International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288

ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN BLOCK, DISTRICT. M. Prabahar* a, B. Paulduraib, K. Mariyappanc, A. Poovarasand, P. Mahimalane aAssistant Professor, b,c,d,eUG Students, Department of Civil Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering (Autonomous), Tiruchengode - 637 215, , . *E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Water is a transparent, tasteless, odourless and nearly colourless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Water quality of the Thuraiyur block was assessed to understand the contamination processes due to the presence of various contaminant sources and the suitability of ground water for drinking, agricultural, domestic and other purposes. Surface water and ground water samples were collected during 2019 at 15 different locations of Thuraiyur block of Tiruchirappalli Districtof Tamilnadu state of India. Their physico-chemical parameters 2+ 2+ 2+ + + 2+ + - - - like colour, odour, turbidity, TDS, EC, pH, TA, TH, Ca , Mg , Fe , Na , K , Mn , NH3 ,NO3 , Cl , F , 2- 2- SO4 &PO4 were assessed. The results were compared with the drinking water guidelines of Indian Standard (IS) in order to understand its suitability for drinking, purpose. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify the overall water quality for human consumption. Watersuitability for irrigation purposes evaluated by various methods such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Potential Salinity (PS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical conductivity (EC). The majority of the samples were suitable for drinking, irrigation and domestic purposes in the study area.

Key words: Surface water, Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, IS, WQI and Irrigation methods. I. INTRODUCTION Water is a precious and the most widely distributed resource of the earth and unlike any other mineral resource, it gets its annual replenishment from the meteoritic precipitation. Water is the largest source of fresh water on the planet excluding the polar icecaps and glaciers. Atpresent nearly one fifth of all the water used in the world is obtained from groundwater resources. Water is used for agriculture, industries and domestic supply in most parts of the world as it is a replenishable resource and has inherent advantages over surface water. Agriculture is the greatest user of water accounting for 80% of all consumption. A person normally requires about 3 quarts of portable water per day to maintain the essential fluids of the body. Hence, there is a tendency to think of groundwater as the primary water source in arid regions and of the surface water in humid regions. Hence the production and management of water quality is emerging as a great public concern in India and other countries of the world. Water quality studies are becoming more important in now a day due to man-made activities like domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. In urban area, the water contamination occurs mainly due to domestic and industrial activities such as disposal of sewage water, septic tanks and industrial wastes. The water has become a scarce commodity in the region with ephemeral rivers and vagaries in monsoon. The study area is one on such, so, it is essential to have an idea about the quality of the existing water resource, which will help in the insatiable usage is future [2,5]. Objectives ➢ To assess the water quality by physico-chemical parameters analysis at various locations of Thuraiyur block. ➢ To assess the water suitability for drinking purpose by comparing the physico-chemical parameters with IS. ➢ To evaluate the water quality index of water samples for its quality assessment. ➢ To access the water suitability for irrigation purposes by various methods. II. STUDY AREA The present study is related to the water quality assessment of fifteen places of Thuraiyur Block which is situated in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamilnadu state of India. The Thuraiyur located along with the Aiyaru River and Kundaru River.Thuraiyurhaving population of about 1,13,343 as per the 2011 census. Thuraiyurhaving the male population of 56,276 and female population of 57,067. The density of population is about 310 per sq. km for the area. The block has 30 villages and there are total 31550 families in this areaThuraiyurhave the sex ratio of 1024:1000.Thuraiyuris located between 11°09’ N latitude and 78°38’ E longitude. The average annual rainfall of Thuraiyurregion is 792 mm.Thuraiyur is surrounded by the of district to the west, the range of Tiruchirappalli

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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288

district to the east, in the north and taluk and taluk in the south.Thuraiyuris characterized with a scantry rainfall and a dry climate with dry weather throughout except during the monsoon season. The Trichy Ramesh Pipe pvt Ltd (plastic injection molding service), Vetri Explosives Industries are located at Thuraiyur Block [6]. Map of Thuraiyur Block as shown in figure 1.

