THE DYNAMICS OF THE INDUSTRIAL UNITS WITHIN THE METROPOLITAN AREA

ANDREEA-LORETA CEPOIU Department of Geography, Bucharest University, Nicolae B ălcescu Av., 1, 010041, Bucharest, e-mail : [email protected]

La dynamique des unités industrielles dans l’Espace Métropolitain de Bucarest. L’article présent fait référence aux principales activités industrielles métropolitaines bucarestoises avec leurs spécialisations et dynamique, ainsi qu’au poids des unités de production dans l’ensemble des unités économiques de cet espace. Le développement de nouvelles activités industrielles et la compétitivité en croissance des unités de production ont déterminé un progrès important pour les secteurs de l’industrie orientée vers la fabrication des équipements électriques et électroniques, pièces détachées pour automobiles, confections et textiles, matériaux de constructions, meubles en bois, enveloppes ainsi que produits chimiques. De plus, la croissance de la productivité et les nouveaux emplois ont contribué à l’amélioration du climat économique et social des zones où ces activités se sont développées. Du point de vue de la répartition dans l’espace, un processus de croissance des poids détenus par les activités industrielles dans l’ensemble des activités économiques a lieu dans les villes et les communes situées autour de la capitale, ainsi qu’une réduction de ce même type d’activités dans les zones périphériques de Bucarest. En même temps, le nombre des unités industrielles situées au nord et au nord- ouest de l’Espace Métropolitain de Bucarest est en croissance, phénomène qui démontre une localisation préférentielle sur ces axes.

Mots-clés : Espace Métropolitain de Bucarest, dynamique industrielle, spécialisation industrielle

Dynamic of the economic units between the 1990 receive these impulses a series of conditions must – 2005 – premises for encouraging the be met depending on the data being transmitted: metropolitan industrial activities after 2005 supply, manufacturing, industrialization, leisure time, demographic potential etc. The economic dynamic from the last fifteen The progressive numerical analysis of the years has determined a series of changes in the economic units from the Bucharest Metropolitan structure of the economic units, both from a Area was realised between the 1990 and 2005 at the numeric point of view but also in the types of level of the 103 administrative units that make up activity. The Metropolitan Area of Bucharest is the analyzed area (90 villages and 13 cities). The among the areas that were affected by the economic biggest wave for setting up economic units took mutations that took place in the last years and its place at the end of the 1990 (table no. 1). Their analysis has an important role due to the place it growth rate varied from one year to another for each holds in the national hierarchy. The metropolis of the two areas – urban and rural. In the urban Bucharest main converging centre for the mass, Ilfov area the growth rate of the developed energy, information and investments fluxes, acts economic units has had significant values. Between like an impulse emitter for the territory around it, 1992 and 2002 it varied from 89.39% (1999-2000), namely the Bucharest metropolitan area. In order to 54.28% (2000-2001) and 67.98% (2001-2002).

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Table 1 Number of economic units in the administrative territorial units from the Bucharest metropolitan area between 2000 and 2005

Administrative Economic units territorial units Flore ti-Stoene ti 9 9 2000 2005 Giseni 11 15 25 571 Ghimpa i 17 24 14 299 4 5 40 627 Gr dinari 5 17 Pope ti-Leordeni 24 499 11 18 84 1409 26 37 17 262 Iepure ti 6 9 Mgurele 10 172 Joi a 24 41 Pantelimon 18 407 Letca Noua 4 6 11 143 Mihai Bravu 11 19 Afuma i 19 339 14 30 Balote ti 10 169 Schitu 3 3 Berceni 4 33 Singureni 8 11 Br ne ti 8 136 Stoene ti 11 18 2 34 Ulmi 6 10 10 190 13 20 7 46 Vân torii Mici 9 12 Ciorogârla 1 56 Vr ti 11 16 3 74 Bude ti 41 77 3 58 42 86 5 91 6 11 Dr ti-Ilfov 2 38 Cscioarele 6 11 Dasc lu 2 26 Frumu ani 6 19 Dobroe ti 4 156 Fundeni 12 16 Domne ti 4 90 Nana 5 12 Dragomire ti-Vale 2 38 Pl tre ti 8 11 Gneasa 1 20 18 30 Glina 3 72 Sohatu 2 8 Gr di tea 0 16 oldanu 7 15 1 32 Tmdau Mare 9 11 20 234 Vasila i 4 13 Moara Vl siei 1 54 Fierbin i-Târg 25 37 Mogo oaia 9 183 Brazii 2 4 0 10 Dr goe ti 1 3 Peri 1 76 Dridu 17 33 Petr chioaia 2 23 Movili a 1 15

