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Legal Perspectives on Native Customary Land Rights in Sarawak Contents SHM.NCLR/2/08 LEGAL PERSPECTIVES ON NATIVE CUSTOMARY LAND RIGHTS IN SARAWAK Dr Ramy Bulan with Amy Locklear SUHAKAM HAK ASASI UNTUK SEMUA LEVEL 29, MENARA TUN RAZAK, JALAN RAJA LAUT 50350 KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA 603-2612 5600 (T) 603-2612 5620 (F) [email protected] Cetakan Pertama / First Printing, 2008 Hak Cipta Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia (SUHAKAM), 2008 Copyright Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) 2008 Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by SURUHANJAYA HAK ASASI MANUSIA / HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.suhakam.org.my Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by ALKAUTHAR PRESS SDN. BHD. No. 54, Jalan PBS 14/10, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data-Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-in Publication-Data Hak cipta laporan ini adalah milik SUHAKAM. Walau bagaimanapun, hak cipta kepada penulisan, artikel dan material adalah milik penulis. SUHAKAM menyangkal sebarang tanggungjawab, waranti dan liabiliti sama ada secara nyata atau tidak ke atas sebarang salinan penerbitan. Pengguna-pengguna adalah dinasihatkan untuk merujuk kepada penulis atau mana-mana sumbernya untuk memastikan ketetapan dan keterkinian maklumat yang terkandung di dalam artikel-artikel tersebut sebelum menerima pakai atau bertindak berdasarkan maklumat tersebut. Pandangan serta cadangan pembentang dan peserta semasa dialog dimana laporan diterbit di dalam penerbitan ini adalah kepunyaan mereka masing-masing dan adalah tidak semestinya mewakili dan merupakan pandangan serta cadangan SUHAKAM. Penerbitan pandangan serta cadangan pembentang dan peserta adalah sebagai sumbangan terhadap maklumat dan perbincangan umum semata-mata dan tidak boleh diambil kira sebagai pengesahan atau sokongan SUHAKAM ke atas pandangan dan cadangan tersebut. The copyright of this report belongs to SUHAKAM. However, the copyright of authorship, articles and materials remains with the author. SUHAKAM assumes no responsibility, warranty and liability expressed or implied by any other reproduction of this publication. The contents of these articles should not be published without reference to the writer. Users of the articles printed here are advised to reconcile the accuracy and currency of the information provided by the writer or source before acting upon or in consideration of the information. The views and recommendations expressed by the speakers and participants at the dialogue which report is published in this publication are entirely the respective speakers’ or participants’ own and do not necessarily represent the views and recommendations of SUHAKAM. The publication of the views and recommendations of the speakers and participants is intended to contribute to public information and discussion and is not in any way to be taken to constitute endorsement or support by SUHAKAM of those views and recommendations. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Legal perspective on native customary land rights in Sarawak. Bibliography: p. ISBN 978-983-2523-52-9 1. Indigenous people--Land tenure--Sarawak. 2. Land tenure-- Law and legislation--Sarawak. I. Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia. 346.595220432 ii FOREWORD Cetakan Pertama / First Printing, 2008 Hak Cipta Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia (SUHAKAM), 2008 Since its establishment of its sub-office in Sarawak in 2000, the Human Rights Copyright Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) 2008 Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) has received various complaints and Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by SURUHANJAYA HAK ASASI MANUSIA / memorandums from the communities in Sarawak alleging various forms of HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA E-mail: [email protected] human rights violations. Out of the total of 287 complaints received, 158 URL: http://www.suhakam.org.my complaints relate to Native Customary Land Rights (NCLR). Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by ALKAUTHAR PRESS SDN. BHD. No. 54, Jalan PBS 14/10, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang, SUHAKAM conducted investigations into specific cases, carried out field 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor studies, held dialogues with the relevant communities, roundtable discussions with the State Government and the relevant agencies as well as the private Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data-Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-in Publication-Data enterprises indicated in these complaints. Special Reports such as the reports on Hak Masyarakat Asli Sarawak (which looked into the resulting issues of the Hak cipta laporan ini adalah milik SUHAKAM. Walau