establish- 76 j. h y l l e b e r g

ment of a new museum of Natural History Nordhavet Danish word = Atlantic Ocean. was decided and the law passed in 1862. The Nordl. Abbr. of Danish word “nordlig” = north- museum was officially opened in Krystalgade ern. in 1870. The various collections, aggregated Nordmann, V. dr. Collected cardiids in Green- over time, were fused, and new comprehen- land 1907 & 1911 and in the Mediterranean sive material added, e.g. from Th. Mortensen’s 1912. expeditions. Moved to a new address in Uni- Nords. Abbr. of Nordsøen (Danish) = North versitetsparken 1963. See under ZMUC. Sea. naut. Abbr. of nautical mile. Nordsøen Danish = the North Sea. Neapel Danish for Naples. Norge Danish and Norwegian = Norway. Neipel Old spelling of Naples. Nørregade 10 The Kommunitet building (see neotype If no name-bearing type is believed to also under kommunitet) of the University has exist, a neotype can be designated. this address. It housed the new Natural The- Nep. Abbr. of Neapel = Naples. ater from 1770–1807. From 1807–1810 the Nepl. Abbr. of Neapel = Naples. collections were stored here because a major NF See under N.F. fire and bombardment by the British in 1807 Nicklès malacologist. Identified cardiids from destroyed much of the inner Copenhagen. the “Atlantide” Expedition 1946. From 1810–1832 and again from 1838–1864 Nicobar also referred to as the Nicobars. it housed collections of the Count Moltke Zoo- Niebuhr See under Forskål. logical Museum belonging to the University Nielsen, Claus Collected cardiids in Thailand, (in short: Moltke’s University Museum = Det Phuket 1985. grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet tilhørende Nielsen, Georg Kürstein Sailor who donated Zoologisk Museum). according to Wolff 1999, cardiids to ZM 1948. it housed specimens of the study collection Nielsen, P. Collected cardiids in the North Sea, (Studiesamlingen) from 1918–1961. [From Fanø 1913 and in Italy 1966. 1864–1961 according to Spärck 1945]. The Nikobar Danish for the Nicobars. building still exists. Niqb. Abbr. of the Nicobars. Norw. Abbr. of Norwegen. See under Norge. Niqbar. Abbr. of the Nicobars. Norwegen German language = Norway, Norge. Niqbr. Abbr. of the Nicobars. not available Pre-Linnean authors such as Niqueb. Abbr. of the Nicobars. Chemnitz, Martyn, and Meuschen are not Niquebar Old Danish/German language for the available for nomenclatural purposes. Nicobar Islands. Nt. Foren. Abbr. of Naturhistorisk Forening. nix Meaning not. Used by Mörch on label. Ny Kongensgade 1. Address of Wedells Palæ no. See under n° located at the corner of Frederiksholm and nob. abbreviated Latin > nobilis = can be recogn- Ny Kongensgade. It is a well kept grand ised; indicates authorship on specimen labels mansion from the 18 th century. It is owned by and in catalogues. Compare with m. the Wedell family and functioned as a winter Nob. See under nob. residence. From 1833–1835 it accommodated Noe scientist, Collected cardiids in the Mediter- the Museum of the Danish Society of Natural ranean 1937. History (Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum). non < L. meaning not. Nyst, Joseph Pierre-Henri (1813–1880) Bel- Noona Dan Exp. Abbr. of The Noona Dan Expe- gian malacologist. The museum received dition. Cardiids were collected in the Pacific shells donated to Mörch when he visited Brux- Ocean 1962. elles 1873. No cardiids according to Mörch’s Nord. Ins. Labor. Exp. Abbr. of “Nordisk Insu- accession book 1870–1889. linlaboratory Expedition” to Tunesia and the Ø Danish word meaning island. Mediterranean in 1938–39. Anton Fr. Bruun O. F. Abbr. of Odense Fjord, Denmark. was head of this expedition. O. Fbr Abbr. of Otto Fabricius. Norden, O. Collected cardiids in Greece 1987. O. G. J. Abbr. of O.G. Jensen before 1896. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 77

O. M. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids in 1859. #109 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. juv. 6. Øresund, Kallebodstrand 1861. Rittenbenk ca. 60 fv. shell gravel, 12 October Oc. atl. Abbr. of Gr< Oceanus = world sea. L< 1859. #110 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 1. Rit- Atlanticus = connected with Mount Atlas. tenbenk ca. 60 fv. shell gravel, 12 October Stands for Atlantic Ocean. 1859. #126 Cardium elegantulum Bk.- large Oc. sept. glac. Abbr. of Gr< Oceanus = world shell, 1. Upernavik 80–90 fv. shell gravel, 27 sea; L< septentrionalis = northern; glacialis = July 1860. #143 Serripes grønlandicus Ch. icecold. Stands for The Arctic Ocean. non picta. 1+2. Christianshaab c. 10 fv rocks occidt. Abbr. of occidental = western. & clay 06 Oct. 1859. #144 Cardium ciliatum ocean. See under Carlsberg f. ocean. Fabr. Christianshaab c. 10 fv rocks & clay Ockelmannn Danish marine scientist. Identified 06 Oct. 1859. #150 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. cardiids from Greenland for ZM. 2, Christianshaab c. 10 fv gravel and clay 06 Odhner, Niels Hjalmar (1884–1973). Swedish Oct. 1859. #163a Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 2, malacologist. Zoological Museum in Uppsala Christianshaab c. 10 fv gravel and clay 06 Oct. and Stockholm. Cooperated with ZM accord- 1859. – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession ing to UZM entries in a diary. Identified car- book 1840–1867: #42. Cardium ciliatum Fab. diids from Th.Mortensen Expeditions in 1914, Ikarasak 140 fv. August 1860. – Cardiid num- 1915, and 1930. ber in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: OFMull. Abbr. of O.F.Müller. See under Müller, #6. Cardium ciliatum. Ikerasak, 80 fathoms. Otto Friedrich 1776. Olsen Colony manager. He collected cardiids in old label Term is used if ZM labels are written by Greenland 1903. unknown authors. Most of the old labels seem Olsen, A. P. Assistant. Collected cardiids in to be 100 years or older based on paper quality Greenland 1897 and 1898. and handwriting. Olufsen Professor, handed over from the 5 th Old, William Erwood Jr. (1928–1982) Ameri- Inspectorate. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ac- can malacologist. Collected cardiids at Sani- cession book 1840–1867: #7. limestone with bel Island 1966. Cardium mf. 508. Oldnordisk Museum The Museum of Northern omkr. Abbr. of Danish omkring = around. Antiquities. On 31 August 1866, the mu- Opstillings-Catalog “Conchylierne i det kon- seum received shells earlier submitted by Mr. gelige naturhistoriske museum”. See under Thomsen from an unusual locality in East KNM. India. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession opt. Abbr. of optimal. Used on labels by Beck. book 1866–1872: #11 Cardium rusticum L. Orange Peel Grab Used for quantitative sam- non tenuis. #12 Cardium (Hemicardium) pling of benthos, mainly in the USA. hemicardium? oras Latin< ora maritima = coast. Oldr. Abbr. of Oldroy. Orbigny, A. d’. French malacologist. See under Olrik (1815–1870). Inspector, director with the d’Orbigny. Royal Greenland trade, Godhavn, Greenland. Öresund Swedish and old Danish spelling of Submitted shells from the collection of de- Øresund. ceased Inspector Møller (see under Møllers Øresund The Sound between Denmark and Samling). He collected cardiids in Greenland Sweden which connects the Baltic with the 1859, 1860. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s Kattegat. accession book 1846–1853: #66 Cardium orig. Abbr. used by Beck and Mörch to designate islandicum, 2. #524 grønlandicum var. tu- original specimens described by Spengler and mida. #525 echinatum, with gravel, 1844. 1/8. others. #526 edule with 5/2, pl. – Cardiid numbers ornamentation Refers to spines, bars, ridges, in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #19 etc. on the shell surface. Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 4. Clay and gravel 20 Ørsted Captain, Copenhagen, 1898. According June 1860. #80 Cardium elegantulum Bk. 2. to UZM entries in a diary. Rittenbenk ca 100 fv. shell gravel, 30 October Ørsted, Anders Sandø (1816–1872). Profes- 78 j. h y l l e b e r g

sor of botany. The museum received original specimens used for the most outstanding work ”de regionibus marinis”. See under Johnstrup, professor. Ørsted traveled to the former Dan- ish West Indies & America 1845–1848. – As senior master (Magister) in March 1849, he collected West Indian shells. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #88. Cardium medium. S. Croix. #89. Cardium muricatum. S. Croix. /1. drawing of the animal. #336. Cardium citrinum. #337. Cardium isocardia. #338. Cardium leucostomum. #339. Fig. 44. Label in Posselt’s handwriting. The text reads Car- Cardium muricatum. #340. Cardium medium echinatum L. Kattegat Petersen 1885. dium. Ørsted, H.C. (1777–1851). Professor of phys- ics. In 1824 he founded The Society for Possibly a slip for Packard, A.S. Propagation of Natural Science (Selskabet for Packard, Alpheus Spring Jr. (1839–1905). Naturlærens Udbredelse). American naturalist. Ørting Student. Collected cardiids in USA 1867. pag. Abbr. of page. See under Sahlertz. Pair. Abbr. of Payraudeau, French malacolo- Øst Danish for east. gist. Ost. Ind. See under Ostindien. Pankow, W. Collected cardiids in the Baltic Østergade 52 A stately house in Østergade, in- 2002. ner Copenhagen, housed the collection of The paralectotype Additional type specimens se- Natural History Association (Naturhistorie- lected by the author of a previously described Selskabet) from 1789–1805, and collections species. See under lectotype. of the Royal Natural History Museum (Det paratype Additional type specimens selected kgl. naturhistoriske Museum) 1805–1821. by the author. They may serve as vouchers in The house was demolished in 1912. other museums. Østersøen Danish for the Baltic. Parker, Robert Hallett (born 1922) American Østgrønland Ekspedition Expeditions to Jan naturalist. Collected, identified and donated Mayen 1900 and East Greenland 1930. many American cardiids to ZMUC around Ostind. Abbr. of Ostindien. 1960. Ostindien Danish for East India on labels. Patholog. Abbr. of pathological condition: valve Østl. del Danish meaning the eastern part. with blister inside. Reported in Serripes Otterström See under Otterstrøm. groenlandicus 1848. Otterstrøm, C.V. (1881–1962). Danish biolo-biolo- pathologisk See under Patholog. gist, graduated 1906. Collected cardiids on- Pe. Abbr. not identified. It could be Petersen. board ”Beskytteren” in Iceland 1903. Col- Cardiids were collected in Panama 1872. lected cardiids in Kattegat 1905. Pease, William Harper (1824–1871) American Overman Collected cardiids in the West Indies malacologist. Honolulu, Hawaii. Cardiid num- for the John Solomon coll. ber in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: p. Abbr. of page. #236. Hemicardium fragum Radack Isld. Ac- P. T. Abbr. of P. Thonning. cording to Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868, Packard, A.L. He submitted cardiids from he received a shell collection with the cardiid USA in 1866. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s numbers #77 Cardium flavum. #269 Cardium accession book 1840–1867: #77. Cardium flavum. #270 Cardium æolicum Born = Car- Hayesii Stimps. Labrador 62. #78. Cardium dium pectinatum L. ciliatum. Labrador 91. #79. Cardium pinnu- Pedersen From Nolsö, the Faroe Islands. Do- latum. Maine 6. #155. Cardium pinnulatum ?. nated cardiids to ZM. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 79

