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Wekiu Bug Habitat Quantitative WĒKIU BUG HABITAT QUANTITATIVE CINDER EVALUATION Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. and GEOHAZARDS CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL, INC. WĒKIU BUG HABITAT QUANTITATIVE CINDER EVALUATION Prepared for The Outrigger Telescopes Project June 2005 By Greg Brenner Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. and John Lockwood GEOHAZARDS CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL, INC. Prepared by: Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Post Office Box 219 Albany, Oregon 97321 Tel. (541) 926-0117 [email protected] www.statpros.com Gregory Brenner Senior Associate / Project Manager and Geohazards Consultants International, Inc. P.O. Box 479 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 Tel. (808) 967-8579 [email protected] John Lockwood Senior Associate / Project Manager The pictures contained in this report are for the exclusive use by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C and its clients. All photographs are copyrighted by Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. and may not be reproduced or used without the express written permission of Pacific Analytics, L.L.C. Cover: View of Mauna Kea from the Junction of the Saddle Road and Access Road. ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Wēkiu Bug Habitat Quantitative Cinder Evaluation TABLE OF CONTENTS ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ WĒKIU BUG HABITAT QUANTITATIVE CINDER EVALUATION MAY 2005 I. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................... 2 III. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 4 IV. QUESTIONS OF INTEREST ................................................................... 7 V. METHODS .................................................................................................. 8 VI. RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 23 VII. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 30 VIII. LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................ 34 IX. APPENDIX A .............................................................................................. 37 X. APPENDIX B .............................................................................................. 41 Wēkiu Bug Habitat Cinder Evaluation - May 2005 Page 1 ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Wēkiu Bug Habitat Quantitative Cinder Evaluation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Mauna Kea Science Reserve Plan is restoration of Wēkiu bug (MKSR) is located on the summit of habitat. Mauna Kea, the tallest mountain in Hawai‘i. Within the reserve are the A protocol for Wēkiu bug habitat world’s two largest optical telescopes, restoration was developed by Pacific constituting the W.M. Keck Analytics, LLC in conjunction with the Observatory (WMKO). The slopes of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Pu‘u Hau‘oki directly adjacent to and other scientists familiar with Wēkiu below the WMKO are part of a unique bug ecology. Plans call for restoration natural environment that supports the of habitat adjacent to the WMKO site Wēkiu bug, a rare insect. Wēkiu bug and at the bottom of the Pu‘u Hau‘oki habitat generally occurs on the upper crater. The intent is to make it possible elevations of Mauna Kea. Populations for Wēkiu bugs to establish resident of Wēkiu bugs also occur on other populations within the restored areas. cinder cones above about 11,700’ (3,570 m) elevation. During a review of the Wēkiu Bug Experimental Habitat Restoration The National Aeronautics and Space Protocol, a committee of scientists Administration (NASA), together with advising the Office of Mauna Kea the California Institute of Technology Management recommended increasing (CalTech)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory the size of cinder for the restoration (JPL), the California Association for medium from 1-cm (1/2-inch) or Research in Astronomy (CARA) and larger to 2.5-cm (1-inch) or larger. In the University of Hawai‘i (UH), have order to evaluate this proposed to protect and enhance recommendation, the U.S. Fish and Wēkiu bug habitat on Pu‘u Hau‘oki to Wildlife Service asked NASA to mitigate potential disturbance by on- conduct a quantitative evaluation of site construction and installation of the the size and depth distribution of Outrigger Telescopes Project. To that cinders in Wēkiu bug habitat in a end these participants have prepared locality near where the proposed the Wēkiu Bug Mitigation Plan and Outrigger Telescopes Project would be Wēkiu Bug Monitoring Plan. A key restoring Wēkiu bug habitat. element of the Wēkiu Bug Mitigation Wēkiu Bug Habitat Cinder