III. MATERIALS COLLECTION The current study was designed to investigate the conditions of water quality by randomly collected 15 water samples from open wells, bore wells, river and lakes covering entire Thuraiyurduring January 2019. Water samples from the selected sites were collected and taken in the pre-cleaned plastic polythene bottles. Prior to sampling, all the sampling containers were washed and rinsed thoroughly with the water. Open wells, bore wells, rivers and lakes were selected for sampling, which are functional and continuously in use for drinking, agricultural and other purposes [9]. The various sampling location of water samples of Thuraiyur Block as shown in Table 1. S3 Chinnasalempatti S4 Kundaru River S5 Aiyaru River S6 Okkarai S7 Sikkathambur Lake S8 Kempiyampatti S9 Kuttakarai

S10 Periyayeri Lake

S11 Keerambur

Figure 1 - Map of Thuraiyur Block S12 Keerambur Lake Table 1 - Locations of water samples S13 Govindhapuram Cases Locations S14 Kollapuram S1 Vairichattipalayam S15 Ongarakudil S2 Singalanthapuram Lake IV. METHEDOLOGY Initially describe the current conditions of Thuraiyur Block and water samples are analyzed. Their physico- chemical parameters like colour, odour, turbidity, TDS, EC, pH, TA, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, K+, Mn2+, + - - - 2- 2- NH3 ,NO3 , Cl , F , SO4 &PO4 were assessed.Ground water quality is compared with the drinking water guidelines of IS &WHO. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify the overall water quality for human consumption. Water suitability for irrigation purposes evaluated by various methods such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Potential Salinity (PS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical conductivity (EC) [12].

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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water samples of open wells, bore wells, rivers and lakes were collected from fifteen different places (residential, agricultural, commercial & industrial areas) of Thuraiyur Block. Values of different physico-chemical characteristics of water samples are shown in Table 2. Quality of these water samples is compared with IS & WHO Standards [1,10]. Table 2 - Values of different Physico-Chemical characteristics of water samples Physical Water Limit Water Sample No Chemical IS WHO S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 Parameters (A) (B) Slightly Slinghly Colour − − − C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C Brownish Brownish Odour Agreeable Agreeable − None None None Bad Smell None None None None None None Bad Smell None None None None Tur. (NTU) 1 5 ˂ 5 3 1 4 1 1 2 4 2 5 1 1 3 2 2 3 EC (µS/cm) − 1500 250 1564 813 1148 452 377 828 471 786 375 463 295 507 366 1054 487 TDS (mg/l) 500 2000 − 2234 1162 1639 646 539 1183 673 1123 536 661 421 724 523 1506 696 pH 6.6−8.5 6.6-8.5 6.5−8.5 7.1 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.9 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.9 TA (mg/l) 200 600 − 364 252 344 172 156 248 204 304 168 196 128 216 168 376 204 TH (mg/l) 200 600 150−500 504 348 528 228 172 384 216 324 180 208 164 228 156 416 208 Ca²⁺(mg/l) 75 200 − 133 86 142 56 45 106 59 98 45 50 42 54 35 122 54 Mg²⁺ (mg/l) 30 100 − 41 32 41 21 14 29 16 19 16 20 14 22 16 27 17 Na⁺ (mg/l) − 200 − 224 82 104 48 40 84 42 74 36 40 24 52 38 124 50 K⁺ (mg/l) − − 72 52 64 16 10 28 16 32 14 18 6 12 8 24 16 Fe³⁺ (mg/l) − 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.23 0.26 1.12 0.30 0.23 0.33 0.28 0.33 1.02 0.48 0.31 0.27 0.60 0.60 Mn²⁺ (mg/l) 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0.64 0 0 0 0 0 0.81 0 0 0 0 0

NH3⁺ (mg/l) 0.5 0.5 − 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NO3⁻ (mg/l) 45 45 50 26 16 29 12 8 27 12 19 8 10 8 10 7 21 7 Cl⁻ (mg/l) 250 1000 250 406 224 290 84 70 224 86 152 62 80 52 78 62 212 90 F⁻ (mg/l) 1 1.5 1.51 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.40 0.40 1.20 0.80 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.40