to the museum and entered into the Danish collection. Labels show: Kattegat Petersen accompanied by a number from 1–522, which refer to a map of the stations investigated by Petersen. – Dated 13 September 1888, Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889 tells that C.G.Johs. Petersen collected Cardium edule from material excavated during construction of a canal at Gaardbo Lake. – He collected cardiids in Iceland 1904. – See also under Museet for Oldsager (Fig. 45). Petersen, Chr. Collected subfossil cardiids in Køkkenmødding 1905. Petersen, Godtfred Høpner (born 1930) dr. phil. Malacologist and curator of Mollusca. Started to work for the ZMUC in 1961, retired in 2000. Collected cardiids for the museum in many countries. Petersen, Johs. See under Petersen, C.G.Johs. Peterson, H. Collected cardiids in the Baltic 1928. Petit de la Saussaye (1792–1870). French mala- Fig. 45. Portrait of C.G.Johs. Petersen dated 1 January 1913. cologist (T 278). According to Beck 1836 N° From photo in the Steenberg Picture Collection at ZMUC. 15: A collection of shells from de Petit #5 Cardium medium Antill. Cardium medium periostracal ribbons The outer horny pe- var. squamosi. riostracum (epidermis by early authors) forms Petit, Emil Collected cardiids in the Mediter- ribbons. ranean 1883. periostracum Outer layer on mollusc shells. Petiver Provided American cardiids for the Persiske Danish for Persian. Spengler collection before 1799. Pet. bdh. See under Petersen bdh. Petiver, James (1665–1718). British naturalist. Pet. Chr. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids Pfaff dr. Collected cardiids in Greenland, the bay in Japan 1903. at Egedesminde. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s Petersen bdh. Abbr. of the Petersen bundhenter, accession book 1853–1861: #11 Cardium i.e. the grab invented by C.G.Johs. Petersen. grønlandicum, 1. #12 Cardium, subfossil, 1/4. Petersen Bearer of name not identified. Col- #13 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 1. #59 Cardium lected cardiids before 1848 for the CVIII ciliatum Fabr. 5, in alcohol, from Rettenbenk. collection. – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book Petersen Collected cardiids before 1886. The 1840–1867: #28. Cardium ciliatum. – Submit- person is most likely C.G.Johs. Petersen. ted a collection of molluscs to the museum. (Fig. 44). Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book Petersen, C. G. Johs. (1860–1928). dr. phil. 1870–1889: #58. Cardium grønlandicum Director with the Danish biological Sta- (spcm. missing). tion (Den danske biologiske Station) from pg. Abbr. of Latin < pagina = page. Used on 1889–1926. – Dated 11 August, Mörch’s ac- labels by Collin. cession book 1870–1889 tells that Mr. cand phi The 16 th letter in the Greek alphabet. mag. C.G.Johs. Petersen collected a sub- Phil. Abbr. of Philippi. stantial amount of molluscs onboard the gun Philipp. Abbr. of the Philippines boat (Kanonbaaden) ”Hauch” cruising in the Philippi Professor. Identified cardiids for ZM. Kattegat 1883–86. The material was donated See under Møller, H.P.C. 80 j. h y l l e b e r g

Posselt et al. (T 290). Mollusca Tilgang 1889– 1937 U.Z.M. Printed on spine only. [Acces- sion catalogue] Initiated by Posselt 20 May 1889. Posselt’s last contribution 1896. Ter- minated 31 December 1937. The Journal was copied in 1944. Posselt et al. 1870–89 (T 289). UZM Tilgangs- journal for Bløddyr 1870–89. Index by Posselt Accession book. Mörch deceased 1878 and he wrote his last entry that year. After that time there are less detailed and fewer entries. Cardiids are mentioned but usually not at the specific level. Posselt et al. 1889–1937 (T 290). Universite- tets Zoologiske Museums Tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr 1870–89. Initiated 20 May 1889, terminated 31 December 1937. Accession book. (Fig. 46). Fig. 46. Front page by Posselt “Universitetets Zoologiske Posselt et al. 1890–1921 (T 297). Afgangs- Museums Tilgangsjournal for Bløddyr. Initiated 20 May Journal for Molluskerne. Paabegyndt Efteraar 1889, terminated 31 December 1937”. It is an accession book. 1890. Signed Posselt. Dispatch book. His first The Fig. is slightly compressed. contribution to the dispatch book was written during the fall 1890 and his last contribution Philippi, Rudolf Amandus (1808–1904) Ger- in April 1891. (Fig. 47). man malacologist. Posselt labels Many labels were written by Pos- Philippin. Abbr. of the Philippines. selt from 1876–1893. Philippinerne Danish for the Philippines. Posselt, Henrik Julian (1861(?63)–1896). As- Phillipines See under the Philippines. sistant curator of molluscs at the Zoological Philp. Abbr. of the Philippines pi See under phi. Pingel, Christian (1793–1852). dr. phil. KM junior inspector, mineralogy. Østergade from 1829–42, KM senior inspector, Østergade from 1845–52. KM inspector, mineralogy from 1842–52. – Dated 1866, he received a shell collection from the museum. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s dispatch book 1857– 1868: #151 Cardium ciliatum. #152 Cardium grønlandicum. PMBC Abbr. of Phuket Marine Biological Cen- ter, Thailand, the Andaman Sea. Poli Stands for the publication by Poli “Testacea ....” 1791. Poli, Guiseppe Saviero or Josepho Xaveirio (1746–1825). Italian malacologist. Port phil. Abbr. of Port Philip Australia Port. Abbr. of Portugal Fig. 47. Front page by Posselt et al. “Universitetets Zoolo- Portland’s Catalogue The catalogue edited by giske Museums Afgangs-Journal for Molluskerne. Paabegy- Solander 1786 when the Portland collection ndt Efteraar 1890. Signed Posselt”. It is a dispatch book. The was sold. Fig. is slightly compressed. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 81

Museum, Copenhagen, 1889–1895. His hand- Pugg. Abbr. of Puggaard. writing is very stylish and easy to read. He Puggaard, Christopher dr. phil. As a graduate identified cardiids from Greenland in 1892. he collected cardiids in Cuba 1848 and in Post. Abbr. of posterior. Matanzas. Shells from travel to England 16 Poulsen dr. phil. Councellor of justice. Received January 1849. Id. Puggaard. He collected fos- a shell collection encompassing 36 Red Sea sil cardiids in Messina (Scolpo) 1867. Cardiid species; not specified in Mörch’s dispatch number in Mörch’s accession book 1846– book 1857–1868. 1853: #21 Cardium truncatum Phil. t.13 f. 14, Poulsen, Christian Marinus (1818–1885) dr. Yorkshire. Lias. 2. – The museum received phil. Danish shell collector. Submitted shells his collection October 1866. Cardiid numbers from Flensburg November 1864. Mediterra- in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #548 nean and Caribbean cardiids and fossils stem Cardium semistriatum Lond. Clay Whiteclif from his collection. Bay, Wight. #609 C. Hillanum Sow. #549 Poulsen, Erik M. (1900–1985). dr. phil. Member Cardium truncatum Phil. t.13 f. 14. Mountain of NF 1919. Collected cardiids in Colombia Lias, Starthes. 912. #550 Cardium truncatum 1948. Phil. t.13 f. 14. Mountain Lias. #551 Cardium Powell Identified Australian cardiids for ZM papillatum [sic] Poli. Phil. Brochi t. xiii f.1. 1914. Militello 3. Cardium cognatum Phil. t. 9. Powell, A. W. B. (1901–1987). Malacologist f.14. Inf. Oolite Dundry, Bristol. 911. #557 from New Zealand. Cardium lævigatum L. Militello. 283. #588 Prins Danish for Prince. Also spelled Prinds. Cardium edule L. Messina (Scolpo) Tertiary. Prinsens Palæ Mansion modified and rebuilt pustules Small projections from the periostracum. many times by various kings since its start Resembling blisters or pimples. in 1684. Today it is part of the building com- R. Abbr. of the British malacologist L.A.Reeve: plex of the National Museum flanked by Ny “Conchological Iconica” published 1844–45. Vestergade on one side and Stormgade on the Abbr. on old labels. opposite side. The mansion is located in inner R. Hg. Abbr. of the Danish zoologist R. Hør- Copenhagen in a quarter called Frederiksh- ring. olm. It is near Holsteins Mansion (see under R. Ic. f. Abbr. of Reeve Icones figure. Stormgade 10). It served as domicile for the R.-Bell Collected cardiids in Australia. See under museum of the Natural History Association Bell. from 1789–1805. R. C. Abbr. of Red Crag, in catalogue. Prosch dr. Ship doctor. Donated shells collected R. H. P. Abbr. not identified. Submitted cardiids 24 May–12 July 1848. Cardiid number in to ZM in 1890 & 1893. Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #144 R. H. S. Abbr. of R.H.Stamm. Cardium, Guinea, 4/2. – From his travel to the R. Hg. Abbr. of R.Hørring. West Indies 2 January 1849. Cardiid number Rading M. Collected cardiids in Japan. in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #69 Rafn C. G. (1769–1808). Judge (Assessor, an Cardium, 1. – Collected cardiids for NF c/o Ja- obsolete Danish Title). Active in the Manage- petus Steenstrup, among others in Guinea and ment of KM from 1801–08. the Channel between England and France. I Ragna Th. Mortensen was onboard the vessel have not found verifable references to Prosch, “Ragna” 1905. He collected cardiids at Her- but a possibility could be Ferdinand Victor thas Flak, Denmark. Alphons Prosch who was co-author with J. H. Rahurkar Donated cardiids from Bombay Reinhardt in 1846. 1965. Prunner Submitted cardiids from Sardinia to the Rasch Collected cardiids in Kattegat 1883. CVIII coll. Rasmussen, Erik (1918–2005). dr. phil. Staff of Pt. rico. Abbr. of Puerto Rico the mollusc section at ZMUC. He collected Pten. Abbr. of Petersen cardiids for the museum in Mexico and at Ptrsn. Abbr. of Petersen Sapelo Island 1964, 1971. (Fig. 48). 82 j. h y l l e b e r g

