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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 March 2013 E Organización Food and Organisation des Продовольственная и de las Agriculture Nations Unies cельскохозяйственная Naciones Unidas Organization pour организация para la of the l'alimentation Объединенных Alimentación y la et l'agriculture United Nations Наций Agricultura COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Item 3.1 of the Provisional Agenda Fourteenth Regular Session Rome, 15 -19 April 2013 DRAFT REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES This document is printed in limited numbers to minimize the environmental impact of FAO's processes and contribute to climate neutrality. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to avoid asking for additional copies. Most FAO meeting documents are available on the Internet at www.fao.org 2 CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgements Preface The reporting and preparatory process Highlights of the report Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES 19 1.1. ATTRIBUTES OF FGR 20 1.1.1. Definitions of FGR, FGR conservation and related terms 20 1.1.2. Characteristics of FGR 23 1.1.3. Types and complementarities of FGR conservation 26 1.1.4. Forest Cover 29 1.1.5. Management systems in the field (including in situ and circa situm conservation of FGR) 30 1.1.6. Role of ex situ conservation 34 1.2. VALUES AND IMPORTANCE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES 38 1.2.1. Economic Values 38 1.2.2. Environmental values, ecosystem services and resilience 41 1.2.3. Social, cultural, medicinal and scientific values 43 1.2.4. Preserving future development options 44 1.3. BETWEEN AND WITHIN SPECIES DIVERSITY 45 1.3.1. Interspecific diversity (between species) 45 1.3.2. Intraspecific diversity (within species) 46 1.3.3. Conserving distinct and unique tree lineages 49 1.4. THREATS 51 1.4.1. Causes of genetic erosion, threats and risk status 51 1.4.2. Loss of ecosystems, species and intraspecific diversity 60 Chapter 2. THE STATE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 65 2.1. FGR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 65 2.1.1. Why FGR C&M is important: the social and economic value of conservation and breeding activities 66 2.1.2. Elements of FGR conservation and management systems 67 2.1.3. National strategies and programmes for FGR conservation and management 71 2.2. PRIORITISING SPECIES FOR FGR C&M 72 2.3. CHARACTERISING GENETIC VARIABILITY 73 2.3.1. Monitoring forest genetic resources 84 2.4. STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES 89 2.4.1. In situ FGR conservation and management 90 2.4.2. Sustainable forest management 108 2.4.3. The state of ex situ conservation by region 122 2.4.4. Genetic improvement and breeding programmes 129 2.4.5. Germplasm delivery and deployment 142 Chapter 3. TRENDS AFFECTING THE FOREST SECTOR AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON FGR 155 Chapter 4. CAPACITIES, INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FGR 156 CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 3 Chapter 5. STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE –CURRENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 157 5.1. CONTEXT, INFORMATION SOURCES 157 5.1.1. What constitutes knowledge of Forest Genetic Resources? 158 5.1.2. Reasons for studying FGR and type of information generated 158 5.1.3. Trait based knowledge of tree genetic resources 161 5.1.4. Knowledge of Population Genetics based on Molecular Markers 166 5.1.5. Genomic advances 167 5.1.6. Genetic modification 169 5.1.7. Propagation and dissemination technology and methods 170 5.1.8. FGR Knowledge related to conservation and restoration 171 Chapter 6. NEEDS, CHALLENGES AND REQUIRED RESPONSES FOR THE FUTURE 190 6.1. IMPROVING THE AVAILABILITY OF, AND ACCESS TO, INFORMATION ON FGR 191 6.2. IN SITU AND EX SITU CONSERVATION OF FGR 193 6.3. SUSTAINABLE USE, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF FGR 195 6.4. POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING 197 References Abbreviations and acronyms Glossary Boxes Tables Figures Annexes (on CD-ROM) 1: Country Reports 2: List of priority species mentioned in country reports and related conservation and management activities 2: Regional synthesis 3. Thematic studies 4. List of authors reviewers and affiliations 4 CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 FOREWORD (to be completed) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (to be completed) PREFACE (to be completed) THE REPORTING AND PREPARATORY PROCESS (to be completed) HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT This section provides the highlights of the report. It should be noted that the different draft chapters of the report have been prepared at different points of time. They will therefore have to be updated prior to the publication of the final report. However, the “Highlights of the Report” present key facts and findings as identfied as of 1 March 2013. Information