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Dome Collapse Driven Block-And-Ash Flows on Shiveluch, and Pyroclastic Flows on Mount St

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Dome Collapse Driven Block-And-Ash Flows on Shiveluch, and Pyroclastic Flows on Mount St DOME COLLAPSE DRIVEN BLOCK-AND-ASH FLOWS ON SHIVELUCH, AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS ON MOUNT ST. HELENS: DEPOSIT MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING MULTIPARAMETER REMOTE SENSING- AND FIELD-BASED METHODS by Janine Barbara Krippner Bachelor of Science, University of Waikato, 2007 Master of Science, University of Waikato, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2017 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Janine Barbara Krippner It was defended on July 7, 2017 and approved by John S. Pallister, Chief Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory (External Examiner) Daniel Bain, Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh William Harbert, Professor, University of Pittsburgh Nadine McQuarrie, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Michael S. Ramsey, Professor, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Janine Krippner 2017 iii DOME COLLAPSE DRIVEN BLOCK-AND-ASH FLOWS ON SHIVELUCH, AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS ON MOUNT ST. HELENS: DEPOSIT MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING MULTIPARAMETER REMOTE SENSING- AND FIELD-BASED METHODS Janine B. Krippner, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Pyroclastic density currents are volcanic granular flows that include dome collapse-derived block-and-ash flows, and column collapse-derived pyroclastic flows. Volcanic dome-building cycles can last for years and can produce numerous collapse events that deposit block-and-ash flows up to 19 km from the dome. These impact surrounding communities and too-often result in fatalities, and populations have to be evacuated. Shiveluch in Kamchatka, Russia, is one of the world’s most active dome-building volcanoes and has produced some of the largest historical block-and-ash flows, globally. The current eruption phase of Shiveluch volcano has been ongoing since 2001 in a cycle of dome growth and collapse. Understanding these prolonged dome growth episodes and characterizing the extreme end-members in deposit size and runout range is important for investigating these hazards at Shiveluch and other similar volcanoes. This multi-spatial scale investigation links dome activity to the block-and-ash flow deposits using satellite- and field-based data. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared (TIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and visible-near infrared (VNIR) data are used to quantify the distribution of dome collapse events and resulting deposits through time. Small-scale deposit features are identified with field and high spatial resolution (~0.5 m) WorldView-02 and iv QuickBird-02 panchromatic data. These block-and-ash flow deposits are compared to the well- studied Mount St. Helens 1980 column collapse pyroclastic flow deposits using historic aerial photography and airborne LiDAR data. Although these deposits are composed of different material that result from the different eruption styles, they contain similarities that reflect similar depositional processes, and differences that reflect the initiation mechanisms. These remotely- identified characteristics can help with rapid identification of the eruption style and can provide a safe and rapid assessment of eruptive products at dangerous and/or remote volcanoes around the world. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................. XXI 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LAVA DOME COLLAPSE EVENTS AND PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS AT SHIVELUCH VOLCANO, KAMCHATKA, USING ORBITAL VISIBLE AND INFRARED DATA ......................................................................... 4 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Summary of the recent eruption history of Shiveluch ................................. 9 2.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 13 2.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 19 May 2001 ................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 10 May 2004 ................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 27-28 February 2005 ...................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 18-19 December 2007 ..................................................................................... 25 2.3.5 25-26 June 2009 .............................................................................................. 25 2.3.6 27 October 2010 ............................................................................................. 26 2.3.7 26 July 2013 .................................................................................................... 27 2.3.8 03 December 2013 .......................................................................................... 28 2.4 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 29 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 38 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. 39 vi 3.0 THE 2005 AND 2010 BLOCK-AND-ASH FLOW DEPOSITS ON SHIVELUCH VOLCANO, KAMCHATKA ..................................................................................................... 40 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 40 3.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 43 3.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Shiveluch 2005 BAF deposit ......................................................................... 46 3.3.1.1 Vegetation damage .............................................................................. 54 3.3.1.2 Deposit remobilization ........................................................................ 58 3.3.1.3 Degassing Structures........................................................................... 58 3.3.1.4 Erosion and redeposition .................................................................... 59 3.3.1.5 Stratigraphic exposures ...................................................................... 61 3.3.2 Shiveluch 2010 BAF Deposit ......................................................................... 64 3.3.2.1 2010 channelized deposit .................................................................... 67 3.3.2.2 Ridges and scarps ................................................................................ 70 3.3.2.3 Erosion ................................................................................................. 72 3.3.2.4 Degassing structures ........................................................................... 72 3.3.2.5 Surface block content.......................................................................... 72 3.4 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 73 3.4.1 Application to LAHARZ model ................................................................... 82 3.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 85 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. 86 4.0 A COMPARISON OF COLUMN COLLAPSE-DERIVED PYROCLASTIC FLOW DEPOSITS ON MOUNT ST. HELENS VOLCANO, USA, AND DOME- vii COLLAPSE-DERIVED BLOCK-AND-ASH FLOWS ON SHIVELUCH VOLCANO, KAMCHATKA ........................................................................................................................... 87 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 87 4.1.1 The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens ....................................................... 90 4.1.2 Shiveluch 2005, 2010, and 2013 eruptions ................................................... 92 4.2 METHODS ......................................................................................................... 93 4.3 RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 96 4.3.1 Componentry and composition .................................................................... 99 4.3.2 Aerial Deposit Distributions ....................................................................... 102 4.3.3 Sheet-like deposits........................................................................................ 102 4.3.4 Composite lobate deposits ........................................................................... 104 4.3.5 Lobate morphologies ................................................................................... 106 4.3.6 Primary and secondary levees and channels ............................................. 110 4.3.7 Shallow deposit remobilization..................................................................
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