ids from Reinhardt’s collection. See under Re- inhardt, J.H. and Magazine Catalogue 1829. Reinhard See under Reinhardt. Reinhardt As a graduate he donated shells to the Museum 2. April 1848. Mörch noted: those marked with ! should enter the collection. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #20 Cardium magnum Chem. Jonas. 1! (entered). #21 C. echinatum, 2. #22 C. muricatum, 1. #23 C. isocardium [sic]. #24 C. medium, 1. #25 C. edule, 2. Fig. 48. Erik Rasmussen rewrote a large number of old labels. Reinhardt, Johannes Hagemann (1776–1845). The actual Fiji specimen was not identified when the label Professor zoologiae 1813–1845, inspector at was written. KM in Østergade from 1806–21. Promoted to senior inspector at “Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum” (KM) from 1842–45. Also Rasmussen, Niclas Donated cardiids from Faroe active regarding “Grev Moltkes Universitet Island, North Atlantic 1905. tilhørende Museum”. Signed the collection Ravn (T 278). According to Beck 1836, N° 15: catalogue from “Kunstkammeret” (see under Received from regimental surgeon Ravn. No Frederik III) together with H. Beck in 1829. number: Cardium elongatum from Tortola (Fig. 50). Collected cardiids in former Danish West In- Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor (1816–1882). dies for N.F. 1835. – Submitted shells from Son of Johannes Hagemann Reinhardt. KM St. Thomas in 1837. Cardiid number in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837–39: #32 Cardium bullatum juvenile (ung). Ravn, J. P. J. Graduate. Min. Museum Kbh. (Copenhagen) 1901. According to UZM entries in a diary. Reagentsg. Stands for test tube (reagensglas in Danish). red cross See under Schumacher. Redf. Abbr. of J.H.Redfield. Published “Descrip- tion of some new species ...” 1848. Redfield, John Howard (1815–95). American malacologist. Reeve, Lovell Augustus (1814–1865). British shell dealer and malacologist. Sold shells to His Royal Highness in May 1838. Cardiid number in Beck’s accession catalogue 1837– 39: #42 Cardium n. sp. 5 shilling. (Fig. 49). Regenf. Abbr. of Regenfuss. Regenfuss, Franz Michael (1712–1780). Dan- ish malacologist. He published “Auserlesene Schnecken Muscheln ....” in 1758. Regf. Stands for the publication of Regenfuss 1758. Reikiavik Old spelling of Reykjavik used on labels by Mörch. Fig. 49. Reeve’s portrait. From the Steenberg Picture Col- Reinh. or Reinh: Abbr. of Reinhard (sic); cardi- lection at ZMUC. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 83

dissolved in 1829. Active in the Management of KM from 1796–1827. Reventlow, Christian Ditlev Frederik (1748– 1827). Danish Count, Prime Minister. Revtl. Abbr. of Reventlow. He submitted cardiids from Brazil. RH Abbr. of R.Hørring used on ZM labels and shells. RHS. See under Stamm. Ribe Collected tropical cardiids 1860. Fig. 50. Johannes Hagemann Reinhardt’s signature 1829, Riibe Skole Ribe public school, Denmark. Re- countersigned by H. Beck. Compressed text. ceived cardiids from ZM according to Book of Dispatch Cardium isocardia, Cardium inspector 1848 (succeeded his father). Profes- leucostomum, Cardium flavum. – 2 Sept. sor 1854, extraordinary docent in zoology at 1860. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession the university 1861. Inspector at P.V. Lund’s book 1853–1861: #191. Cardium cardissa, Paleontological Museum (Det Lund’ske C. unedo. palæontologiske Museum). Participated in Riise, Albert Henrik (1810–1882). Etatsraad (tit- the First Galathea Expedition 1845–47. ular Councillor of State), justitsraad (Counsel- Reinhardt’s Galathea cat. (T 314a). Results lor) and pharmacist. Settled as pharmacist in from the first Galathea-Expedition. Dated No- St. Thomas, the West Indies, 1838. Returned vember 1864 professor J. Reinhardt prepared to Denmark 1868. Collected cardiids in for- a catalogue of dry material collected from the mer Danish West Indies during the mid-1800. corvette ”Galathea” which sailed around the He had a large collection, which included world. The catalogued material was handed shells donated to him by the Zoological Mu- over to the Geological Museum of the Uni- seum in 1849 c/o Mörch. Cardiid number in versity. Reinhardt catalogued n° 222 Cardium Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853 (11 Oc- flavum from the Nicobar Islands. (Fig. 51). tober 1850): #25 Cardium soleniforme, Brug. Reinhart See under Reinhardt. 1. – June 1860. Cardiid number in Mörch’s Rev. Abbr. of Reventlow. accession book 1853–1861: #508 Cardium Reventl. See under Reventlow. antillarum, St. Thomas, 8. – Received from Reventlow, C. D. Danish Count, president of the ZM according to Book of Dispatch #180 Car- exchequer, active in the Royal Commission dium grønlandicum alpha fos. ? #181 Cardium 1796 founding the Royal Museum of Natural islandicum alpha fos. ? – 17 Jan. 1893, Book History (KM) at Rosenborg. The Commission of Dispatch #95 Cardium flavum L. 3. – 29 November 1849. ZM Book of Dispatch #31 Cardium groenlandicum Ch. 2. #32 Cardium islandicum Ch. 3. #33 Cardium elegantulum Beck, 1. #61 Cardium edule, Grimstad, 1. #73 Cardium flavum L. (From the Red Sea collected by Forskål). – Submitted Greenland shells collected by Ltn Jensen. Material from cand. Steenstrup. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #561 Cardium grønlandicum. Riise, F. stud. mag. See under Collin’s collection. Fig. 51. Johannes Theodor Reinhardt’s signature 1864 in Rinck See under Rink, H. the Catalogue of the First “Galathea” Expedition 1848-47. Rink the vessel “Rink” operated in Greenland Compressed text. 1912. 84 j. h y l l e b e r g

Rink, Hinrich Johannes (1819–1893). Danish 1891). German malacologist working in geologist. Participated in the First Galathea America. Donated shells from USA, 10 Expedition. Collected cardiids in the Nicobar November 1856. Cardiid number in Mörch’s Islands. – Donated shells to ZM. Cardiid num- accession book 1853–1861: #4. Cardium ven- ber in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #5. tricosum, Galveston, Texas, 1, Cardium magnum Ch. sine loc. 1. < Shipped Ropstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. from Julianehaab, Greenland. Cardiid num- Röpstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. bers in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: Ropstorff Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. #34 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 1. #35 Cardium Rosenborg Castle Construction of Rosenborg elegantulum, 1. castle started 1606. Summer retreat for king Rkvk. Abbr. of Reykjavik, the capital of Ice- Christian IV outside the old defense works; land. construction took place in several steps. Today R-Lund, Grace Collected cardiids in the Persian the castle is located in central Copenhagen. Gulf after 1960. It accommodated The Royal Natural History Rødehav Danish language for the Red Sea. Museum (KM) from 1804–1821. Röding, Peter Frederich (1767–1846). German Roskilde Latinskole Roskilde grammar school, malacologist (T 278). According to Beck 1836 Denmark. Dispatch June 1851. ZM Book of N° 1: Opened a box sent by Röding (cf. Jour- Dispatch #83 Cardium laevigatum Chem. nal 5/6 36.). The box contained # 13. Cardium West Indies, 1. #84 Cardium cardissa L. East donaciforme 1 (unit of currency; see under Indies. “a”). According to Beck 1836 N° 6: excellent Rostrup Teacher at a teacher’s college. Collected species from Röding sent to the museum #10 shells on the Faroe Islands 1867. Cardiid num- Cardium n. Sp. ber in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: Roed’s coll. His collection contained cardiids #10. Cardium edule L. from East Africa. Rothe Headmaster in Uddevalla. Cardiid number Roepke Collected cardiids in the Philippines. in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45. Roeppstorff, de Widow. Left her shell collection Cardium edule. from the Andaman Islands to the National Rothes Meer German language for the Red Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet). This Sea. museum passed on the collection to the Zoo- Rübe Collected tropical cardiids for ZM. logical Museum on 15 February 1897, accord- rubic. Abbr. of rubicundum. ing to the accession book 1889–1937. Rumpf Reference to G.E.Rumph 1766, a Ger- Roepstorff, A. de Governor of the Andaman man edition of Rumphius 1711. Not available Islands. Donated a shell collection through for nomenclatural purposes. prof. Reinhardt 11 April. – Cardiid num- Rumph, Georg Eberhard (1627–1702). Dutch bers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: naturalist. Published “Amboinsche Rariteit- #617 Cardium (Liocardium) #618 Cardium kamer ....” in 1705 so he never saw his work cardissa. #619 Cardium cardissa. – He do- in print. Not available for nomenclatural nated shells from Port Blair or the Nicobar Isl. purposes. through Mr. E. Becken 1874. Cardiid numbers RV Abbr. of right valve. in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #62 Rv. Abbr. of Reeve on labels by Beck. Cardium cardissa. #63 Cardium cardissa. Ryberg Assistant, Julianehåb, Greenland. Col- #64 Cardium cardissa. #65 Cardium cardissa. lected cardiids in 1881. Mörch’s accession – He donated shells from the Andaman Isl. book 1870–1889: Cardium ciliatum Fabr. November 1875. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s without cat. number. accession book 1870–1889: #238. Cardium Ryder Lieutenant. Collected cardiids in Green- sp. #239. Cardium sp. #240. Cardium cardissa land 1863, 1887. Dated 29 September 1892 he L. submitted cardiids from the East Greenland Roespstorf Alternative spelling of Roepstorff. Expedition. Cardiid numbers in the accession Römer, F. Dr. Carl Ferdinand Römer (1818– book 1889–1937: #15 Cardium ciliatum. Sta- c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 85

