Wesleyan Eucharistic Sprituality : Its Nature, Sources and Future Thesis
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Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Wesleyan eucharistic sprituality : its nature, sources and future Thesis How to cite: Khoo, Lorna Lock-Nah (2002). Wesleyan eucharistic sprituality : its nature, sources and future. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2002 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d465 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk WESLEYAN EUCHARISTIC SPIRITUALITY: ITS NATURE, SOURCES AND FUTURE Submitted by : LORNA LOCK-NAH KHOO B.Th., M.T.S.(magna cum laude) A thesis submitted in fuKillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) to the Open University, Un~ed Kingdom. Discipline: Theology Sponsoring Establishment: The Wesley and Methodist Studies Centre, Westminster Inst~ute of Education, Oxford, UK September 2002 AL1THO~ NO. «,024- t:.Cfo)( Dt1'f~ 0 ~ s v gM ::r ~~ ':k?N. S 0 "Sit N tJf\ ft. ....1 z. 0 D-z. l::>1'11""~ or: f\wAe e . 17 sCRre.MgU 6-00,?- I agree that this work, ~ approved for the Ph.D, be deposited in the University Libary. It may be made available at the discretion of the Librarian and may be photocopied at the Librarian's discretion. Lorna Lock-Nah KHOO September 2002 ABSTRACT This thesis argues that there is a distinctive Wesleyan eucharistic spirituality. Looking at the Wesleys' eucharistic practices, theology and sources for these, the writer identifies a spirituality that has three themes. These revolve around the dynamic encounter with a personal Christ, the grace-filled life, the therapeutic growth towards holiness and wholeness. They provide a way of looking at life and the formation of characters which may conform to the image of the Christ. While there were several reasons for the decline of Wesleyan eucharistic spirituality after the death of the Wesleys, the writer maintains that this spirituality can be rediscovered, revived and communicated in new forms so as to impact Methodists around the world who are facing the challenges of the 21st century. TABLE OF CONTENTS MEMORANDUM DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: Wesleyan Eucharistic Practices 1. 1 Eucharistic Observance 4 1. 2 Eucharistic Rationale 17 1. 3 Eucharistic Place and Presidency 24 1. 4 Eucharistic Requirements 33 End Notes 59 CHAPTER TWO: Wesleyan Eucharistic Theology 2. 1 Encounter with the Presence of Christ 61 a. The Dynamic Encounter 61 b. The Presence of Christ 68 2. 2 Divine Initiative and Grace 79 a. Christ's Sacrifice and Our Offering 79 b.The Roles of the Holy Spirit 95 2. 3 The Healing Sacrament 105 a. Moving towards Christian Perfection 105 b. The Eschatological Dimension 109 End Notes 113 CHAPTER THREE: Sources of Wesleyan Eucharistic Theology and Spirituality 3. 1 The Search for Sources 116 3. 2 Scripture 119 3. 3 ChurchTradition 121 a. The Early Church 122 b. The MedievalChurch 131 c. Post-medievalperiod: RomanCatholicdevotionalwriters and saints 133 d. MainTrends of EucharisticTheology and Spirituality 134 i. RomanCatholic EucharisticTheology and Spirituality 134 The Wesleyanresponse 137 ii. The EucharisticTheology and Spiritualityof the ContinentalReformers 139 The Wesleyanresponse 143 e. The Moravians 146 f. The Puritans 147 g. The Mystics 150 3. 4 The AnglicanTradition 153 a. Cranmer's EucharisticTheology and Spirituality 153 b. The Bookof CommonPrayer 154 c. Developmentsafter Cranmer 157 d. The Deists, Latitudinarians,Moralists and Non-jurors 163 The Wesleyanresponseto eucharistictheology and spiritualityin the Church in En~and 169 3. 5 Closing Observations 170 End Notes 173 CHAPTERFOUR:Wesleyan EucharisticSpirituality 4. 1 DefiningWesleyan EucharisticSpirituality 177 4. 2 The Centralityof Chrisfs Presence 178 4. 3 The Primacyof Grace: Sacramentbeforeour sacrifice 182 4. 4 ChristianPerfectionas the Goal 185 a. What is ChristianPerfection? 185 b. Challengesand possibilitiesof this understandingof Christian Perfection 190 4. 5 FormingLivesthroughthe Eucharist 192 a. IntentionalandActive Formation 192 b. Communionas chief meansof gracefor growingtowards Christianperfection 193 c. Structuredand unstructuredformation 195 4. 6 SeeingLifethroughthe Eucharist 206 a. Seeingthe Self 206 b. Seeingthe Divine 209 c. Seeingother people 211 d. Seeing the world 216 e. Seeing time 223 4. 7 A Summary Picture 225 4. 8 Characteristics of Wesleyan Eucharistic Spirituality 226 End Notes 228 CHAPTER FIVE: The Future of Wesleyan Eucharistic Spirituality 5.1 Decline of Eucharistic Observance and Fervour 231 5. 2 Signs of Hope 235 5.3 Is there a desire? 241 5.4 Re-introducing Eucharistic Spirituality 242 a. The Language 242 b. The Modellformat 243 c. Communication Styles 243 d. Dealing with the question "How?" 244 5. 5 The Weak Link of Wesleyan Eucharistic Spirituality 248 5. 