Evaluation - May 2005 Page 2 ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Wēkiu Bug Habitat Quantitative Cinder Evaluation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Sampling of Wēkiu bug habitat is variable in Wēkiu bug habitat. The being conducted to answer one main proportion of cinder in size-class 1 Question of Interest. varied from 0 to 46%, in size-class 2 from 6 to 44%, in size-class 3 from 6 to What is the size and depth distribution of 42%, in size-class 4 from 1 to 26%, and cinder in Wēkiu bug habitat? in size-class 5 from 2 to 51%. On May 13, 2005, cinder was sampled On average, about fifty percent of the at ten sites, five on Pu‘u Hau‘oki and cinder in Wēkiu bug habitat fell into five on Pu‘u Wēkiu. At each site, the two cinder size-classes, Class 2 (5.0 to surface cinder was noted before 2.3-cm) and Class 3 (2.3 to 1.0-cm). sampling began. Cinder was sorted Total number of Wēkiu bugs captured into five size-classes and weighed, and in adjacent monitoring stations was the depth from the cinder surface to positively correlated with the the ash layer was measured. The size- proportion of these two cinder size- classes sampled were: classes. Class 1 – greater than 5-cm Observations of the vertical (~2-inches), distribution of cinder at each site Class 2 – greater than 2.3-cm (~1- indicated that the cinder is size-sorted inch) to 5-cm, (graded), with larger cinder near the Class 3 – greater than 1-cm (~½-inch) surface and smaller cinder below to 2.3-cm (normally graded). Class 4 – greater than 0.6-cm (~¼- inch) to 1-cm The pattern of cinder size-class Class 5 – less than 0.6-cm (~¼-inch) distribution was about the same on Pu‘u Hau‘oki and Pu‘u Wēkiu, Observations about the vertical although geological analysis suggested distribution of the cinders were also the percentage of the middle size- recorded. Cinder depth ranged classes (Classes 2 and 3) was slightly between 8-cm (3-inch) and 11-cm (4.5- higher on Pu‘u Hau‘oki. inch). The size of cinder and proportion of cinder in the five size-classes is highly Wēkiu Bug Habitat Cinder Evaluation - May 2005 Page 3 ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Wēkiu Bug Habitat Quantitative Cinder Evaluation INTRODUCTION ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ III. INTRODUCTION The Mauna Kea Science Reserve is eruptions to involve spectacular located on the summit of Mauna Kea, interactions between “fire and ice”, the tallest mountain in Hawai‘i. Within and the nature of the materials the reserve are the world’s two largest resulting from these eruptive vents optical telescopes, constituting the reflects these water-magma W.M. Keck Observatory (WMKO). The interactions. Early stages of all these slopes of Pu‘u Hau‘oki directly eruptions occurred beneath ice and the adjacent to and below the WMKO are early eruptive products consist of part of a unique natural environment finely fragmented, glassy material that supports the Wēkiu bug, a rare (hyaloclastites), such as those exposed insect. Wēkiu bug habitat generally on the lower flanks of Pu‘u Poliahu occurs on the upper elevations of and Pu‘u Waiau. These Mauna Kea. Populations of Wēkiu hydrothermally-altered hyaloclastites bugs also occur on other cinder cones also likely underlie the surface above 11,700’ (3,570 m) elevation. deposits of Pu’u Hau’oki and Pu’u Wēkiu, as was shown by the seismic Mauna Kea volcano first grew above studies of Furomoto and Adams sea level about 400,000 years ago, and (1968). As these eruptions continued after a period of rapid growth lasting and overlying ice and snow was another 300,000 years, late-stage melted and boiled away, these cones volcanism produced the coalescing then projected through the ice, and the cinder cones that make up Mauna eruptive activity became more Kea’s summit today (Moore and magmatic in nature, with less Clague, 1992). The exact ages of these interaction with water. cones are not known, although radiometric dating of an associated The present day cinder cones are lava flow suggests that they formed mantled by a variety of different types around 40,000 years ago during a of “tephra” (any material ejected from period of extensive glacial cover on the source vents by erupting gas) Mauna Kea (Porter, 1987). The formed during the later stages of presence of ice and snow on the eruption. Most tephra clasts consist of summit caused each of the summit “scoria” – light-weight, glassy lava Wēkiu Bug Habitat Cinder Evaluation - May 2005 Page 4 ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ Wēkiu Bug Habitat Quantitative Cinder Evaluation INTRODUCTION ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ clasts filled with abundant small gas Telescopes Project. To that
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