tionen. #16 Cardium ciliatum. Danmarks Ø. naturalist. Rygen Island in the Baltic. Sch. Abbr. of Schumacher. S. Abbr. of Schumacher used by Beck and Sch. E. Abbr. of Schröter’s Einleitung. See under Mörch. Schröter. S. Abbr. of Senegal in Adanson’s publication Sch: Ess: Abbr. of Schumacher’s “Essai d’un from 1757. nouveaux…”1817. S. Ill. f. Abbr. of Sowerby, Illustrations, figure. Sch: Terminated with colon. See under Schu- (Sowerby: Conchological Illustrations). macher. S. Jen Old spelling of the island St. Jean, the Schimmelmann, E. (1747–1831). Count. Active West Indies. in the Management of KM from 1796–1829. S. C. Abbr. of South Carolina. Schiødte professor, received a study collection. S. I. Abbr. of Sowerby, Illustrations. Cardiid number in Mörch’s dispatch book S. Ill. Stands for “Conchological Illustrations” by 1857–1868: #59 Cardium echinatum. Sowerby 1833–1840. Schiøtte, Tom Assistant curator. Started to work S. J. f. Abbr. of Sowerby: Conchological Illustra- for the ZMUC in 1977. tions fig. Schiøtz Pharmacist, Odense, Denmark. He do- s. n. Abbr. of “Systema naturae” by Linnaeus nated shells to the museum 1874. Cardiid 1758. See also under SN. number in Mörch’s accession book 1870– S. Th. Abbr. of S. Thomas, the West Indies. 1889: #3 Cardium echinatum. Entrance to SA Abbr. of South Africa. Odense Fjord. Sa. Abbr. not identified. Written on label in con- Schjonh. See under Schønheyder. nection with Talmadge. Schjønh. See under Schønheyder. Sæmundsen, B. See under Sæmundsson. Schm. Abbr. of Schumacher. Sæmundson See under Sæmundsson. Schneider, Sp. Collected cardiids in Norway Saemundsson See under Sæmundsson. (1891). See under Sparre-Schneider. Saemundsson, B. See under Sæmundsson. Scholt. Abbr. of von Scholten. Sæmundsson, Bjarni (1867–1940). Dr. phil. Scholten, Peter Carl Frederik (1784–1854). Icelandic zoologist onboard ”Thor” 1900. Governor of the former Danish West Indies. Collected cardiids in Iceland 1900, 1901. He started to work on St. Thomas in 1814. Sahlertz cand. phil. The museum received shells He was called back to Denmark after he had collected by stud. Ørting. Cardiid number in liberated the slaves in 1848 against the official Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #3 Car- policy. He submitted cardiids to the collection dium sp. Florida. of CVIII. Sallingsund The ship “Sallingsund” was used to Schon. Abbr. of von Scholten. collect cardiids in Storebælt 1912. Schönh. See under Schønheyder. saml. Abbr. of Danish word “samling” = col- Schønh. See under Schønheyder. lection. Schönheider Collected cardiids in the Indian Sander, F. Collected cardiids in the West Indies Ocean, Tranquebar, India. See under Schøn- 1978. heyder. Sardi. Abbreviation. See under Sardinien. Schønheyder, Ulrich Anton (1775–1858). Na- Sardinien Danish language for Sardinia, the val officer, Danish Interim Governor of Mediterranean. Tranquebar 1822–24. Referred to as Schönh., Sars, Michael (1805–1869). Norwegian zo- Schjønh., or Schjonh. These abbreviations ologist and Pastor of Manger (Mangor on appear on ZM labels from the period Schøn- labels) at Bergen, Norway. See also under heyder served in Tranquebar. Steenstrup. Schou, H. H. 1876 (T 322). Catalogue listing 564 Sass, Heu Collected cardiids in China for ZM. species in Schou’s shell collection. Second See under Friis. edition printed in Copenhagen (Kjøbenhavn) Savig. Abbr. of Savigny. 1 January 1876. Cardiid numbers in the cata- Savigny, Marie J.C.D. (1777–1851). French logue: #540 Cardium edule L. (416) Denmark. 86 j. h y l l e b e r g

#541 Cardium (Trachycardium Mörch) muricatum L. (419). Antill. #542 Cardium flavum L. (424) Ost. Ind. #543 Cardium (Liocardium Sws) citrinum (428) Antill. #544 Cardium (Fragum Bolt) unedo L. (437) the Nicobar Isl. Schousboe, Peder Worked in Morocco as a botanist, later as a Danish consul. Collected cardiids in 1832. Schr. E. Abbr. of Schröter Einleitung. See under Schröter. Fig. 52. Part of Steenstrup’s catalogue T 311 dealing with Schumacher’s species. Steenstrup’s handwriting: Conchylia Schr. Einl. Abbr. of Schröter Einleitung. See Musei Schumacheriani. The Fig. is slightly compressed. under Schröter. Schroet. Abbr. of Schröter. Schrøt. Abbr. of Schröter. not signed. The Catalogue T 311 deals with Schröt. Einl. Abbr. of Schröter Einleitung. See Schumacher’s species. Steenstrup’s hand- under Schröter. writing. A draft for T 282. The sequence Schröter, Johan Samuel (1735–1808). German of information is running number, species, malacologist. He published an introduction and number of specimens. – Cardium #437 to the knowledge of shells: “Einleitung in die costatum. 1. #438 C. coronatum. 2. #439 C. Conchylien-kenntniss ...” 1784 & 1786. simplex. 2. #440 C. rigens (sic) = ringens. 1. Schumacher, Chrétien Fréderic Schumacher’s #441 C. tuberculatum. 2. #442 C. isocardium first names spelled in French. [sic]. 1. occident. 3. #443 C. æquilaterum. 1. Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Friederich #444 C. muricatum. 1. #445 C. ustulatum. 1. (1757–1830). Medical doctor, anatomist, sur- 3. 1. 1. #446 C. lutescens. 2. #447 C. album. geon, botanist, and a good artist. He retired 6. #448 C. aculeatum. 2. #449 C. echinatum. from medicine for a period and completed a 2. #450 C. impressum. 1. #451 not used. #452 classification of molluscs (Essai, etc.)- pub C. leucostomium (sic). 1. #453 C. islandicum. lished in 1817. His classification was mainly 2. ex Groenland. 3. #454 C. rusticum. 2. #455 based on shell characters. It was both praised C. edule. 1. #456 C. pectinatum. 1. #457 C. and criticised by fellow scientists. He did groenlandicum. 4. #458 C. palleus. 1. #459 not publish other books on molluscs. Schu- C. laevigatum 4. #460 C. serratum. 1. #461 C. macher’s original shell material is marked soleniforme. 2. #462 C. chinense. 1. #463 C. with a cross in red-brown ink. See under medium. 5. #464 C. unedo. 1. #465 C. retusum. Schumacher-cross. 3. #466 C. imbricatum. 1. #467 C. cardissa. 4. Schumacher’s collection (T 282). Loose pages #468 C. excavatum. 1. #469 C. replicatum. 1. with T 282. Fortegnelse paa de i det grevelige, Schumacher’s collection Steenstrup’s cat. 1846 Universitetet tilhörende Zoologiske Museum (T 282). “Conchiilien Musei Schumache-Schumache- opbevarede Muslinger, som er Originalstyk- rium” En Fortegnelse optagen ved Museets ker for Afbildninger, Beskrivelser eller Be- Overtagelse i Aaret 1846 ved Japetus Steen- nævnelser i Professor Schumachers større strup. Steenstrup used the numbers 437–469. Værk “Essay d’un nouveaux Systeme des ha- I have not included number of specimens bitations des vers testacés avec xxii planches and remarks by Steenstrup. #437 Cardium par Chretien Frederic Schumacher a Copen- costatum Sch. p. 158. #438 C. coronatum. hague 1817” ved Japetus Steenstrup Museets #439 C. simplex. #440 C. ringens. #441 C. Bestyrer 1846. One cardiid mentioned: #75 tuberculatum. #442 C. isocardium [sic] Sch. Cardium isocardia Linn. Reference to page p. 158. #443 C. æquilaterum. #444 C. muri- 158, Figure 4, xvi. This specimen is present catum. #445 C. ustulatum. #446 C. lutescens. at ZM. #447 C. album. #448 C. aculeatum. #449 C. Schumacher’s collection (T 311). Not dated, echinatum. #450 C. impressum. #451 not used c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 87

Seba, Alberto (1665–1736). Dutch malacologist. He published “Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri” in 1758. Not available for nomenclatural purposes. Sehested, Ove R. (1757–1838). Active in Natur- historie-Selskabet 1789–1805. Seid. J.N. See under Seidlin. Seidlin Collected cardiids in the Indian Ocean for CVIII. Sekelin Not identified. The name appears on Fig. 53. Characteristic Schumacher labels. The letter m: [marked <] is Schumacher’s indication of a species coined Mörch’s label together with Signe. by him. However, the species was never published, so the Sell, Henrik Danish amateur malacologist. Col- name is not valid. Text on Schumacher’s labels Cardium lected cardiids in Kattegat 1890–1911. isocardium 4. Lin: and Cardium ustulatum 7. m: sensu Latin < sensu = judgment. Meaning according to. seu Latin < seu = sive = provided with. by Steenstrup. #452 C. leucostomum. #453 Sg Abbr. of subgenus. C. islandicum ex Greenland. Sch. p. 159. shells extracted from corals 1870–73. Shells #454 C. rusticum. #455 C. edule. #456 C. from the coral collection of the museum. pectinatum. #457 C. groenlandicum. #458 C. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book palleus. #459 C. laevigatum Sch. p. 159. #460 1870–1889: #18 Cardium (Liocardium) sp. C. serratum. #461 C. soleniforme Sch. p. 159. Siam Old name for Thailand. #462 C. chinense. #463 C. medium. #464 C. sic Latin < in this way. Indicates that the preced- unedo. #465 C. retusum. #466 C. imbricatum. ing quotation is literal. Often inserted within #467 C. cardissa. #468 C. excavatum. #469 C. brackets. replicatum. (Fig. 52). Sicyly or Sicÿlÿ Spelling of Sicily by H. Cum- Schumacher’s labels He wrote tiny labels on ing. hand-made paper. The information is limited Sieb (or Lieb.) Abbr. not identified. to the species name in Latin [occasionally also Signe Not identified. Appears on Mörch label French]. He continued with his own cat. Num- together with ?Sekelin. ber. Occasionally he also wrote abbreviated Simpson Dr. Dated December 1863, he received references to Chemnitz, number of specimens, a shell collection from ZM. Cardiid number locality, and Lin: if the species was described in Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #33 by Linnaeus or m: if it was his own manuscript Serripes grønlandicum. name. (Fig. 53). Simpson, Charles Torrey (1846–1932). Ameri- Schumacher-cross Refers to the particular cross can malacologist. in red ink written inside shells from the Schu- sine loc. Abbr. used on labels. L< sine = without, macher collection. The “+” may have turned loc. = locality. brown or faded over the years. Singa. Abbr. of Singapore in catalogue. Schwarzes Meer German language for the Black sive Latin < sive = provided with. Sea. Skagen The northern tip of Jutland, Denmark. Schytt, O. H. Technological University, Co- Skagerak Old spelling of Skagerrak penhagen (Polyth. exam.). He donated shells Skagerrak Sea between the North Sea and Kat- from Singapore? 12 September 1868. Cardiid tegat. numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1866– sm See under sml. 1872: #19 Cardium flavum L. #20 Cardium Smaaøerne Danish for the small islands. On cardissa L. labels by Th.Mortensen. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography Scripps Institu- Smithsonian Inst. Wash. Abbr. of the Smithso- tion of Oceanography, USA. nian Institution Washington Seb. Abbr. of Seba. sml Abbr. of Danish sømil = nautical miles 88 j. h y l l e b e r g