SO4²⁻ (mg/l) 200 400 500 69 48 58 22 22 48 22 32 18 26 9 14 10 51 18

PO4²⁻ (mg/l) 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.53 0.20 0.32 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.18 (A) BIS (10500 - 2012) Standards - Acceptable Limit, (B) BIS (10500 - 2012) Standards - Permissible limit in the Absence of Alternate Source, WHO (2011) - World Health Organization's Guideline, C&C: Clear & Colourless

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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288

The values of Turbidity and Concentrations of Ammonia, Nitrate and Sulphate ion values of all water samples were found within the desirable limit. It indicates ground water suitability to drinking purpose. Values ofTotal Dissolved Solids, pH, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness and Concentrations ofCalcium, Magnesium, Chloride andFluoride ion values of the water samples exceeded the desirable limit but within permissible limit in the absence of alternate source. It indicates water slightly not suitable for drinking purpose. So, it requires some primary treatments such as sedimentation, softening methods like lime soda process, demineralization, etc., Charts showing variation of values of water samples for different locations as shown in figures 2, 3, 4 & 5 respectively [3]. Charts showing variation of values of water samples for different locations

CONCENTRATION OF TDS CONCENTRATION OF IRON IONS

TDS(mg/l) IS Acceptable Limit IS Permissible Limit Iron (Mg/L) IS Acceptable Limit IS Permissible Limit

3000 1.500

2000 1.000 TDS 1000 IRON 0.500 0 0.000 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S 1 0S 1 1S 1 2S 1 3S 1 4S 1 5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S 1 0S 1 1S 1 2S 1 3S 1 4S 1 5 SAMPLES SAMPLES

Figure 2 - TDS values of water samples Figure 4 – Iron values of water samples CONCENTRATION OF FLOURIDE ION CONCENTRATION TOTAL HARDNESS Total Hardness (mg/l) IS Acceptable Limit Flouride (mg/l) IS Acceptable Limit IS Permissible Limit IS Permissible Limit 2.00 1000 1.00

500 FLOURIDE 0 0.00

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S 1 0S 1 1S 1 2S 1 3S 1 4S 1 5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S 1 0 S 1 1 S 1 2 S 1 3 S 1 4 S 1 5 TOTAL HARDNESS TOTAL SAMPLES SAMPLES

Figure 3 – Total Hardness values of water samples Figure 5 – Flouride values of water samples

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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288

Values of Electrical Conductivity, and Concentrations of Iron, Manganese and Phosphate ion values of the water samples exceeded the permissible limit. It indicates water not suitable to drinking purpose and requires proper treatments such as sedimentation, aeration, filtration, chlorination and also biological treatments. Usage of water without proper treatment causes gastro intentional irritation, tasteless, blue baby syndrome, respiratory failure, variation in blood pressure, paralysis, dental and skeletal fluorosis, etc., to human beings and also it affects animal life.

A. WATER QUALITY INDEX Water Quality Index (WQI) is the best tool for designate the information about the quality behaviour of water based on the physiochemical analysis result. In the first step, each of the 14 parameters has been assigned a weight (wi) according to its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes [7,11]. Wi = wi / Ʃwi qi = (ci/si) x 100 SIi = Wi x qi, WQI = ƩSIi

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Where, wi is the weight of each parameter. Wi is the relative weight. Ʃwi is the total weight of parameter. qi is the quality rating. Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in milligrams per litre. Si is the world drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in milligrams per litre according to the guidelines of the IS standard. th SIi is the sub-index of the i parameter, th qi is the rating based on concentration of the i parameter. In this study, the computed WQI values ranges from 64.15 to 290.03, This method shows that 40 % of samples are good water and remaining 60 % of samples are poor water. TheWQI values of water samples as shown in the Table 3. The WQI range, Type of water and Percentage of the water samples as shown in the Table 4. Table 3 - The WQI values of water samples. Sample S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 WQI=ƩSIi 290.03 146.45 218.84 111.47 72.15 104.13 71.70 122.77 72.67 113.78

