International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288 ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN THURAIYUR BLOCK, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT. M. Prabahar* a, B. Paulduraib, K. Mariyappanc, A. Poovarasand, P. Mahimalane aAssistant Professor, b,c,d,eUG Students, Department of Civil Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering (Autonomous), Tiruchengode - 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Water is a transparent, tasteless, odourless and nearly colourless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Water quality of the Thuraiyur block was assessed to understand the contamination processes due to the presence of various contaminant sources and the suitability of ground water for drinking, agricultural, domestic and other purposes. Surface water and ground water samples were collected during 2019 at 15 different locations of Thuraiyur block of Tiruchirappalli Districtof Tamilnadu state of India. Their physico-chemical parameters 2+ 2+ 2+ + + 2+ + - - - like colour, odour, turbidity, TDS, EC, pH, TA, TH, Ca , Mg , Fe , Na , K , Mn , NH3 ,NO3 , Cl , F , 2- 2- SO4 &PO4 were assessed. The results were compared with the drinking water guidelines of Indian Standard (IS) in order to understand its suitability for drinking, purpose. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify the overall water quality for human consumption. Watersuitability for irrigation purposes evaluated by various methods such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Potential Salinity (PS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical conductivity (EC). The majority of the samples were suitable for drinking, irrigation and domestic purposes in the study area. Key words: Surface water, Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, IS, WQI and Irrigation methods. I. INTRODUCTION Water is a precious and the most widely distributed resource of the earth and unlike any other mineral resource, it gets its annual replenishment from the meteoritic precipitation. Water is the largest source of fresh water on the planet excluding the polar icecaps and glaciers. Atpresent nearly one fifth of all the water used in the world is obtained from groundwater resources. Water is used for agriculture, industries and domestic supply in most parts of the world as it is a replenishable resource and has inherent advantages over surface water. Agriculture is the greatest user of water accounting for 80% of all consumption. A person normally requires about 3 quarts of portable water per day to maintain the essential fluids of the body. Hence, there is a tendency to think of groundwater as the primary water source in arid regions and of the surface water in humid regions. Hence the production and management of water quality is emerging as a great public concern in India and other countries of the world. Water quality studies are becoming more important in now a day due to man-made activities like domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. In urban area, the water contamination occurs mainly due to domestic and industrial activities such as disposal of sewage water, septic tanks and industrial wastes. The water has become a scarce commodity in the region with ephemeral rivers and vagaries in monsoon. The study area is one on such, so, it is essential to have an idea about the quality of the existing water resource, which will help in the insatiable usage is future [2,5]. Objectives ➢ To assess the water quality by physico-chemical parameters analysis at various locations of Thuraiyur block. ➢ To assess the water suitability for drinking purpose by comparing the physico-chemical parameters with IS. ➢ To evaluate the water quality index of water samples for its quality assessment. ➢ To access the water suitability for irrigation purposes by various methods. II. STUDY AREA The present study is related to the water quality assessment of fifteen places of Thuraiyur Block which is situated in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamilnadu state of India. The Thuraiyur located along with the Aiyaru River and Kundaru River.Thuraiyurhaving population of about 1,13,343 as per the 2011 census. Thuraiyurhaving the male population of 56,276 and female population of 57,067. The density of population is about 310 per sq. km for the area. The block has 30 villages and there are total 31550 families in this areaThuraiyurhave the sex ratio of 1024:1000.Thuraiyuris located between 11°09’ N latitude and 78°38’ E longitude. The average annual rainfall of Thuraiyurregion is 792 mm.Thuraiyur is surrounded by the Kolli Hills of Namakkal district to the west, the Pachaimalai Hills range of Tiruchirappalli Copyright © 2019 by the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits 40 unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288 district to the east, Salem district in the north and Musiri taluk and Manachanallur taluk