SN. Abbr. of Linné’s Systema Naturae. Used in Sp. Abbr. of Spengler used by Mörch. connection with 12th edition, 1767. sp. n. Abbr. of new species L< species = a kind, Snegle Danish language = gastropods. division of a genus; nova). Identical with nov. Snekkersten Village located north of Copen- sp. hagen. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession Spärck, Ragnar (1896–1965). Professor zoo- book 1853–1861: #10. Cardium echinatum, logiae, Copenhagen University. Curator of 2. The specimens were purchased from fisher- molluscs at the museum. From 1919 till 1936 man, 1857. he wrote entries for the accession book 1889– Soc. hist. nat. Abbr. of the French Societé 1937. His handwriting is very fast and difficult d’histoire Naturelle. to read, sometimes impossible. He collected Solander, Daniel Carlsson (1733–1782). Em- cardiids in Italy and Portugal 1930. ployed by the Duchess of Portland as a natu- Sparre-Schneider Museum conservator, Trom- ralist. Issued the Portland Catalogue 1786. See sø Museum, Norway. Dated 20 June 1891 he also under Lightfoot. submitted Cardium elegantulum Beck (acces- Sold. P. C. Stands for Solander’s Portland Cata- sion book 1889–1937). logue. Sparu Schudi Misspelling of Sparre Schneider solider (name not mentioned). He sold shells on label. from the Skaw (Skagen). Cardiid number in spcm. Abbr. of specimen(s). Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #16. specimen Shell kept as an example to illustrate Cardium edule. a species. The word individual has the same Solomon, John Collected cardiids in West Indies meaning. before 1848. Speerschneider, K. Collected cardiids in Aus- Somer, Jean Identical with Sommer, Jan. tralia 1925. Sommer S. Jan, dr. According to Mörch’s acces- Spengl. See under Spengler. sion book 1866–1872, he collected cardiids in Spengler, Johan Conrad (1767–1839). Curator former Danish West Indies. of art at the royal collection, state councellor Søndergaard, A. Collected cardiids in the Medi- (Kunstkammerforvalter, Direktør, Justitsraad, terranean 1961. Estatsraad). Son of Lorenz Spengler, curator Sørensen Pastor. Collected cardiids in North of art at the royal collection (Kunstkammeret). Greenland 1894, 1899. He returned from travel abroad in 1789 and Sørensen, W. Graduate, cand. mag. Submitted started as curator. The castle Christiansborg a shell collection from hofjægermester E.v. burnt 1795, but many paintings in the castle Benzon 1878. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s ac- and the Kunstkammer collection were saved cession book 1870–1889: #38 Cardium sp. El thanks to Spengler’s heroic efforts. After his Araish (Morocco). #39 Cardium sp. El Araish. father’s death he took over the management #39 Cardium sp. El Araish. #39 Cardium sp. of art at the royal collection. His main interest El Araish. was fine arts, so he did not continue his father’s Sov. Abbr. of Sowerby. work with natural science. – In 1823 J.C. Sow. Abbr. of Sowerby. Spengler signed a receipt with all catalogue Sow. Ill. See under Sow. Ill. numbers of Lorenz Spengler’s shell collection Sow. Ill. Stands for Sowerby’s “Conchological after its transfer from the Royal Art Museum Illustrations”. to the Royal Natural History Museum. See Sow. Jr. Pr. Stands for Sowerby in [Zoological] also under Wad and CVIII. Journal Proceedings 1833. Spengler, Lorenz (1720–1807). Master turner Sowb. Abbr. of Sowerby. at the royal court, curator (Kunstkammerfor- Sowerby, George Brettingham (1788–1854). valter) of art at the royal collection (Kunst- British malacologist and shell dealer. Pub- kammeret). Personality according to Bricka: lished “Conchological Illustrations” 1833– very skillful, kind, fair, thoughtful of others, 1840. and popular with everybody. He started as sp. Abbr. of species. curator in 1771 and worked in this position c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 89

Fig. 55. Portrait of Spengler deposited at the ZM: Lorenz Spengler 1720-1807, painted in 1802 according to notes in the file of Lemche (after O. Mourier). It also has another addition on the reverse: Goes to the mollusc collection after my death. Donated to the public by Z. Fröhlich. Kbh. 1874. Fig. 54. Portrait of Spengler deposited at the ZM: Lorenz Spengler. Curator of Art with the Royal: Danish: Art Collec- tion: the Art Chamber. Member of the Rom: Emperial: Citizen from the Castles Gottorp and Rosenborg. of Zürich in: Berlin: Naturf: Gesellsch: Cornel Höyier del. In 1732 the king Christian VI added many Meno Haas Scul. Copenhagen 1776. specimens purchased from a dealer in natural science objects. At that time the collection was until his death. In 1799 Spengler published an structured according to Rumphs Amboinische overview of cardiids, including descriptions Rariteten Kammer. However, Spengler fol- of new species. Spengler received tempting lowed the Systema naturae of Linnaeus 1758 offers to sell all his shell collections abroad, and hoped that the collection would become but he sold them to the Danish State in 1804. useful in the future. (Fig. 56). Today they are preserved at the ZMUC in the Spengler’s collection transferred 1804 Spen- special collections. A painting and a copper of gler’s shells were transferred to Naturhistorie- Spengler are available. (Figs. 54, 55). Selskabet 1804 and subsequently to KM = the Spengler’s catalogue 1775 (T 274). “Descrip- Royal Museum. tion of the shell collection in the royal Cham- Spengler’s collection transferred 1823 (T 274). ber of Art, previously not properly described Lorenz Spengler’s numbered catalogue from and not numbered at all”. Dated Copenhagen the Royal Chamber of Art was officially trans- 1775, the inventory describes the king’s col- ferred to the Royal Natural History Museum lection of natural history objects, referred to as in 1823. G.Wad received Spengler’s catalogue the Kunstkammer. He wrote in German, (goth- through J.C.Spengler, son of L.Spengler. ic handwriting) following his appointment to Spengler’s labels Spengler wrote with a goose manager (forvalter) of the Kunstkammer in quill on hand-made paper. The size of labels 1771. Spengler stated that the collection had was adjusted to the amount of information. grown over the years. Additions had come He used a mixture of Latin (for the species) 90 j. h y l l e b e r g

Spitg. Abbr. of Spitsbergen. Spitsbergen Norwegian Island in the North Atlantic. Spl. Abbr. of Spengler on Beck’s labels. SS Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids in the Mediterranean before 1848. St. Abbr. of Station; referring to an established building or institution. St. Abbr. of Saint, e.g. St. Thomas. See under West Indies. St. Abbr. of the Danish word “stor” (big, great), such as St. Kannikestræde or St. Nordisk Telegraf. St. Océanographique de Salammbo, Tunisia. Fig. 56. Cover of Spengler’s 1775 catalogue in German “Beschreibung der Konchylien Samlung aus der Königl: Abbr. of Station Océanographique. Kunst-Kamer, die vorhin entweder ordentlich beschrieben St. or st. Abbr. of Station; referring to a number und gar nicht Numeriert waren”. given to a specific collecting site. Staff of museum collections in Copenhagen See and German gothic style for the comments. under Chronological overview 1623–2007. (Fig. 57). Stamm, R. H. (1877–1934). Danish zoologist, Spg. See under Spengler. Lecturer. He collected cardiids in Isefjord Spgl. Magaz. Stands for species of the Spengler 1907, in the North Sea 1917, and in Kattegat collection deposited in the magazine. off Frederikshavn during field courses for Spgl. Mus. CVIII. Stands for specimens of the biology students of the University of Co- Spengler collection transferred to the CVIII penhagen 1922. He had a large collection of collection (the Royal Museum). molluscs. Spgl. See under Spengler. Statens naturhistoriske Museum Natural His- Spglers. Abbr. of Spengler’s. tory Museum of the State. New name to be Spglr. Abbr. of Spengler. used after 2005 for ZMUC: Zoological Mu- Spir. Abbr. of Danish word spiritus = alcohol). seum of the University of Copenhagen. Steenberg label The shell collection of C.M. Steenberg was donated to the Zoological Mu- seum after he deceased in 1946. Individual lots were provided with printed labels only stating “Coll. C.M. Steenberg Journ. 14-12- 1946”. The mentioned journal is not present at the ZMUC. I assume the small labels just indicate the generous contribution by Steen- berg. (Fig. 58). Steenberg, Carl Marinus (1882–1946). Profes- sor, comparative anatomist and shell collector. Many cardiids from his collection were

Fig. 57. Spengler’s original label: Martyn vol: 2. fig. 79. ii. Cochlea ovum. Egg. from Pulo Condore. N° 10. variety of Fig. 58. Printed Steenberg label. Identical labels of this type Card: muricatum. Most of Spengler’s labels are preserved were added to all material from the Steenberg Collection with the specimens at ZM. donated to the ZMUC. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 91

1853: #624 Cardium edule. #625 Cardium. Sundet, Als, 14. #626 Cardium norvegicum Skagen. #627 Cardium echinatum Sundet, Vensyssel 2. – From his Greenland collection collected by Capt. Holbøll (1838?). Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846– 1853: #688 Cardium elegantulum, 3. #689 Cardium grønlandicum, 1. #690 Cardium islandicum, 1. – From the collection of Steen- strup. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #738 Cardium dionæum, Sow. 1. – Icelandic collection. Some shells have been exhibited in Kiel. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #407 Cardium groenlandicum. Høfde 14.03.1846. #408 Cardium groenlandicum. Faxe Bay. #409 Cardium groenlandicum. Tuede. #410 Cardium groenlandicum. Østerlandet Tuede var. elongata. #411 Cardium islandicum. Fig. 59. Portrait of C.M. Steenberg 1936. From the Steenberg #412 Cardium islandicum. Breakwater. #413 Picture Collection at ZMUC. C. ciliatum, Cardium islandicum. #414 Car- dium islandicum. Faxe Bay. #415 Cardium. #416 Cardium. #417 Cardium. – Shells from donated to the Zoological Museum in 1946. a thick layer of bivalves above the peat, (Fig. 59). Herslev Sogn, Leiseherred, Strandgaarden. Steenstrup & Lützen Shells delivered by Pro- Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book fessor Steenstrup & Dr. Lützen. Cardiid num- 1846–1853: #264. Cardium edule, many bers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: specimens. – Shells from the Mediterranean, #12. Cardium edule juv. #55. Cardium edule 1860. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession juv. C. fasciatum mg. #98. pl. Cardium edule book 1853–1861: #2 Cardium crassum, juv. pulli. Fænø. #149. Cardium edule marina. Corsica, 1. #3 Cardium deshayesii, Corsica, Middelfart. #150. pl. Cardium edule pulli. 1 – Shells collected on the Faroe Islands. A Fænø. #151. Cardium edule pulli. Strib. single handwritten document in the separate Steenstrup collections Accessions by professor, state councellor J.Steenstrup. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867, dated August 1864: #48. Cardium edule, two very large. – From layer older than kitchen midden (køkkenmødding). Havelse. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #68. Cardium edule pull. – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #33. Cardium fasciatum. – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #6. Car- dium edule pulle. – Norwegian shells collected by Pastor Sars. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: #227 Cardium norvegicum Bergen, 1. #228 Cardium edule Fig. 60. Steenstrup was abbreviated Stp on labels by Mörch. Bergen, 1. – From his Danish collection. Car- This label was written in 1859 and has n° 2 in Mörch’s diid number in Mörch’s accession book 1846– catalogue. 92 j. h y l l e b e r g