The Dynamics of the Industrial Units Within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area 15

Snagov 4 79 Sine ti 10 11 tef ne tii de Jos 5 72 Balta Doamnei 9 17 2 86 Gorgota 38 57 Vidra 7 81 Poienarii Burchii 20 32 Bolintin-Vale 121 190 Bilciure ti 5 12 Mih ile ti 42 107 Brezoaele 1 7 Aduna ii-Cop ceni 29 48 Butimanu 4 6 Bolintin-Deal 28 50 Cioc ne ti 4 5 Buc ani 7 11 Cojasca 4 5 2 3 Crevedia 12 24 Buturugeni 12 19 Nicule ti 7 10 Clug reni 16 22 Poiana 6 12 8 11 Rcari 19 33 Coliba i 6 11 Slobozia Moar 7 9 Comana 17 29 Trt eti 11 18 10 13 TOTAL 1255 8505 Source: The Romanian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

At the level of the villages from Ilfov the appears in the case of the villages from Ialomi a numeric increase between 1999 and 200 was of County respectively an average of 25% for the years almost 80% with values close to 40% in the next 1999-2004. timeframe (2000-2001) and of 70.86% in 2001 – The presence of economic units in three villages 2002. In County the cities Bolintin-Vale from that constitute the and Mih ile ti knew important growth rates in the delimitation of the Bucharest Metropolitan Area interval 2000 – 2001 (63.19%), with lower values in (Balta Doamnei, Gorgota and Poienarii Burchii) is the following timeframe 11,74% (2001-2002), scarce, situation similar to all localities from 29,44 % (2002-2003), 8,04% (2003-2004). The Dâmbovi a County. highest growth rate of the number of economic units In 2005 within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area in the rural areas of was registered the most important number of economic units in 2000 – 2001: 51.72%. concentrated in the settlements from In the same period of 2000-2001, the cities because of its proximity to the Bucharest metropolis Bude ti and Fundulea registered a growth rate of the offered multiple and various conditions for a large economic units of 87.5% followed by negative number of economic units locating here. These values between 2001 and 2002 and values close to counted 4 246 economic units in the urban area and 50% in 2002 – 2003. 2 755 units in the 31 villages from Ilfov. In the villages from C lra i County the growth At an urban level only Voluntari holds more rate had high values, which oscillated around 30% then 1 000 economic units (1 409 economic units). in the period 1999 – 2003. A similar situation In general, one can observe that important economic

16 Andreea-Loreta CEPOIU percentages hold the newly appointed cities: but ones two places in the chart of the 103 Pope ti-Leordeni (499 economic units), Pantelimon administrative territorial units). (407 economic units), Chitila (299 economic units) If in the case of the urban centres of C lra i or Bragadiru (262 economic units). The important County, Fundulea and Bude ti the number of local economic functions have constituted one of economic units reaches values over 80 (Fundulea - the initial premise on which the change of their 86 economic units and Bude ti - 77 economic organization form was based. units), in the rural area only Fundeni, oldanu, Out of the 64.88% of all economic units Vasila i and Nana have more than 10 economic present in the rural area the main administrative units (Fundeni - 16 economic units, Nana - 12 territorial units with most then 150 economic units economic units). are: Afuma i (339 economic units), Jilava (234 In Dâmbovi a County only R cari (33 economic economic units), Chiajna (190 economic units), units) and Crevedia (24 economic units) stand out Mogo oaia (183 economic units), Balote ti (169 with a more important presence of the economic economic units) and Dobroe ti (156 economic units, phenomena that can also be explained: the units). first case represents an urban centre and the second In the administrative territorial units from the one due to its proximity to an attraction pole namely Giurgiu County the cities Bolintin-Vale and the city of Buftea (Ilfov County). Mih ile ti are on the 14 th and 21 st position in the The administrative territorial units from chart of the 103 administrative territorial units Ialomi a County` forming Bucharest` Metropolitan having 190 and respectively 107 economic units. In Area have on their territory a small number of the rural area the following villages stand out: economic units. Thus, the city Fierbin i-Târg has Bolintin-Deal (50 economic units), Aduna ii- only 37 economic units, similar value as other Cop ceni (48 economic units), Hotarele (37 villages from other counties: for example Hotarele economic units) and Ogrezeni (30 economic units). (Giurgiu County). In the case of the 5 villages that Values between 30 and 50 economic units are due make out the structure of the Bucharest to their vicinity to cities: Bolintin-Deal and metropolitan Area the same phenomena can be Ogrezeni close to Bolintin-Vale, Aduna ii-Cop ceni observed: Dridu (33 economic units) is included in close to Mih ile ti, Hotarele close to Bude ti (from the area of influence of two cities: Fierbin i – Târg Clra i County). and Urziceni. Other two villages have higher values In the other villages from Giurgiu County this then 10 economic units: Movili a (15 economic number has values between 3 and 20 economic units) and Sine ti (11 economic units); the other units, lower in Comana (29 economic units), Valea villages have on average 3 or 4 economic units. Dragului (20 economic units), Buturugeni and By analyzing the average number of the Mihai Bravu (19 economic units each), Greaca and economic units from each County the following Stoene ti (economic units each), reaching also 3 results were obtained (table 2): economic units in Bulbucata and Schitu (the lasts

