Kerawanan Pangan Dan Persoalan Yang Melingkupi: Kasus Kabupaten Dompu, Nusa Tenggara Barat 1

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Kerawanan Pangan Dan Persoalan Yang Melingkupi: Kasus Kabupaten Dompu, Nusa Tenggara Barat 1 BAHASAN UTAMA KERAWANAN PANGAN DAN PERSOALAN YANG MELINGKUPI: KASUS KABUPATEN DOMPU, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT 1 Yusup Napiri Maguantara 2 Abstract The study we carried out started from the need for improving the people's food system in Dompu Regency. The discourse has long been thrown by NGOs, go- vernment, peasant groups, and even starvation has long become news in Dom- pu. The passage is going to reveal that the relation between the physical nature condition and the social structure surrounding a community should be paid attention in order to comprehend the potency of food criticality, as the over- coming reference at once. The data and information used in this passage were taken from the research carried out by the studying team of Food Storage of Dompu regency from April—August 2005. Pendahuluan pangan di Kabupaten Dompu—mulai dari rendahnya harga pada saat pa- Latar dan Tujuan nen hingga kesulitan mengolah tanah pada musim kemarau dan tidak mera- Sederet persoalan yang dihadapi pe- tanya penguasaan tanah pertanian. tani produsen pangan muncul dalam Kemunculan persoalan-persoalan ter- sebuah lokakarya mengenai sistem sebut, dan terdapatnya laporan kela- 1 Tulisan ini merupakan bagian dari Laporan Studi Pembentukan Lumbung Pangan Daerah Kabupaten Dompu yang akan beredar dalam lingkup yang terbatas. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih sebesar-besarnya kepada seluruh tim studi, terutama untuk Dede Mulyanto (staf peneliti AKATIGA), Wawuk Kristian Wijaya, dan Dedi Kurniawan (Staf peneliti KRKP) yang turut serta dalam proses studi lapang dan penulisan laporannya. Namun demikian, keseluruhan isi dari tulisan ini menjadi tanggung jawab penulis. 2 Staf peneliti AKATIGA. JURNAL ANALISIS SOSIAL VOL. 11 NO. 1 APRIL 2006 83 KERAWANAN PANGAN DAN PERSOALAN YANG MELINGKUPI paran dan kekurangan gizi di Kabu- ngan berakar pada kemiskinan. Na- paten Dompu 3, jelas merupakan indi- mun, kemiskinan itu sendiri tumbuh kasi kerawanan pangan di kabupaten dari tanah yang dipenuhi unsur-unsur itu. Indikasi ini patut diwaspadai, wa- beraneka ragam yang terjalin secara laupun jika merujuk pada neraca pro- rumit. Persenyawaan unsur-unsur duksi-konsumsi beras tahun 2004 Ka- yang rumit tersebut sering membuat bupaten Dompu surplus sekitar pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan de- 23.500 ton.4 ngan masalah ini putus asa dan me- milih cara-cara serampangan dengan Jelas, kelaparan sebagian penduduk tujuan “asal ada program”. bukan karena Kabupaten Dompu ti- dak menghasilkan surplus hasil tani. Dalam tulisan ini, saya akan meng- Terlebih dengan program bantuan ungkapkan bahwa pertalian antara beras murah berjumlah ribuan ton kondisi fisik alam dan struktur sosial juga turun dari pemerintah pusat. yang melingkupi sebuah komuniti pa- Singkatnya, kerawanan pangan bu- tut diperhatikan dalam upaya mema- kan persoalan alamiah semata, me- hami potensi kerawanan pangan, se- lainkan telah terjadi kerusakan sistem kaligus sebagai acuan penanganan- jaminan pangan dan pengaturannya. nya. Sejumlah data dan informasi yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini di- Fenomena kerawanan pangan terse- ambil dari penelitian yang dilakukan but menggugah pihak-pihak tertentu tim kaji Lumbung Pangan Kabupaten untuk berupaya melenyapkannya, en- Dompu pada rentang April—Agustus tah terdorong oleh keibaan manu- 2005. Tim kaji lumbung ini meru- siawi, panggilan ideologis, ataupun pakan kolaborasi tiga lembaga, yaitu oleh kepentingan politik untuk mengi- Tim 15 Kabupaten Dompu 5, KRKP 6, kis rakyat lapar yang sering “meng- dan AKATIGA 7, dengan dukungan dari gangu penampilan” di forum antar- Pemda Kabupaten Dompu dan Veco- bangsa. Sulit kita mengelak dari ke- RI 8 . nyataan bahwa ketakterjaminan pa- 3 Lihat Harian Kompas 11 Juli 2005 halaman 38 dan hasil survai lapang gizi buruk dan indikasi rawan pangan Kabupaten Dompu yang dilakukan oleh FORSIP-PS dan PWI Dompu tahun 2005. 4 Laporan Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Dompu 2005 5 Tim 15 terdiri dari unsur petani, organisasi Petani Dompu, LSM, pemerintah, DPRD dan Promis GTZ. 6 Koalisi Rakyat untuk Kedaulatan Pangan, sebuah perkumpulan LSM dan individu yang menggagas kedaulatan rakyat atas pangan, di Bogor. 7 Sebuah LSM Pusat Kajian Masalah-masalah Sosial di Bandung. 8 Lembaga donor yang memperhatikan masalah petani dan pertanian di Denpasar. 84 JURNAL ANALISIS SOSIAL VOL. 11 NO. 1 APRIL 2006 BAHASAN UTAMA Cara Pandang Kerawanan Pangan lainnya, terutama kebutuhan petani seperti pupuk dan bibit, mahal. Di Secara sederhana, terdapat dua pen- tingkat pedesaan, elite setempat dekatan dalam menjelaskan sebab- (tuan tanah, tengkulak, rentenir, dan musabab kerawanan pangan yang pamong desa) menumpuk kekayaan tentunya mempengaruhi pendekatan dan kekuasaan. Perubahan sosial- terhadap penyelesaiannya juga, yaitu ekonomi biasanya menguntungkan pendekatan sosial-politik dan pende- golongan-golongan elite ini. katan lingkungan fisik. Bagi pendekatan ini, teknologi dan Pendekatan sosial-politik meman- komersialisasi memainkan peran da- dang kerawanan pangan muncul da- lam pemiskinan. Komersialisasi me- lam kemiskinan yang berakar dalam nyebabkan produk-produk kota hubungan-hubungan sosial tak adil. membanjiri desa-desa dan mema- Kemiskinan merupakan akibat dari tikan usaha di desa. Teknologi padat- proses pemusatan kekayaan (domi- modal menghancurkan kehidupan bu- nasi atas barang) dan kekuasaan (do- ruh dan pekerja. Keduanya bersifat minasi atas orang) pada segelintir pi- memusatkan kekayaan dan kekua- hak. Pemusatan kekayaan dan kekua- saan di tangan orang kaya dan men- saan ini terjadi pada tiga tingkatan. jadikan mereka kian kaya dengan Pada tingkat internasional, negara- mendapat hasil pertanian lebih negara kaya menjadikan negara mis- banyak atau memperbesar dagang- kin tetap miskin lewat penjajahan annya. Ikatan antara orang kaya di atau ikatan merugikan, dan pada saat kota dan di desa diperkuat. Ikatan ini yang sama memperoleh keuntungan oleh Breman dan Wiradi (2004) dise- dari penanaman modal dan pengem- but patronase sipil. Kedudukan orang balian keuntungan. Di tingkat nasio- kaya diperkukuh lewat persekutuan nal, negara-negara miskin mendahu- dengan pemuka politik, pemerintah, lukan kepentingan golongan mene- dan elit desa. Hasilnya, orang miskin ngah perkotaan di atas kepentingan semakin sengsara, lemah, dan tersi- golongan miskin pedesaan melalui