1866–1872: #8 Cardium edule, large. #9 Car- dium edule, large. (Fig. 60). Steenstrup Pharmacist. The museum received shells from Greenland, Julianehaab District 1874. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #4 Cardium gronlandicum #5 Cardium gronlandicum var. #6 Cardium ciliatum Fbr. – Steenstrup collected shells on the beach at Narssak, Julianehåbs district 1876. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #10 Cardium grøn- landicum. – Steenstrup collected shells in Greenland 1877. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #22 Cardium grønlandicum. Steenstrup, J. Subfossil cardiids collected 1887. See also under Dreyer. Steenstrup, Japetus (1813–1897). Danish Professor zoologiae, state councellor (Es- tatsraad, obsolete title) 1845–1885. Direc- tor with Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum 1841–42. From 1848–64 he was member of Fig. 61. Professor Japetus Steenstrup. From a lithograph made in 1855. Modified after Roeleveld & Knudsen 1980. the management of the Royal Natural history Museum (Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum). library of ZMUC (2nd department). #52 He became co-director with that museum in Cardium echinatum, 1 spcm. from the open 1851. He was a controversial person at his age. water off Sandvaag. #53 Cardium edule?, 1 Contemporary Danish scientists blamed him spcm. Kallefjord. – Submitted shells in 1873. for nepotism, misinterpretations and hasty Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book conclusions. The accusations were partly 1870–1889: #8 Cardium edule. #21 Cardium based on facts, partly on envy. However, as a echinatum. – Steenstrup donated shells from museum man he was extraordinary. He devel- the dried up Klinte Lake, sandy bottom. oped the Zoological Museum and thanks to his Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book efforts the collections grew to previously unknown heights. Personally he also contributed many specimens to ZM. See under Steenstrup collections. (Fig. 61). Steenstrup, K. J. V. (1842–1913). Dr. phil. Col- lected cardiids in Greenland 1899. Steenstrup’s 1846 catalogue (T 311). See also under Schumacher’s collection. (Fig. 62). Steff. Abbr. of Steffensen; alternative spelling of Stephensen. Collected cardiids in Øresund, Hellebæk 1910. Steffs. Abbr. of Steffensen. See under Steff. Steincke Danish business man, Iceland. Donated shells to the museum 1875,1876. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870– Fig. 62. “Conchylia Musei Schumacheriani” (T 311) in Steenstrup’s handwriting. The species are: N° 437 Cardium 1889: #34 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. costatum, 1 ind.; N° 438 coronatum, 2 ind. N° 439 simplex, Steph. A. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids 2 ind. N° 440 rigens sic 1 ind. in USA 1835. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 93

Stormgade 10 The Holstein mansion (Palæ) is located in Stormgade, inner Copenhagen. The building can be traced back to 1687 and was rebuilt several times until it reached its final form in 1756. It was purchased by king Fred- erik VI in 1827 and housed the Royal Natural History Museum 1821–1864 (?1868). The building still stands. (Fig. 63). Stp. Abbr. of professor Steenstrup. Used on labels by Mörch. Stps. See under Stimpson. Strandgaard Ship captain. Collected material Fig. 63. Copper of the “Grevel: Holsteinske Palais” in Storm- for NF c/o Japetus Steenstrup gade where the Royal Natural History Museum was located Stubbeberg Onboard ”Margrethe” 1913. Col- 1821-68. Modified after Wolff 1979. lected cardiids in Faroe Islands. Studierejsen (study tour) written on labels. Stephensen, K. (1882–1947). Danish zoologist. Members of Naturhistorisk Forening collect- Collected cardiids in Øresund and Kattegat ed cardiids during study tours to: – the Black 1904, 1909, 1910, 1915. Collected cardiids Sea 1960. – The Indian Ocean (East Africa) in Norway 1905 and in Greenland onboard 1970. – Madeira 1974. – Morocco 1985. “Rink” 1912. Studiesamlingen At the time the Danish Parlia- Stimp. Abbr. of Stimpson. ment decided to establish a new Zoological Stimps. Abbr. of Stimpson. Museum in Krystalgade, it was decided to Stimpson Dr. Submitted cardiids to the museum. establish a study collection of the University. Cardiid numbers were entered 1862 into The professor zoologiae should manage this Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45. collection serving education and research. Cardium islandicum Min. Bay. & coast of Stuschbury Slip for Stutchbury. Maine. #46. Cardium pinnulatum (an jun. 51). Stutchbury, Samuel (1798–1859). British shell Min. Bay. & coast of Maine. #47. Cardium dealer. Submitted a selection from London mortoni SE coast and Isl of Min. #48. Cardium 8 January 1837. His Royal Highness chose citrinum Florida. #49. Cardium muricatum. cardiid number #94 Cardium sp. ex Africa. 1 #50. Cardium isocardia juv. Florida. #51. shilling 1/2 pence. Beck’s accession catalogue Cardium ventricosum N.& S. Carolina. 1837–39. Stimpson Submitted cardiids marked Kentz Styrmand Danish word for Mate, officer. See from USA. under Boren. Stimpson, William (1832–1872). American Subg. Abbr. of subgenus. malacologist. Subgen: Terminated with a colon. Abbr. of Store Kannikestræde 34 This street is in the subgenus. Latin Quarter of Copenhagen. Houses for 11 Südsee Old German language = South Seas, professors were here until the whole area burnt referring to Australia. down in 1728. They were rebuilt over a period Suenson, M. N. Ship captain, naval officer. Col- of time, but many houses burnt again, or were lected cardiids for NF c/o Japetus Steenstrup severely damaged during the bombardment in the Baltic, Rügen before 1878. He had a col- of Copenhagen by the British in 1807. During lection, which included shells donated to him 1832–1838 the Moltke’s new Zoological Mu- by the Zoological Museum c/o Mörch. Dated seum donated to the University was located in 16 October 1850, cardiid number in Mörch’s house number 34 (Det grevelige Moltke’ske accession book 1846–1853: #89 Cardium Universitetet tilhørende Zoologisk Museum). isocardia?, 1, minus shell. Animals from Siam Storebælt The Great Belt between Sealand and (Thailand), 1900. According to UZM entries Funen connects the Baltic with the Kattegat. in a diary. 94 j. h y l l e b e r g

Suenson’s shell collection See under Mörch’s The united Museums The mollusc collection of catalogue 1857: Capt. Suenson shells auc- the united museums described by Mörch ca. tioned. 1867. See under Mörch 1867 and De forenede Sundet Danish for Øresund: the Sound between Museer. Denmark and Sweden. Thieleus Mr. Collected fossil cardiids in Anvers, Sundet Danish for sound, i.e. a body of water Crag noire 1868. Dated 1868 he received a more extensive than a strait. shell collection from ZM. Cardiid number in Susini, Joachim de M. Mr. Received cardiids Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #94 Car- from ZM according to the ZM Book of Dis- dium ciliatum. See under Tirlemont, Arnand patch #35 Card. ciliat. Thieleus. Svennevig, N. Collected cardiids in the Coral Thomas, A. Collected cardiids in the former Sea 1979. Danish West Indies. Sw. Abbr. of Swainson. Thomsen Captain, submitted shells from the Swainsen Alternative spelling of Swainson. Strait of Bali. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ac- Swainson, William John (1789–1855). British cession book 1870–1889: #8 Cardium sp. malacologist. Published “A treatise on Mala- Thomsen Collected cardiids in West Greenland cology”. 1840. before 1878. Sws. Abbr. of Swainson. Thomsen Icelandic business man donated shells Sydsøen Old Danish language = South Seas, from Greenland 23 December 1848. Subfossil referring to Australia beach at 200 feet height at Sarfangoak 6 mil syn. Abbr. of synonym. south of Holstenborg. Cardiid without number syntype Two or more species included in a in Mörch’s accession book 1846–1853: Car- type series on which a species description is dium grønlandicum, 1/4. based. Thomsen Mr. See under Oldnordisk Museum. t. Abbreviated Latin < tomus = volume of a Thonning, P. (1775–1848). Judge (Assessor, ob- publication. solete Danish title). Active in the Management T. Fr. Abbr. not identified. Collected cardiids in of KM from 1829–48. the Limfjorden. Thor expedition 1910 The “Thor” Expedition to Talmadge, R. American malacologist. Donated the Mediterranean including the Bosporus and cardiids from California before 1976. the Black Sea. Tåning, Å. W. Danish zoologist; his collection Thor The trawler-built research steamer “Thor” of cardiids ended in the Steenberg collection, of the Commission for Marine Research now in the ZMUC general collection. (Kommissionen for Havundersøgelser). Tauber Collected cardiids at Læsø 1893. “Thor” expeditions lasted for nearly two de- tb. Abbr. of Latin < tabula = plate, table. cades and started in 1903. Cardiids were col- Teilmann-Friis Identified cardiids for ZM lected in Danish waters1914, 1922: Skager- 1911. rak, North Sea, Smålandsfarvandet. Cardiids Test. Sci. Refers to Poli’s publication “Testacea were collected in Iceland 1900. The North utriusque Siciliae” 1791. Sea, Iceland and Greenland 1903, 1904. The Thaanum, Dietlev Danish zoologist working Mediterranean 1914. A second 12 m long fish- in Hawaii. ing cutter was also named “Thor”. This small Thanning Graduate. Collected cardiids in vessel sailed the Polar Sea on expeditions Greenland 1873. Cardiid number in Mörch’s during 1934–35. accession book 1870–1889: #15 Cardium Thorant See under Thorent. grønlandicum Chem. var. Greenland Stp. Thorent Courquin Professor, Barcelona, Spain; June, leg. 1873. donated shells to the museum 1874. Cardiid Thanning Pastor. Received #4 Cardium flavum numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870– L. from ZM. 1889: #49 Cardium paucicostatum Sow. cili- The old Zoological Museum in Krystalgade are. #50 Cardium mucronatum Poli. See under The united Museums. Thornam Alternative spelling of Tornam by c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 95

