Tributaries of the External Carotid Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus Scrofa

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Table 4.1: Tributaries of the External Carotid Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa Artery Origin Course Distribution Distributes to superficial face Bifurcation of below the maxilla by giving rise Occiptial and to a truncated facial artery. Also External Carotid Short course between occiput and pterygoid process. Common Carotid yields lingual and pharyngeal Arteries vessels to supply the deeper tissues of the cranium. The occipital shares a common origin with the AP and condylar vessels, departing this short trunk as several distributing arteries. Immediate to the origin of the vessel, a mastoid branch courses Mastoid and occipital regions. External Carotid superolaterally along the jugular process and compressed mastoid Occipital Ramifies deep, posterior aspect Artery bone. the remainder of the artery branches heavily throughout the of auricle. tissues of the nuchal and occipital regions. Note: the condylar artery departs the common trunk anteriorly, with the AP, not directly from the OCC. From a common origin as in the occipital artery. Contrary to Ru and Cu, the condylar artery is a subsidiary of the AP. Enters the condylar foramen (which is confluent with the jugular foramen). Bifurcates External Carotid Condylar shortly after entering cranium: superior branch follows condyloid Caudal meninges. Artery canal (caudal meningeal branch); inferior branch recurves toward the atlas, anastomosing with vertebral arteries after exiting the skull via the foramen magnum. Begins as very large offshoot of the CCA/ECA, from a 1CM trunk that also gives rise to the occipital, condylar, and caudal auricular vessels. Trunk originates posterior to the jugular process. The AP Provides branches to the Ascending follows a long, non-convoluted course rostrally and superiorly to the superior oropharynx and ECA Pharyngeal medial division anterior lacerate foramen, where it enters the posterior nasopharynx. May endocranium and gives rise to the carotid rete. Before entering the also ramify soft palate. braincase, numerous small pharyngeal vessels are contributed to the lateral wall of the oro- and nasopharynx. Artery Origin Course Distribution Highly branching throughout its abbreviated course. Sends Originates from the lateral aspect of the ECA, distal to the LA. numerous rami to the following Courses laterally to angle of the mandible, before sharply curving structures: lateral pharyngeal around its inferior border to reach the superficial face. From the wall, mandibular gland, paritd Facial ECA border of the mandible, the FA follows the ventral border of the gland, sublingual gland, masseter. By the time it reaches the anterior border of the muscle, the mylohyoid muscle, ventral FA is greatly reduced in size and anastomoses with tributaries from portion of the masseter muscle, the buccal artery. and facial parenchyma at the mandibular angle and below the mandibular cheek teeth. Lingual ECA Course is as expected for mammals. Tongue, lingual glands. Sublingual Lingual As expected for mammals. Sublingual glands. Deep Lingual Lingual Anterior continuation of lingual; branches extensively in tongue. Parenchyma of tongue..

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Table 4.2: Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa Artery Origin Course Distribution Departs superficial aspect of MA immediately distal to the caudal auricular. Course is typical, with a conserved branching pattern for major distributing tributaries: the Facial and masseteric regions via Superficial masseteric and transverse facial arteries originate low in the the masseteric and transverse facial MA Temporal Artery course of the STA. The remainder of the vessel is straight and arteries; temporalis muscle; largely unbranching-- most of the smaller rami are anterior auricle. concentrated in the proximal portion of the vessel. The STA terminates in the anterior wall of the auricle. Originates from the lateral surface of the proximal STA posterior to the condylar process. Hooks around mandibular Transverse Facial Parotid gland, caudal border of the STA ramus and parotid gland to distribute across the masseter Artery masseter muscle. muscle. Relative to the TFA of Camelids, the suid TFA has a truncated distribution. From ventral surface of MA, numerous pterygoid branches Pterygoid Branches MA Pterygoideus muscles. supply medial and lateral pterygoideus muscles. Caudal Deep MA Arises from superior surface of MA; gives off masseteric a. Deep surface of temporalis muscle. Temporal Artery Short course deep to zygomatic arch. Contacts the deep Caudal Deep Deep surface of the masseteric Masseteric Artery surface of the masseter between the coronoid and condylar Temporal Artery muscle. processes of the mandible. Artery Origin Course Distribution Compensates for distribution of facial artery. It should be noted that One of the larger tributaries of the MA. Originates in the this vessel does not terminate as sphenopalatine fossa as almost a terminal bifurcation of the mandibular and maxillary labial MA; lateral branch continuing as buccal and medial branch arteries.
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