The Dynamics of the Industrial Units Within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area 17

Table 2 The average number of the economic units for each County

Ratio economic units / administrative territorial unit Counties Cities Villages Ilfov 530,75 88,77 Giurgiu 148,5 18,52 Clra i 81,5 14,27 Ialomi a 37 13,2 Prahova - 35,33 Dâmbovi a - 12,82

The percentage of industrial units from the contribute with 15.36% of industrial units and the number of economic units in 2005 ones from Dâmbovi a with 10.59%. At a more detailed analysis one can observe The industrial units from the Bucharest some administrative territorial units that register Metropolitan Area represent more than 1 500 units high percentage of industrial units. Thus, Nuci out of a total of 9 000 economic units that activate (Ilfov County) and Sohatu (C lra i County) had in in this area. The overall average of the percentage 2005 a percentage of industrial units equal to 50%. of the industrial units from the total number of Out of the total number of administrative territorial economic units is 15.51% with slight differences in units with percentages higher than 25% more than the two areas and in each County. In Ilfov County half pertain to Ilfov County (table 3). the percentage in the urban areas is of 17.90% and The industrial units located in the Ilfov County` in the rural one is of 22.00%. Within the entire administrative territorial units have different analyzed area the values fluctuated between 10%- branches of activity: office and shops furniture 15%-20% industrial units but didn’t exceed ¼ out (Nuci, Dobroe ti, Vidra, Domne ti); plastic based of the total number of economic units from products (Gruiu, G neasa); paper and cardboard Bucharest Metropolitan Area. In Giurgiu County production (Gruiu, Domne ti); agriculture and the average percentage was of 19.02% industrial forestry machines and tools (Gruiu); car industry units in the urban area with lower values in the (Gruiu); distilled alcoholic beverages industry villages (15.05%). In the eastern part of the (Cernica, Petr chioaia); miller’s trade products Bucharest Metropolitan Area the industrial activity (Petr chioaia); footwear (Dobroe ti); artificial and within the overall economy has values lower than synthetic threads and fibres (Dobroe ti); clothing 15%: in C lra i County 14.39% industrial units in (Dobroe ti); dyes, varnishes and printing ink the urban area and 14.68% industrial units in the (Vidra); fruits and vegetables preserving (Vidra); rural area and in Ialomi a County up to 7.27% oils and refined fats (G neasa); meat products industrial units in the rural area (in Fierbin i-Târg – (G neasa). the only city from Ialomi a County that is situated Beside the fact that they present various within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area – the branches these industrial units have a large number industrial units represent 18.92%). The 3 of employees and most of them have foreign administrative territorial units from Prahova County

18 Andreea-Loreta CEPOIU financial capital: for example INTERELEKTRONIC MGA PRODUCT SRL (Domne ti) specialized in SRL (Gruiu) specialized in electronics, producing plaster based products for constructions GEROVITAL COSMETICS SRL (Cernica), EURO etc.

Table 3 Administrative territorial units with more than 50% industrial units from the total economic units

Administrative Counties Share of industrial units (%) territorial units Ilfov Nuci 50 Clra și Sohatu 50 Ilfov Gruiu 46,88 Giurgiu Gr dinari 41,18 Ilfov Cernica 38,24 Giurgiu Comana 34,48 Giurgiu Bulbucata 33,33 Giurgiu Schitu 33,33 Clra și Frumuani 31,58 Ilfov Corbeanca 31,03 Ilfov Petr chioaia 30,43 Dâmbovi șa Brezoaele 28,57 Ilfov Dobroe ti 27,56 Giurgiu Mihai Bravu 26,32 Ilfov Vidra 25,93 Ilfov Domne ti 25,56 Ilfov Gneasa 25