Mörch. He collected cardiids in the Baltic Tjalfe-expedition See under Tjalfe. 1861. Tom. Abbr. of Latin < tomus = volume. Also Thorson, Gunnar (1906–1971). Professor; cu- abbreviated t. rator of molluscs at the Zoological Museum in Tomlin, B. British malacologist. Submitted car- Krystalgade. He collected cardiids during the diids from Australia 1926. 3-year East Greenland Investigation 1931–34, Tønder Lund See under Lund, Tønder. and during the Iranian Gulf Expedition 1937– Topp, Th. The museum exchanged shells with 38. Appointed Director with the laboratory Mr. Topp. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s ac- in Helsingør (The Marine Laboratory of the cession book 1866–1872: #34 Cardium sub- University of Copenhagen) in 1958. rugosum Sowb. #35 Cardium sinense Sowb. Thorson’s catalogue 1937. The catalogue of #36 Cardium pseudofossile Reeve C. califor- Thorson’s quantitative samples from 81 sta- nianum Desh. He collected cardiids in Sakelin tions collected in the Persian Gulf, is available 1869. Loc. not identified. at the ZMUC. He noted the number of 0.1 Tordenskiold The frigate ”Tordenskiold” cruised square m grab samples per station, prelimi- East Asiatic seas 1872. See under Koch nary identifications, and the wet weight of the Tornam, A. Mr. Collected cardiids in the sker- animals with preliminary id’s. Subsequent ries at Bornholm together with A.W.Malm. identifications were later added to the- cata Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book logue. 1840–1867: #39. Cardium nodosum Turt. #40. Thotts Palæ See under Kongens Nytorv 4. Cardium fasciatum. #41. Cardium pygmæum Thouars, M. Petit Captain of the French frigate Donov. #42. Cardium svecicum Reeve. “Venus”. Collected cardiids in Mexico 1839. Tort. Abbr. of Tortola, West Indies. Throndheim Old spelling of Trondheim, Nor- Tranq. See under Tranquebar. way. Tranqeb. See under Tranquebar. ti Abbr. used by Mörch in connection with Spen- Tranquebar Former Danish trading post and fort gler 1799.

rosato to indicate agreement between his specimen and the original type described by Linné, 1758. Type material General term for voucher or type specimens providing fixed reference for the use of the name. U. M. Abbr. of Universitetets Museum. U. Z. M. Abbr. of Universitetets zoologiske Museum. udst. See under Udstillingen. udstil. See under Udstillingen. Udstillingen Danish word for exhibition. ”fra Udst.” refers to the Zoological Museum in Krystalgade where a distinction was made between specimens on display (Udstillingen) and specimens in the magazines. (Fig. 64). UM Abbr. of Universitetets Museum (The Uni- versity Museum). See also under “Det grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet”. Unger Soldier. Collected cardiids for ZM at St. Thomas, the former Danish West Indies, 1846 (Fig. 65). Universitetets zoologiske Museum (The Zoo- logical Museum of the University) Displayed activity from 1867–1963. See also under “Det grevelige Moltke’ske Universitetet”. Years of important events: – 1862–1867 the natural history collections amalgamated by law. An act passed the Danish Parliament stating that a new zoological museum should be constructed. The mineralogical and zoological Fig. 64. The style of labels used in the exhibitions at KM (top) and the museum in Krystalgade (bottom). The chevron collections should fuse with the collections marks a separate label originally glued on the shell after it of Det kgl. naturhistoriske Museum. The act was removed from the exhibition.

American malacologist. Dated 1867 he received a shell collection. Cardiid number in Mörch’s dispatch book 1857–1868: #13 Cardium medium. Tucker Abbott See under Abbott, Tucker. Turner (T 278). According to Beck 1836 N° 8: List of shells purchased from the British naturalist Mr. Turner (Journ. June 16): #1. Cardium latissimum from California, price 15 shilling. Turt. Abbr. of Turton on labels by Beck. Turton, W. (1762–1835). British amateur con- Fig. 65. One of the last labels written by Beck before he chologist. Published “Conchylia Insularum was sacked in 1848. Cardium isocardia Linn. Lmck: n° 17. britannicarum” 1822. Reprinted 1848 Chemn. 6. f. 174-176. Constable [enlisted private] Unger typ. Added after species. Term used by Monte- 1846. St. Thomas. c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 97

stated that the new museum belonged to the The museum was active 1841–64. During University of Copenhagen, hence the name that period it was managed by professor Universitetets zoologiske Museum. – 1867 the D.F.Eschricht. When he deceased, the mu- fusion materialised. Collections amalgamated seum was closed. Parts of the collection were in the new museum building. A distinction was consigned the Zoological Museum. – Bivalvia made between the exhibition (Udstillingen) in alcohol. Cardiids in Mörch’s accession and stored specimens (Magasinsamling). – book 1853–1861: Cardium lævigatum St 1870 the museum was officially inaugurated. Croix, 1. Cardium rusticum = tuberculatum, It had central heating, which implied dry 1. Cardium elegantulum Greenland, fl. rooms preventing decay of specimens as ex- Universitetsparken 15 The old museum in perienced in previous buildings. The new Zoo- Krystalgade became too small and space in logical Museum in Krystalgade encompassed inner Copenhagen was too limited to allow large collections from the Moltke’ske Univer- expansion. Hence, for the first time it was sitetsmuseum, including Forskål’s collection, decided to move the collections and public Moltke’s and the CVIII shell collections, display outside inner Copenhagen. A museum H.P.C.Møller’s comprehensive collection, and law passed in 1960; construction quickly fol- Steenstrup’s collection of fossils and subfos- lowed and the research section of the museum sils. The scientific staff consisted of professor opened 1963. The exhibition was officially zoologiae (Japetus Steenstrup) and Inspector inaugurated in 1970. I.C. Schiødte, Inspector J.Th. Reinhardt, and Universitetsudvalget i Aarhus Committee to 3 assistants. Dr. Lütken was permanent assis- establish a university in Aarhus, Denmark. tant and managed the mollusc department (2. Dated 18 December 1921 the museum pre- Afdeling). O. Mörch was also assistant, but pared and submitted a collection of Nordic not involved in management. Professor Steen- molluscs to Universitetsudvalget in Aarhus. strup persuaded ocean-going ship captains According to the dispatch book 1890–1921: to collect material for the museum. The cap- Cardium echinatum without locality. tains Andréa, Hygom, and Corneliussen were University Museum See under UM. among those who contributed cardiids during uno Latin< unus = the figure one. the periods 1860 and 1870. – 1878 assistant Ursin, E. Danish zoologist. Collected cardiids at Mørch passed away. J.E.V.Boas succeeded. the Faroe Islands, North Atlantic. He left the Museum 1885. Herluf Winge suc- Ussing, Hjalmar (1874–1965). A skillful and ceeded. – 1882 J.Th. Reinhardt passed away respected Danish amateur zoologist. He col- and Lütken succeeded. – 1882–87 C.G.Joh. lected cardiids in 1914. Petersen collected cardiids onboard the gun- Ust. Abbreviation. See under Udstillingen [the boat “Hauch”. – 1885 Japetus Steenstrup exhibition]. retired. Lütken succeeded. G.M.R.Levinsen UZM Abbr. of Universitetets zoologiske Mu- took over management of 2. department. seum. C.G.Joh.Petersen served as assistant. – 1889 UZM entries in a diary (T 270). ��UZM Modta- H.J.Posselt succeeded C.G.Joh.Petersen. – gelses- og Forsendelsesjournal. Printed on the 1896 Ad.S.Jensen succeeded H.J.Posselt, who spine only. From 1897–1944 the University deceased i 1896. – 1897 professor Steenstrup Zoological Museum made a diary-type book passed away. The diary shows material (boxes, glass tubes, Universitetets zoologiske Museums Tilgangs- alcohol, etc.) delivered by the museum to per- journal 1846–1853 for Bløddyr I. Written sons associated with ZM in connection with by Mörch – Tilgangsjournal 1853–1861 for voyages, collecting trips, and identification Bløddyr II. Written by Mörch. of specimens. Universitetets zootomisk physiologiske Mu- v. Martens See under Martens, von seum The Zootomic physiological Museum Vær. Abbr. of Danish værelse = room. of the University was located in the basement Vahl Collected cardiids in Greenland before under the assembly hall of the university. 1845. 98 j. h y l l e b e r g

Valenc. Enc. See under Bruguière, Valenci- accession book 1840–1867: #149. Cardium ennes. leucostomum. Valenci: Terminating with a colon. See under Vestjylland Danish for West Jutland, peninsular Bruguière, Valenciennes. Denmark. Van Veen Grab Piece of equipment to collect Vetr.- & Lbhsk. Abbr. of Veterinær- & Land- bottom samples, usually spanning 0.1 m bohøjskole (the Agricultural University). square. Vg Bedm Abbr. of Vargas de Bedemar. var. Abbr. of variety. See under variet. Vibe, Christian (1913–1998). Collected cardiids Varg. Abbr. of Vargas Bedemar in Greenland 1940 and NW Greenland 1968. Vargas Bedemar Greve (Count) Identical with Vidal, Jacques Research associate at MNHN, Vargas de Bedemar. See also under Beck Paris. Checked and identified many ZMUC 1830–1836. cardiids. Vargas Bedm. Abbr. of Vargas de Bedemar. VIII Abbr. by authors for King Christian the 8th Vargas de Bedemar, E. (1768–1847). Cham- (1786–1848). berlain. Active in the Management of KM Voigt (T 278) According to Beck 1836 N° 7: from 1829–47. Dated March 1834 shells were Shells selected from van Voigt, Amsterdam: transferred from the Museum of Mineral- #43 Cardium apertum, #43 sic Cardium var, ogy c/o Vargas Bedemar. Cardiid number in #44 Cardium papyraceum, # 45 Cardium sp.n Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #12. (for angulatum), # 46 Cardium biradiatum, Cardium truncatum, in rock from Whitly. # 47 Cardium biradiatum var. elongatum, # – Donated shells to His Royal Highness in 48–51 Cardium 4 sp. var a z, # 52 Cardium October 1839. Cardiid numbers in Beck’s an var. fragum. accession catalogue 1837–39: #14 Cardium Voskuil, R. Dutch amateur malacologist. Identi- ciliatum 5. #15 Cardium an rusticum 5. #16 fied cardiids at ZM. Cardium small 8. #17 Cardium nod. small Vullede, G. I. Collected West Indian cardiids Vargas-Bedemar See under Vargas de Bede- before 1848. Also spelled Wullede. mar Vyff (missionary) Collected cardiids in Egypt Vargaz Bedm. See under Vargas de Bedemar 1922. variet: Terminating with a colon. Abbr. of va- W. Abbr. of Westermann on labels by Beck. rietet. Latin< variatio = departure from = W. Abbr. of Wroblewsky on labels by Mörch. variety. W. Indies See under West Indies. varietas See under variet. W.L. Abbr. of W. Lund. Collected Brazilian and Varietet Danish word for variety. West Indian cardiids for CVIII. Vedelsby, Antonina (formerly Annie) Presently Wad, Gregers (1755–1832). University pro- she takes care of the mollusc collection of fessor. Inspector at KM, Rosenborg from ZMUC. She has identified and labeled many 1804–21. Senior inspector at KM in Storm- cardiids. gade 1821–29, active in the Management of Ven A Swedish island in the Øresund. KM from 1829–32. Encouraged natural sci- Ven. Abbr. of Cardium ventricosum on label. ence at the university. See under KM. – Dated Venus A French Expedition 1836–39 on the Copenhagen 9 October 1823, Dr. G. Wad of frigate “Venus”. Cardiids were collected in The Royal Natural History Museum (Det kon- Mexico 1839. gelige naturhistoriske Museum), received the Venus aus Rusland German = Venus from Rus- Kunstkammer collection of shells from man- sia. ager of fine arts (Kunstforvalter) Mr. Spengler. Vestind. Abbr. of Vestindien. See under Johan Conrad Spengler. Vestindien Danish word for West Indies. Den- Wandel Captain in the navy. Dated 5 October mark owned the three islands St. John = St. 1889 he submitted cardiids from dredging in Jan, St Croix = St. Cruiz, and St Thomas of Iceland (accession book 1889–1937): Car- the Lesser Antilles. They were sold to the dium ciliatum Fabr. NW coast of Iceland. USA in 1917. Cardiid number in Mörch’s Wegge Ship’s doctor. The museum received c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 99