in the south.Thuraiyuris characterized with a scantry rainfall and a dry climate with dry weather throughout except during the monsoon season. The Trichy Ramesh Pipe pvt Ltd (plastic injection molding service), Vetri Explosives Industries are located at Thuraiyur Block [6]. Map of Thuraiyur Block as shown in figure 1. III. MATERIALS COLLECTION The current study was designed to investigate the conditions of water quality by randomly collected 15 water samples from open wells, bore wells, river and lakes covering entire Thuraiyurduring January 2019. Water samples from the selected sites were collected and taken in the pre-cleaned plastic polythene bottles. Prior to sampling, all the sampling containers were washed and rinsed thoroughly with the water. Open wells, bore wells, rivers and lakes were selected for sampling, which are functional and continuously in use for drinking, agricultural and other purposes [9]. The various sampling location of water samples of Thuraiyur Block as shown in Table 1. S3 Chinnasalempatti S4 Kundaru River S5 Aiyaru River S6 Okkarai S7 Sikkathambur Lake S8 Kempiyampatti S9 Kuttakarai S10 Periyayeri Lake S11 Keerambur Figure 1 - Map of Thuraiyur Block S12 Keerambur Lake Table 1 - Locations of water samples S13 Govindhapuram Cases Locations S14 Kollapuram S1 Vairichattipalayam S15 Ongarakudil S2 Singalanthapuram Lake IV. METHEDOLOGY Initially describe the current conditions of Thuraiyur Block and water samples are analyzed. Their physico- chemical parameters like colour, odour, turbidity, TDS, EC, pH, TA, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, K+, Mn2+, + - - - 2- 2- NH3 ,NO3 , Cl , F , SO4 &PO4 were assessed.Ground water quality is compared with the drinking water guidelines of IS &WHO. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify the overall water quality for human consumption. Water suitability for irrigation purposes evaluated by various methods such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na %), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Potential Salinity (PS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical conductivity (EC) [12]. Copyright © 2019 by the Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits 41 unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research www.ijaser.in Volume: 4, Issue: 1, April 2019 ISSN: 2455-9288 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water samples of open wells, bore wells, rivers and lakes were collected from fifteen different places (residential, agricultural, commercial & industrial areas) of Thuraiyur Block. Values of different physico-chemical characteristics of water samples are shown in Table 2. Quality of these water samples is compared with IS & WHO Standards [1,10]. Table 2 - Values of different Physico-Chemical characteristics of water samples Physical Water Limit Water Sample No Chemical IS WHO S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 Parameters (A) (B) Slightly Slinghly Colour − − − C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C C & C Brownish Brownish Odour Agreeable Agreeable − None None None Bad Smell None None None None None None Bad Smell None None None None Tur. (NTU) 1 5 ˂ 5 3 1 4 1 1 2 4 2 5 1 1 3 2 2 3 EC (µS/cm) − 1500 250 1564 813 1148 452 377 828 471 786 375 463 295 507 366 1054 487 TDS (mg/l) 500 2000 − 2234 1162 1639 646 539 1183 673 1123 536 661 421 724 523 1506 696 pH 6.6−8.5 6.6-8.5 6.5−8.5 7.1 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.9 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.9 TA (mg/l) 200 600 − 364 252 344 172 156 248 204 304 168 196 128 216 168 376 204 TH (mg/l) 200 600 150−500 504 348 528 228 172 384 216 324 180 208 164 228 156 416 208 Ca²⁺(mg/l) 75 200 − 133 86 142 56 45 106 59 98 45 50 42 54 35 122 54 Mg²⁺ (mg/l) 30 100 − 41 32 41 21 14 29 16 19 16 20 14 22 16 27 17 Na⁺ (mg/l) − 200 − 224 82 104 48 40 84 42 74 36 40 24 52 38 124 50 K⁺ (mg/l) − − 72 52 64 16 10 28 16 32 14 18 6 12 8 24 16 Fe³⁺ (mg/l) − 0.3 0.3 0.34 0.23 0.26 1.12 0.30 0.23 0.33 0.28 0.33 1.02 0.48 0.31 0.27 0.60 0.60 Mn²⁺ (mg/l) 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0.64 0 0 0 0 0 0.81 0 0 0 0 0 NH3⁺ (mg/l) 0.5 0.5 − 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO3⁻ (mg/l) 45 45 50 26 16 29 12 8 27 12 19 8 10 8 10 7 21 7 Cl⁻ (mg/l) 250 1000 250 406 224 290 84 70 224 86 152 62 80 52 78 62 212 90 F⁻ (mg/l) 1 1.5 1.51 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.40 0.40 1.20 0.80 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.40 SO4²⁻ (mg/l) 200 400 500 69 48 58 22 22 48 22 32 18 26 9 14 10 51 18 PO4²⁻ (mg/l) 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.53 0.20 0.32 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.18 (A) BIS (10500 - 2012) Standards - Acceptable Limit, (B) BIS (10500 - 2012) Standards - Permissible limit in the Absence of Alternate Source, WHO (2011) - World Health Organization's Guideline, C&C: Clear & Colourless Copyright © 2019 by the Authors.