bagaimanapun, hak cipta kepada penulisan, artikel dan Bakun Dam); The Penan Benalih Blockade Issue; and Penan in Ulu Belaga: material adalah milik penulis. SUHAKAM menyangkal sebarang tanggungjawab, waranti dan liabiliti sama ada secara nyata atau tidak ke atas sebarang salinan penerbitan. Pengguna-pengguna adalah dinasihatkan untuk Right to Land and Socio-Economic Development, were published and merujuk kepada penulis atau mana-mana sumbernya untuk memastikan ketetapan dan keterkinian maklumat yang terkandung di dalam artikel-artikel tersebut sebelum menerima pakai atau bertindak berdasarkan maklumat submitted to the relevant parties. NCLR has been highlighted in each of tersebut. Pandangan serta cadangan pembentang dan peserta semasa dialog dimana laporan diterbit di dalam SUHAKAM’s Annual Reports. penerbitan ini adalah kepunyaan mereka masing-masing dan adalah tidak semestinya mewakili dan merupakan pandangan serta cadangan SUHAKAM. Penerbitan pandangan serta cadangan pembentang dan peserta adalah sebagai sumbangan terhadap maklumat dan perbincangan umum semata-mata dan tidak boleh diambil kira sebagai pengesahan atau sokongan SUHAKAM ke atas pandangan dan cadangan tersebut. SUHAKAM has identified core issues in these complaints. They include a perception gap of the native communities’ perception of Customary Land The copyright of this report belongs to SUHAKAM. However, the copyright of authorship, articles and materials remains with the author. SUHAKAM assumes no responsibility, warranty and liability expressed or implied by any legislations (such as the concepts of pemakai menoa and pulau galauamongst other reproduction of this publication. The contents of these articles should not be published without reference to the writer. Users of the articles printed here are advised to reconcile the accuracy and currency of the information the Iban and molong and Tana’ mengurip amongst the Penan) against what is provided by the writer or source before acting upon or in consideration of the information. The views and defined in the Sarawak Land Code 1958 and the other supportive ordinances recommendations expressed by the speakers and participants at the dialogue which report is published in this publication are entirely the respective speakers’ or participants’ own and do not necessarily represent the views like the National Park and Forest Ordinances. The lack of legal documentation and recommendations of SUHAKAM. The publication of the views and recommendations of the speakers and participants is intended to contribute to public information and discussion and is not in any way to be taken to of NCLR adds further problems, for example compensation of extinguished constitute endorsement or support by SUHAKAM of those views and recommendations. NCLR, boundary conflicts between licensee holders and the native communities. Recent amendments within the Land Code add further burden to Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data the native communities in establishing their NCLR. Legal perspective on native customary land rights in Sarawak. Bibliography: p. SUHAKAM Act 1999 stipulates that human rights issues must be addressed ISBN 978-983-2523-52-9 within the scope of existing relevant laws. In view of this, the Commission 1. Indigenous people--Land tenure--Sarawak. 2. Land tenure-- Law and legislation--Sarawak. I. Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia engaged Prof. Dr. Ramy Bulan, the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law in Malaysia. University Malaya, with expertise in the issues of NCR to land in Sarawak to 346.595220432 iii look into the legal issues relating to the promotion and protection of the right of the natives of Sarawak to land based on their customs and traditions. The researcher has looked extensively into the customs and traditions that govern the establishment and inheritance of land both at personal, family, communal and inter-communal levels. Local legal instruments like the Federal Constitution and more specifically the Sarawak Land Code 1958 were researched into. International Common Law applications in judicial decisions governing Indigenous community’s right to land were also looked at. These provided the basis of human rights based recommendations made at the end of the report. SUHAKAM after deliberating on the report through its Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Working Group (ECOSOC) and subsequently the full Commission, has endorsed the contents of the report. In light of the above and based on the findings of the report, SUHAKAM makes the following recommendations: (i) The Sarawak State Government should take the relevant steps to review the current Sarawak Land Code 1958 to ensure that it serves to promote and continually protect the rights of the indigenous groups to their customary land; (ii) Such review should include the following:
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