shells collected at Skallingen, Denmark 15 pulli. #691 Cardium edule pull. #727 Cardium April 1875. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s ac- fasciatum. #728 Cardium edule jun. #741 cession book 1870–1889: #20 Cardium edule. Cardium edule jun. #756 Cardium fasciatum. #21 Cardium echinatum. #769 Cardium fasciatum. #786 Cardium West Indies Series of islands separating the fasciatum. #787 Cardium suecicum (Lovén, North Atlantic from the Caribbean. Divided Reeve). #831 Cardium echinatum jun. #845 into the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and Cardium fasciatum. #856 Cardium fascia- the Lesser Antilles. Labels usually refer to tum. #880 Cardium fasciatum. #887 Cardium the former Danish colony encompassing 3 fasciatum. #893 Cardium fasciatum. #905 islands. See under Vestindien. Cardium echinatum. – G. Winther submitted Westermann, Bernt Wilhelm (1781–1868). a major collection of Danish molluscs from Danish wholesale dealer. Director with the Great Belt to Hjelm. Cardiid numbers in Naturhistorisk Forenings Museum 1836–39. Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #260 Spent many years in the Indo-Pacific region Cardium edule jun. Hønsepul og Hatterevet and submitted cardiids from Indonesia. 5–10 fv. #274 Cardium edule var. #294 Car- Western. See under Westermann. dium echinatum jun. #306 Cardium exiguum Wg.-Bedm. Abbr. of Vargas Bedemar. Gm. #328 Cardium echinatum jun. #349 Willumsen Fisherman. Submitted shells from Cardium fasciatum Mtg. #375 Cardium fas- The Sound (Snekkersten) 1878. Cardiid num- ciatum. #402 Cardium echinatum pull. #403 ber in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: Cardium fasciatum. #425 Cardium echinatum #1. Cardium sp. jun. #458 Cardium fasciatum. #476 Cardium Winth. Abbr. of G. Winther. fasciatum. #510 Cardium echinatum jun. #530 Winther, G. (1844–1879). dr. phil. The museum Cardium fasciatum. #531 Cardium edule jun. received shells from student G. Winther 31 #555 Cardium fasciatum. #586 Cardium fas- July 1867. Cardiid number in Mörch’s acces- ciatum. #617 Cardium echinatum adult. #621 sion book 1866–1872: #53 Cardium edule Cardium echinatum. #637 Cardium edule. – L. jun. with nr. 50. – G. Winther, stud. col- G. Winther collected shells in det sydfynske lected shells along the east coast (Denmark). Øhav, Denmark, during the summer 1878. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #10 Cardium exiguum Gm. var? 1870–1889: #948 Cardium edule. 2–3 fathoms. #15 Cardium edule L. pull. Wolff, Torben dr. phil. Danish zoologist, mu- From Stuffelinden to Hvidøre Rev, 3–4 fath- seum curator. Participated in the “Atlantide” oms. – Winther, stud. submitted shells to the Expedition 1945–46 and was deputy chief of museum 1871. Cardiid number in Mörch’s the “Galathea” Expedition 1950–52. Collected accession book 1866–1872: #13 Cardium cardiids for the museum in many countries. echinatum May 1871. – G. Winther donated Woodward, F. R. Submitted cardiids from Scot- shells to the museum 1874. They were col- land to ZM 1977. lected in Lunderenden 2 mil south of Hven. Wrobelwsky, I. I. Lieutenant in the Royal Army Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book Medical Corps. – He submitted shells donated 1870–1889: #6 Cardium svecicum Reeve by Oldnordisk museum ( Museum of Northern #7 Cardium fasciatum Mtg. – The museum Antiquities) 1872. Cardiid number in Mörch’s received shells in 1875. Material collected in accession book 1866–1872: #13 Cardium Aarhusbugten, Denmark, 1874. Cardiid num- muricatum – Wroblewsky submitted North ber in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: American shells 1872. Cardiid numbers in #41 Cardium edule. – G. Winther submitted Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #333 a major collection of Danish molluscs from Cardium corbis Martyn (C. nuttallii Conr.). Kattegat collected during the summer 1877. #334 Cardium blandum Gould, Strait of de Shells from Sejrø to Vejle. Cardiid numbers Fuca. #335 Cardium substriatum Conr. S. in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #648 Diego. #336 Cardium quadragenarium Conr. Cardium edule pull. #652 Cardium edule Catalina Isl. 40 fathoms. – Submitted a col- 100 j. h y l l e b e r g

Fig. 66. Label by Mörch: Cardium isocardia L. var? from Florida Keys with ref to Wrobl(ewsky) 1873. Mörch’s cat. n° is 975.

lection of shells from Cap. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #491 Cardium sp. – The museum received North American shells 1873. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #970 Cardium serratum. Florida. #971 Cardium magnum Born. Florida. #972 Cardium mortoni Conr. Florida. #973 Cardium mortoni Conr. var. C. citrinum Wood. Florida. #974 Cardium muricatum. Florida. #975. Cardium isocardium [sic] var. Florida. #976 Cardium spinosum Meusch. Florida. – Wroblewsky Fig. 67. Portrait of Yoldi. The translated text is: Count of submitted a collection of fossils from Mr. Yoldi, Senior Groom of the Chamber, with His Majesty the Casimir, Ugbagks Mastricht (Ubaks) 1875. King. From picture at the ZMUC. Collection de terrain Cretacé du Duche de Limburg. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1870–1889: #1156 Cardium ment of Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøben- beckyii. Mull. Vaels. Tourtia Turion sup. et in- havn. Cardiids from China and other cardiids ferieur de Tournay. #1230 Cardium michelini stem from the collection of count Yoldi. His Ag. (Fig. 66). collection was auctioned. See also under Wrobl. Abbr. of Wroblewsky on labels by Yoldi’s shell collection. (Fig. 67). Mörch. Yoldi’s shell collection According to Mörch Wudem. Abbr. not identified. 1846–53, the Count Yoldi specimens were Wullede Danish naturalist. Collected tropical auctioned as specified in Mörch’s catalogue cardiids deposited in the ZMUC dry coll. Also 1853 (Count Yoldi’s shell collection). The spelled Vullede. museum and various shell collectors bought Y. C. Abbr. of the Yoldi collection. Cardiids were specimens. Some of Yoldi’s cardiids may be numbered by Mörch, and collectors used these present in the museum because private collec- numbers to specify their identifications. See tions ended up in the museum after the owners under Yoldi’s shell collection. deceased. Cardiid number in Mörch’s acces- YC Abbr. of the Yoldi collection. sion book 1853–1861: #cat. n° 421 Cardium Yoldi, Alphonso D’Aguirra & Gadea (1765– sp. #cat. n° 422 Cardium sp. #cat. n° 421 Lioc. 1852). Danish Count. Active in the establish- sp. (Fig. 68). c a r d i i d a e i n t h e z o o l o g i c a l m u s e u m , c o p e n h a g e n 101

Z. Dp. Abbr. of Zoologiae Dania prodromus 1776. See under Müller, O.F. Z. M. See under ZM. Zanzabu The same as Zanzibar. On old label. Zaouali, J. Collected cardiids in Tunesia. Zarth. Abbr. of Zarthmann. Zarthm. Abbr. of Zarthmann. Collected cardiids in the West Indies (Antilles). Zarthmann, Christian Christopher (1793– 1853). Danish naval officer. Worked a couple of periods in the former Danish West Indies, 1825–26, 1833–34. Fig. 69. The Zoological Museum in Universitetsparken. Zimmer Mr. Egedesminde, Greenland. Cardiids Photo from 1963. Modified after Wolff 1999. in alcohol in Mörch’s accession book 1853– 1861: Cardium ciliatum, 3. Cardium groenlandicum, 1. (Dated 27 November 1856). ZM book of Accession See under accession – Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book book. 1853–1861: #27 Cardium ciliatum Fabr. 3. ZM Book of Dispatch specimens sent from ZM (Dated 22 October 1860). – Cardiid numbers ca. 1849–1893. See under dispatch book. in Mörch’s accession book 1853–1861: #11 ZM labels have Zoologisk Museum, København Cardium grønlandicum, 2. #12 Cardium cil- printed on top of thick paper. Collection data iatum Fabr. very large (stor), 3. are handwritten. I refer to those labels as ZM ZM Abbr. of Zoologisk Museum (Zoological labels. Curator of molluscs, dr. H. Lemche, Museum), i.e., the old museum of the Uni- decided to have the old labels rewritten over versity in Krystalgade. The new museum in a period around 1970. He requested dr. Erik Universitetsparken was also named Zoologisk Rasmussen to do this job. Many original notes Museum. See also under ZM labels. and labels were discarded during that process. See also under Lemche, Henning. ZM: See under ZM. ZMUC Abbr. of Zoological Museum of the Uni- versity of Copenhagen (Københavns Univer- sitets zoologiske Museum). Collections from the old Zoological Museum in Krystalgade were transferred to the new museum in Uni- versitetsparken 1963. See also under Statens naturhistoriske Museum. (Fig. 69). Zool. Saml. Abbr. of Zoologisk Samling ( = zoological collection) of KVLH. Zoologisk Museum in Krystalgade The old Zoological Museum started 1864. See also under Krystalgade. Zoologisk Museum, København Printed on labels of the museum. See under ZM labels. Fig. 68. Yoldi’s labels were in fine handwriting. The present Zootomisk Museum (Zootomical Museum, Co- label is written on dark blue paper. The specimen numbers penhagen). See under Universitetets zootozooto-- were adopted by Mörch in his Yoldi catalogue 1853 and by misk physiologiske Museum. contemporary scholars as a reference.