6 What Restoration of Wesleyan Eucharistic Spirituality would mean 251 End notes 254 CONCLUSION 255 APPENDIXES A Tabulation of Charles Wesley's Eucharistic Participation recorded in his Journals 256 B The Sermons of John Wesley as ordered in Albert Outler (ed.)'s The WorKs of John Wesley 258 C The Documents of the Wesleys 262 D Arminian Magazine (AM) 264 E Charles Wesley's Readings 266 F The Wesley's Use of the Five Senses in the Hymns on the Lord's Supper 267 G The Choice of HLS found in 14 Hymnals 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources 275 Secondary Sources 283 Other Resources 312 MEMORANDUM I declare that, apart from the general assistance of my advisors, the Revd. Dr. Timothy A. Macquiban, the late Revd. Raymond George and the Revd. Dr. Simon Chan, the work is entirely the product of my own research and has not been submitted, either whole or in part, for any other degree. -~---~-~~?::------ --- Date Signature DEDICATION Dedicated to our eschatological hope promised by the Lord Jesus Christ for • the late Revd. Christopher Hulse Smith of StAibans, England • the late Revd. Raymond George of Bristol, England • the late Professor John Deschner of Dallas, Texas, USA and • German Shepherds: Chippy, Black, Blackie, Walda, Duchess, Dogmatix, Doxologist (Doxy), Mischief • Pomeranian: Rip • Dachshunds: Ameer, Joy • German Short-Haired Pointer: Patch • Great Danes: Doggy, Waffles • Golden Retriever: Chesed (Chessy) • Guinea pigs: Guinea and Snowy His creatures in my family's care who have departed from this life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the help given to me by my advisors, the Revd. Dr. Timothy A. Macquiban, the late Revd. Raymond George (from August 1995 till June 1998) and the Revd. Dr. Simon Chan (from February 1999). Without them, this thesis would not have seen the light of day. A word of thanks is due to those who have been resource persons: my director of studies, Dr. Brian Marshall and friends who have been kind enough to advise me on sections of the emerging thesis: Prof. Ted Campbell, Prof. Richard Heitzenrater, Prof. Geoffrey Wainwright, Prof. Karen Westerfield- Tucker and the Revd. Dr. S T Kimbrough, Jr. I am grateful for assistance and help of the following staff and institutions: • The Revd. Canon David Gillett, Principal and the Librarian of Trinity College Bristol • The Revd. Dr. Neil Richardson, Principal and Ms Janet Henderson, Librarian of Wesley College Bristol • Mr. Jeffrey Spittal, Han. Librarian of the John Wesley's Chapel, Bristol • Dr. John Vickers and Mrs. Penny Fowler of the Wesley and Methodist Studies Centre, Westminster College, Oxford • Dr. Pusey's Library, Oxford • Duke Divinity School Library, North Carolina, USA • Ms Wanda Smith of the Perkins School of Theology library, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA • The Methodist Archives in Singapore • Trinity Theological College (Singapore) library Studying in a foreign land has its unique difficulties. Working on one's dissertation on a part-time basis (after two years of full-time study) while holding key pioneering responsibilities in the Church (first in Bristol then in Singapore) was challenging. I am grateful especially for the support and prayers of the following people: • from Birmingham: Ms Annie MacKinnon, the Revd. John Bedford, Dr. John and Mrs.Janice Aston (all Baptists) • from Bristol: Pastor Dave Mitchell and his Woodlands Christian Church members (an independent community church), the Revd. Keith and Mrs Fran Page (Methodist), the Revd. Ruth Bierbum, MiColin and Mrs Heather Locke(Anglicans), the Emmaus Community (different denominations) • from Oxford: Drs. Albert and Hiroko Ong, Dr. Susie Lapwood (Anglicans), the Revd. John and Mrs. Audrew Curnow, the Revd. Brian Tebbut (Methodists) from Singapore: Dr. Angelina Tan (Presbyterian), Ms Wee Lay Ching (Anglican), Mrs. Lai Kheng Poussan (Assemblies of God), the Revd. Dr. Isaac Lim, Mr. Ong Teong Hoon, Mrs Sally Chew, Ms Maria Ling, Rev Dr Daniel Koh (Methodists) • over the Internet: Anglican Mrs. Joyce Huggett (spiritual direction via internet from Cyprus), the Revd. Dennis Bolton (a Presbyterian minister from South Africa living in Canada) The choice of a thesis topic is often influenced by one's life experiences. I.t~an~ the following people who have contributed significanijy to my faith journey and sacramental splntuallty. Those who had a part in my faith journey were: • family members-Mdm Loh Chooi Beng, my late mother, Ms Loh Chooi Cheng, my aunt, Prof. Khoo Oon Teik, my conservative-evangelical uncle, Mrs. Maisie Khoo my charismatically-orientated aunt • teachers-Ms Chai Ai Chao (Singapore), Prof. Richey Hogg (USA), my theological father, the late Prof. John Deschner of Dallas, Texas (USA) • and spiritual friends-the Revd. Malcolm Tan, OSL (Methodist, Singapore), Fr. Francis Frost (Roman Catholic from Bossey/France), Ms Voon Choon Khing (Independent Church, Malaysia), Ms Wee Lay Ching (Anglican, Singapore), Mrs. Lai Kheng Poussan (Assemblies of God, Singapore). The late Revd.