DOCSLIB.ORG

Market Drivers for Commercial Recovery of Products from Geothermal Fluids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Market Drivers for Commercial Recovery of Products from Geothermal Fluids Hill Technology Management Limited Market Drivers for Commercial Recovery of Products from Geothermal Fluids Client: GNS Science May 2015 Author: Alistair Hill Also available as GNS Science Miscellaneous Series 81; ISBN 978-0-478-19996-3 (print), 978-0-478-19997-0 (online). www.gns.cri.nz 196 Stagecoach Road I Mahana RD1 I Upper Moutere I Nelson 7173 I New Zealand T: +64 (0) 3 540 3739 I M: +64 (0)275 346 778 I Skype: alistairhill I Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary ......................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Applications and costs ............................................................................................... 10 Silica .............................................................................................................................. 12 Colloidal silica ............................................................................................................ 12 Precipitated silica ....................................................................................................... 14 Supply chain considerations .................................................................................. 16 Lithium ........................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18 Lithium product grades and compounds .................................................................... 18 Non-battery chemical Applications ......................................................................... 21 Glass and Ceramics ............................................................................................... 21 Other Technical Applications ................................................................................. 21 Speciality lithium products and metallic lithium ...................................................... 22 Batteries ................................................................................................................. 22 Market sector demand development.......................................................................... 23 Lithium supply ............................................................................................................ 28 Lithium price development ......................................................................................... 32 Influence of recycling ................................................................................................. 33 Boron ............................................................................................................................. 36 Borate demand .......................................................................................................... 37 Insulation and textile fibreglass .............................................................................. 37 Borosilicate Glass .................................................................................................. 39 Fertilizer ................................................................................................................. 41 Ceramics and frits .................................................................................................. 43 Detergents ............................................................................................................. 44 Wood preservation ................................................................................................. 44 Borate supply ............................................................................................................. 44 Caesium ........................................................................................................................ 47 Caesium uses ........................................................................................................ 47 Caesium extraction ................................................................................................ 49 Caesium market ..................................................................................................... 50 2 Rubidium ....................................................................................................................... 51 Uses of rubidium ........................................................................................................ 51 Rubidium extraction ............................................................................................... 53 Rubidium market .................................................................................................... 53 Magnesium .................................................................................................................... 54 Magnesium uses .................................................................................................... 54 Magnesium as a strategic metal and price volatility ............................................... 56 Sodium .......................................................................................................................... 60 Uses of sodium ...................................................................................................... 60 Sodium extraction and production .......................................................................... 60 Sodium market ....................................................................................................... 60 Potassium ..................................................................................................................... 61 Uses of potassium .................................................................................................. 61 Extraction and production ...................................................................................... 61 Potassium market .................................................................................................. 62 Calcium ......................................................................................................................... 63 Uses of calcium ...................................................................................................... 63 Calcium market ...................................................................................................... 64 Gold ............................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 67 3 TABLES Table 1: Lithium product groupings around market and product type ....................... 19 Table 2: Lithium products for technical markets and their key end uses ................... 