Sample S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

WQI=ƩSIi 64.90 87.08 64.15 143.62 123.92

Table 4 - The WQI range, Type of water and Percentage of the water samples. RANGE CLASS TYPE OF WATER NO OF SAMPLES % OF SAMPLES < 50 A Excellent water 0 0.00 50-100 B Good water 6 40.00 100-200 C Poor water 7 46.67 200-300 D Very poor water 2 13.33 Water unsuitable for drinking > 300 E 0 0.00 purposes

B. AGRICULTURAL WATER QUALITY Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic spices or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The following methods are used to analyse the water for irrigation purpose [4,8], i. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) ii. Sodium Percentage (Na %) iii. Kelley’s Ratio (KR) iv. Potential Salinity (PS) v. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) vi. Electrical Conductivity (EC) i. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) The sodium absorption ratio is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium affected soils. The formula for calculating the sodium absorption ratio is: SAR= [Na] / [(Ca + Mg) / 2]1/2. This method shows that 93 % of samples are suitable for irrigation purposes. ii. Sodium Percentage (Na %) The sodium in irrigation water is also expressed as soluble sodium percentage and can be determined using the formula, Na % = [(Na + k) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K)] x 100. This method shows that the 92 % of samples are suitable for the irrigation purposes. iii. Kelley’s Ratio (KR) Kelley’s ratio is used to determine the suitability of ground water for irrigation. Groundwater having Kelley’s ratio more than one is generally considered unfit for irrigation. KR = Na / (Ca + Mg). This method shows that the 93 % of samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. iv. Potential Salinity (PS)

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The potential salinity is defined as the chloride concentration plus half of the sulphate concentration. It is expressed in milliequivalents per litre. PS = Cl + ½ SO4. This method shows that the 86 % of samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. v. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total dissolved solids is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. This method shows that the 80 % of samples are suitable for irrigation purpose.Summary of the Geo-chemical nature of the wateras shown in the Table 5.

Table 5 - Summary of the Geo-chemical nature of the water No. of Water % of Water Parameter Range Classification Samples Samples 0 – 10 Excellent 9 60 10 – 18 Good 5 33 SAR 18 – 26 Fair Nil 00 > 26 Poor 1 06 < 20 Excellent Nil 00 20 – 40 Good 1 06 Na % 40 – 60 Permissible 13 86 60 – 80 Doubtful 1 06 > 80 Unsuitable Nil 00 < 1 Good 14 93 KR > 1 Unsuitable 1 06 < 250 Good 13 86 250 – 750 Fair 2 13 PS 750 – 2250 Poor Nil 00 > 2250 Very poor Nil 00 < 1000 Fresh water 12 80 TDS 1000 - 10000 Brackish 3 20 < 250 Excellent Nil 00 250 – 750 Good 9 60 EC 750 – 2000 Permissible 5 33 2000 – 3000 Doubtful 1 06 > 3000 Unsuitable Nil 00 vi. Electrical Conductivity (EC) Electrical conductivity is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly that material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the flow of electric current is the ohm-meter. This method shows that the 93 % of samples are suitable water for irrigation purpose.

VI. CONCLUSION In the present study has led to conclude that the quality of water samples studied were acceptable from the majority of the physicochemical parameters but the Values of Electrical Conductivity, and Concentrations of Iron, Manganese and Phosphate ion values of the water samples were violating the permissible limit suggested by IS & WHO. It requires proper treatments such as sedimentation, aeration, filtration, chlorination and also biological treatments. So, the water should be treated properly before its usage as drinking water to avoid probable adverse effects. In this study, the computed WQI values ranges from 64.15 to 290.03, This method shows that 40 % of samples are good water and remaining 60 % of samples are poor water. Assessment of agricultural water quality by various methods (SAR, Na %, KR, PS, TDS, EC) shows that the 80-90 % of samples are good water for irrigation purpose. Due to presence of some contaminants or pollutants in water will affect the agricultural activities of Thuraiyur area. To control water contamination by using effective utilization of industries, less use of fertilizers in agricultural field, and also some artificial rechargemethods. Finally, I conclude that, this paper helps to public should be made aware of drinking water quality. For the welfare of the human being, water quality should be assessed on the regular basis for drinking, agricultural, domestic and other purposes.

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