In C lra i County the industrial units from and Comana), oils and raw fats, cocoa and Sohatu present the following activity domains: chocolate products (Comana), gravel and sands bakery and distilled alcoholic beverages, producing extraction (Comana). oils and raw fats, glass made fibres and plastic The reality is that although these administrative products, and in Frumu ani – meat products and territorial units are among the first 20 as concerning footwear. the number of industrial units out of the total In Giurgiu County as well as Dâmbovi a the economic units in some cases the situation can be range of industrial domains is more limited as the questionable when the industrial units – economic general activity domains are miller’s trade and units ration is lower than 1/10: distilled alcoholic beverages production: Gr dinari, - For example in the cases of Bulbucata and Comana, Bulbucata, Schitu and Mihai Bravu. Apart Schitu: for these within the administrative territorial units Industrial units 1 = from Giurgiu there are also other industrial braches: Economic units 3 Or paper and cardboards products, furniture (Gr dinari - The case of Brezoaele:

The Dynamics of the Industrial Units Within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area 19

Industrial units 2 = . Metropolitan Area respectively: 1992-1995, 1996- Economic units 7 2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2005 and 2006-2007 (fig. In these cases we can’t firmly sustain that in the 1). This analysis shows a high number of named administrative territorial units the industrial registrations having place in the south and west of function is prevailing. the Bucharest Metropolitan Area in 1992 – 1995 unlike the north and central part of this area where a Dynamic of the industrial units between 2005 constant dynamic took place after 2000 as well. and 2007 This means that a series of industrial units that registered immediately after 1990 in the north and Unlike the dynamic of the economic units from central part of the Bucharest Metropolitan Area the Bucharest Metropolitan Area in the transition were replaced with bigger more important at period, the industrial units haven’t had such an regional and even national level production units ample evolution due to the constant affirmation of while the south and west of the metropolitan areas the service sector. Until 1990 commercial planning remained in economic isolation. The phenomena of was responsible for the scarce equipment available differentiated investments depending on area is also at that time which was non-competitive and present in the territorial distribution for the years unevenly distributed within the territory, situation 2005 and 2007 (fig. 2). similar to all the Eastern European countries. The The numerical distribution of the industrial tertiary sector included public owned markets with units in each administrative territorial unit for 2005 a low ratio commerce and service per inhabitant. and 2007 is presented in table number 4. The quality of the available products was according Calculating the industrial units’ growth rate in the to the population purchasing power constituting last two years we identified growths of more then unique product intended for the entire population. 50% in the case of 15 administrative territorial units But, after 1990 as a result of the growing none of them being a spectacular one. As a general industrial restructuring process from the capital city, overview one can observe a growth from 0 to 1 or most industrial units that didn’t follow the from 1 to 2 industrial units which doesn’t reflect an delocalization pattern towards the area adjacent to image truly relevant of the recorded values (fig. 3). the city and were closed down as they were 15 administrative territorial units have growth considered to be unfeasible. On the other hand the rates values between 0 and 50%. They are situated new requirements imposed by the metropolis in the close vicinity of the capital city and in most planning facilitated the development of another type cases they are urban centres or register an increase of activities, those related to services as opposed to of the number of industrial units starting with a industrial ones. minimum of 5 industrial units (for example Jilava Before one can make an analysis of the 7,27%, Pantelimon 10,98%, Dobroe ști 16,28% or industrial units dynamic between 2005 and 2007, Crevedia 20%). there were individualized 5 important periods in registering the industrial units from the Bucharest

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Fig. 1 Dynamics of the registration within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area (1992-2007)

Fig. 2 Number of industrial units in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area (2005 and 2007)

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Table 4 The distribution of the industrial units from the administrative territorial units from the Bucharest Metropolitan Area (2005 and 2007)