sih. Semua pengambilan keputusan pergeseran nilai tukar perdagangan yang berkenaan dengan lingkungan antara desa dan kota serta melalui tinggal berada di tangan orang-orang investasi di bidang industri dan jasa. yang percaya diri, yaitu orang kaya Pangan diatur agar murah untuk dan berpendidikan. Hal ini diperparah warga kota, tetapi barang-barang oleh keberpihakan sebagian pemuka JURNAL ANALISIS SOSIAL VOL. 11 NO. 1 APRIL 2006 85 KERAWANAN PANGAN DAN PERSOALAN YANG MELINGKUPI agama, pegiat LSM, dan peneliti pada pangan. Semua faktor alam tersebut golongan elite, karena bagaimana- tentu tidak bisa begitu saja diabaikan. pun, mereka berasal dari golongan Bagaimanapun, kerawanan pangan elite juga (Chamber 1983). lebih sering muncul di daerah yang rentan bencana alam. Pandangan ini tentu saja mendapat tantangan dari mereka yang mende- Kedua pendekatan di atas tidak se- kati masalah dari segi tampakan fisik luruhnya keliru. Sebagian faktor kera- tempat masalah terjadi. Pendekatan wanan pangan memang mendekam di yang menantang ini boleh disebut arena sosial-politik. Struktur sosial dengan pendekatan lingkungan fisik. dan moda produksi yang mengha- Pendekatan ini melihat akar masalah lalkan eksploitasi segelintir orang atas kerawanan pangan pada tekanan ke- sebagian besar orang juga mengha- pendudukan dan tekanan terhadap silkan segolongan orang terpinggir sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hi- yang susah payah mencapai keter- dup. Lebih banyak manusia, lebih jaminan pangan sepanjang tahun. besar kerusakan yang dilakukannya Sebagian faktor lain sangat mungkin terhadap lingkungan hidupnya dan, berada di lingkungan fisik alam. karenanya, dari generasi ke generasi mereka tetap (atau kian) miskin. Faktor-faktor fisik seperti kuman Konteks Alam dan Sosial Kerawa- penyakit, lingkungan yang kotor, bah- nan Pangan di Kabupaten Dompu kan pemukiman yang tidak memadai juga dianggap sebab sekaligus akibat Sejarah Ekologi dan Demografi dalam lingkaran kemiskinan yang di tengah-tengahnya kerawanan pa- Kabupaten Dompu merupakan salah ngan tinggal. satu kabupaten di Pulau Sumbawa. Pulau Sumbawa sendiri adalah pulau Selain itu, pendekatan ini juga me- seluas 13 ribu kilometer persegi yang lihat faktor cuaca dan iklim sebagai secara topografis merupakan daerah sumber masalah. Iklim kering mem- berbukit-bukit. Rangkaian perbukitan batasi tanaman pertanian tertentu memanjang dari barat ke timur de- untuk menghasilkan panenan yang ngan titik tertinggi pada puncak lebih banyak. Kekeringan, banjir, atau Gunung Tambora (2.821 m dpl). wabah hama juga berperan dalam masalah kemiskinan dan kerawanan 86 JURNAL ANALISIS SOSIAL VOL. 11 NO. 1 APRIL 2006 BAHASAN UTAMA Sejarah ekologi Pulau Sumbawa, me- kelompok bangsa Melayu-Polinesia nurut tipologi Geertz (1983), terma- Tengah (Parimartha 2002:35). suk ke dalam ekologi “Indonesia Luar”, yang didominasi lahan kering Letusan gunung Tambora pada tahun dan perladangan. Tidak seperti eko- 1815 adalah peristiwa penting dalam logi sawah yang berlaku di Jawa, eko- sejarah Pulau Sumbawa, pada umum- logi ladang memang sulit untuk me- nya. Letusan tersebut menelan kor- nampung penduduk padat karena ban 11.000 orang tewas dan 37.825 surplus hasil pertaniannya yang tidak orang meninggal dunia karena kela- bisa menghidupi
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