and data provided in the different chapters may therefore in some case be different from the facts and key findings contained in this section. OVERVIEW OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES Chapter 1 covers characteristics of forest genetic resources (FGR), differences and similarities between trees and other organisms, the context of FGR management, main forest management systems (including agroforestry systems) - Economic, environmental, social and cultural values of FGR – Threats and risk status – causes of genetic erosion. Key features of forest genetic resources Close to 1.6 billion people – more than 25% of the world’s population – rely on forest resources for their livelihoods. The forest products industry alone is a major source of economic growth and employment, with global forest products traded internationally in the order of USD 186 billion, of which developing countries account for 20 percent in which forest based employment provides 32 million jobs Multiplicity of uses and management systems: o Commodities from forest trees and plants include a wide range of products (timber, fire wood, food fodder etc), which contribute to the economic development of countries and welfare of people. o Forests are important providers of environmental and ecosystem services o Forests and trees are subject to many different management systems, including agroforestry systems, with multiple objectives, production, protection, conservation, which are often combined Planted forests represent only 7 percent of the total forest area of the world (but produce 50 percent of the industrial round wood). The some 80,000 forest tree species are mostly wild, and managed in natural ecosystems. Biological characteristics and natural mechanisms maintaining high levels of genetic variation within species, combined with variable native environment make them the most genetically diverse organisms (between populations within a species and between individuals within populations). Dynamic in situ conservation of genetic diversity and processes is the preferred approach for conservation of genetic resources of many forest species (Conservation and sustainable use often combined). Internationally coordinated exploration and assessment of intraspecific diversity of economically important, broad range species started as early as 1907 (IUFRO Pinus sylvestris provenance trials) and were extended to many other species : temperate, sub-tropical and tropical pines, Eucalyptus CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 5 spp., tropical timber species (including Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea),multi-purpose tree species, etc. A relatively small number of species are widely-planted as exotic, and are economically important ‘global’ forestry species. Data from the Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) show that there are large differences in the proportion of planted forest consisting of exotic species in the regions of the world, from a very high proportion of exotics in Eastern and Southern Africa (100%), South America (97%), Central America (81%), Oceania (77%), Western and Central Africa (70%) through to very low proportion of exotics in North America (2%) and arid regions, such as Western and Central Asia (4%) and North Africa (7%). This data underscores the need for continued and increased international collaboration in the conservation, exchange and benefit sharing of tree germplasm and FGR. Key findings Over 7950 species were mentioned in the country reports, among which 2207 species were identified as priority species (Figure 1). These figures are a confirmation of the extent of the forest genetic resources which are used and considered as important around the world. They also reflect the diversity of uses and management systems. Country reports included a broad array of species, frequently multipurpose, providing timber, non-wood forest products and services. Figure 2 illustrates regional differences in importance of species managed for non- wood forest products. N. America 52 Pacific 102 Near East 120 Europe 349 L.America 795 Africa 836 Asia 1167 Total priority species 2207 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Figure 1: Number of priority species mentioned in the country reports, by region 6 CGRFA-14/13/Inf.14 1000 937 900 800 700 600 500 435 382 400 300 200 111 60 100 21 15 0 Total Africa Asia Pacific Europe L.America Near East NWFP sp Figure 2: Species used and managed for Non-Wood Forest Products across regions Only 25 species are mentioned as priority species by at least 10 countries. Most priority species are not of global or regional interest, but are important at local level for their contribution to the livelihood of people, ecosystem services they provide and/or opportunities they represent for the economy. Among the 1451 cases of species used in plantations reported globally, 1240 or 85% were used as exotic and only 211 or 15% were used as native. Over 2280 species
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