Industrial units Administrative territorial units Glina 13 10

2005 2007 Gorgota 14 12 1 Decembrie 27 33 Gostinari 0 0 Aduna ii-Cop ceni 9 13 Gr dinari 7 4 Afuma i 52 46 Gr di tea 2 1 Balote ti 30 22 Greaca 2 2 Balta Doamnei 1 1 Gruiu 15 9 Bilciure ti 1 0 Hotarele 0 4 Belciugatele 1 0 Iepure ti 2 1 Berceni 7 7 Jilava 55 59 Bolintin-Deal 11 9 Joi a 8 9 Bolintin-Vale 35 26 Letca Nou 0 0 Bragadiru 62 57 Mgurele 33 35 Brazii 0 0 Mihai Bravu 5 2 Br ne ti 28 27 Mih ile ti 21 23 Brezoaele 2 2 Moara Vl siei 7 5 Buc ani 1 1 Mogo oaia 33 29 Bude ti 15 7 Movili a 0 1 Buftea 107 63 Nana 0 1 Bulbucata 1 1 Nicule ti 1 0 Butimanu 0 0 Nuci 5 2 Buturugeni 0 2 Ogrezeni 1 1 Clug reni 5 5 Otopeni 89 86 Cscioarele 0 0 Pantelimon 82 91 Cernica 13 12 Peri 9 10 Chiajna 46 51 Petr chioaia 7 4 Chitila 44 40 Pl tre ti 0 1 Cioc ne ti 0 1 Poiana 1 1 Ciolpani 11 6 Poienarii Burchii 5 3 Ciorogârla 7 10 Pope ti-Leordeni 101 100 Clejani 2 2 Radovanu 1 1 Clinceni 16 16 Rcari 6 9 Cojasca 0 1 Schitu 1 3 Coliba i 0 0 Sine ti 2 0 Comana 10 8 Singureni 0 2 Corbeanca 18 11 Slobozia Moar 0 0 Cornetu 14 12 16 16

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Crevedia 5 6 Sohatu 4 1 Crevedia Mare 1 2 Stoene ti 4 0 Dasc lu 2 2 oldanu 3 3 Dr ti-Ilfov 2 2 tef ne tii de Jos 13 8 Dobroe ti 43 50 Tmdu Mare 2 1 Domne ti 23 21 Trt eti 4 10 Dragomire ti-Vale 7 9 Tunari 20 20 Dr goe ti 0 0 Ulmi 0 0 Dridu 6 3 Valea Dragului 0 0 Fierbin i-Târg 7 7 Vasila i 3 6 Flore ti-Stoene ti 1 2 Vân torii Mici 1 1 Frumu ani 6 3 Vr ti 0 2 Fundeni 1 1 Vidra 21 14 Fundulea 8 9 Voluntari 174 134 Giseni 1 1 TOTAL 1490 1355 Gneasa 5 4 Ghimpa i 3 4 Source: The Romanian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

On the other hand a number of 31 at the border of Ialomi a County with Ilfov County administrative territorial units don’t register any and a few villages from Giurgiu and Ialomi a change concerning the number of the industrial Counties. production units and are in general villages situated

500,00

400,00

300,00 tere ș 200,00

100,00 de cre

Rat 0,00

-100,00

-200,00

Fig. 3 The growth rate of industrial units between 2005 and 2007 in each administrative territorial units form the Bucharest metropolis

Decreases rates between 0% and 50% in the 0% registered at the level rim of cities and villages number of industrial units registered in a number of around the city; this first area for sustaining the 34 administrative territorial units. Values close to capital city is where the tertiary sector takes

The Dynamics of the Industrial Units Within the Bucharest Metropolitan Area 23 considerable proportions competing with the maintaining too long a state property or excessive industrial activities: (Pope ti-Leordeni (-0,99%), trade unionism. In many cases in other to avoid the Otopeni (-3,37%), Br ne ti (-3,57%), Cernica (- local social problems getting worse, a series of 7,69%), Bragadiru (-8,06%), Domne ti (-8,70%), compromises are made: compensating the losses Voluntari (-9,06%) or Chitila (-9,09%). These are with a series of budget state subventions, tolerating highly urbanized spaces, attractive ones, but that are some debts of these units to the state budget and starting to be influenced in the development of their social insurance, to state banks etc. economic existence by the newly received town status that naturally translates in a positive Conclusions services/industry ratio. Drops close to 50% are The economic mutations that occurred in the present in Poienarii-Burchii and Gruiu (-40%) or last years have made radical changes in the Tmdu-Mare, Iepure ti sor Gr di tea (-50%), industrial organization: methods of setting up the villages still looking for their identity. industrial units, public authorities’ intervention 5 administrative territorial units register policies and production methods, with direct significant decreases that go up to 100%: influences on its dynamic at the level of the Bilciure ti, Belciugatele, Nicule ti, Sine ti and Bucharest Metropolitan Area. Sohatu. Going from the stature of a large enterprise to a There cannot be numerous pressure factors medium sized economic unit implies new locating acting upon the metropolitan industrial activity that conditions, namely modern and adapted locations can jeopardize their remaining on the economic situated at the crossroads of communication axis market: the external competition, inflation, lack of and where the administrative borders play an responsibility of that managerial act due to important role in locating the industrial activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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