19 Table 3: Lithium products for speciality and metals markets and their key end uses ............................................................................................................. 22 Table 4: Lithium products for battery markets ........................................................... 23 Table 5: Lithium (LCE) content of non-automotive battery applications .................... 24 Table 6: Automotive battery applications and types .................................................. 24 Table 7: Global industry CAGR selected industries (Borates) 2009 – 2013 .............. 41 Table 8: Regional frits & ceramics market and growth 2010 – 2015 ......................... 43 Table 9: Gold use 2013, 2014 ................................................................................... 65 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Speciality silica market 2001 – 2026 ........................................................ 13 Figure 2: Speciality silica market value 2001 – 2026 .............................................. 13 Figure 3: Colloidal silica market 2001 – 2026 ......................................................... 15 Figure 4: Precipitated silica market 2001 – 2026 .................................................... 15 Figure 5: The effect of HD Silica on tire performance ............................................. 17 Figure 6: Tire market growth ................................................................................... 17 Figure 7: Lithium process routes illustrating products used for technical grade markets .................................................................................................... 20 Figure 8: Summary of key lithium products and uses ............................................. 20 Figure 9: The effects of battery demand on overall lithium demand........................ 25 Figure 10: Overall lithium demand with different battery scenarios ........................... 25 Figure 11: Light vehicle volumes featuring 48V systems .......................................... 27 Figure 12: Global passenger car and light vehicles emission legislation progress 2005 – 2025 ............................................................................................. 27 Figure 13: A ragone plot illustrating relative power and energy densities for various battery chemistries ................................................................................... 29 Figure 14: Forecast EV range and price evolution for different chemistries .............. 29 Figure 15: Global
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synthesis of Mollugin and (3S,4R)-Trans-3,4-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dihydromollugin
    Accepted Manuscript Asymmetric epoxidation of chromenes mediated by iminium salts: Synthesis of mollugin and (3S,4R)-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydromollugin Philip C. Bulman Page, Yohan Chan, Abu Hassan Noor Armylisas, Mohammed Alahmdi PII: S0040-4020(16)31129-2 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.070 Reference: TET 28211 To appear in: Tetrahedron Received Date: 30 July 2016 Revised Date: 22 October 2016 Accepted Date: 31 October 2016 Please cite this article as: Page PCB, Chan Y, Noor Armylisas AH, Alahmdi M, Asymmetric epoxidation of chromenes mediated by iminium salts: Synthesis of mollugin and (3S,4R)-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4- dihydromollugin, Tetrahedron (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.070. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. provided by University of East Anglia digital repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Graphical Abstract MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED Asymmetric Epoxidation of Chromenes Mediated by Iminium Salts: Synthesis of Mollugin and (3 S,4 R)- ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT trans -3,4-Dihydroxy-3,4-Dihydromollugin Philip C. Bulman Page, a* Yohan Chan, a Abu Hassan Noor Armylisas, b Mohammed Alahmdi c a School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • 100011-1 Cesium (1000Μg/Ml in 1% HNO3)
    100011-1 Cesium (1000μg/mL in 1% HNO3) High-Purity Standards Chemwatch Hazard Alert Code: 3 Catalogue number: 1000-11-1 Issue Date: 03/07/2017 Version No: 3.3 Print Date: 03/07/2017 Safety Data Sheet according to OSHA HazCom Standard (2012) requirements S.GHS.USA.EN SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier Product name 100011-1 Cesium (1000μg/mL in 1% HNO3) Synonyms 1000μg/mL Cesium in 1% HNO3 Proper shipping name Corrosive liquid, acidic, inorganic, n.o.s. (contains nitric acid) Other means of 1000-11-1 identification Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Relevant identified uses Use according to manufacturer's directions. Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party Registered company name High-Purity Standards Address PO Box 41727 SC 29423 United States Telephone 843-767-7900 Fax 843-767-7906 Website highpuritystandards.com Email Not Available Emergency phone number Association / Organisation INFOTRAC Emergency telephone 1-800-535-5053 numbers Other emergency telephone 1-352-323-3500 numbers SECTION 2 HAZARD(S) IDENTIFICATION Classification of the substance or mixture Classification Metal Corrosion Category 1, Skin Corrosion/Irritation Category 1A, Serious Eye Damage Category 1 Label elements GHS label elements SIGNAL WORD DANGER Hazard statement(s) H290 May be corrosive to metals. H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Hazard(s) not otherwise specified Not Applicable Precautionary statement(s) Prevention Continued... Chemwatch: 9-245281 Page 2 of 10 Issue Date: 03/07/2017 Catalogue number: 1000-11-1 100011-1 Cesium (1000μg/mL in 1% HNO3) Print Date: 03/07/2017 Version No: 3.3 P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 & 4. %Z-E Cézé,26
    Oct. 16, 1951 R. L. LONGIN 2,571,905 ZINC SULFIDE X-RAY PHOSFHORS Filed Aug. 28, 1947 777 (AZhosphor Afficiency) X (Kay Asorptiora Coefficieri.) Ahosphor Afficiency 2C-Alay Absorption Coefficier? . O ..f ..a 3 Azo de Araction of A Zux WITNESSES: INVENTOR 42% 42-az Aicha. d.?. longini. 2 & 4. %z-e RY Cézé,26. Patented Oct. 16, 1951 -3. 2,571,905 UNITED STATES PATENT office 2,571,905 ZINC SULFIDEX-RAY PHosPHORs Richard L. Longini, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pitts burgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania, Application August 28, 1947, Serial No. 71,113 4 Claims. (C. 252-301.6) 1. 2 My invention relates to materials which be In making measurements of the luminous effi come fluorescent to produce visible light under ciency of Such materials, I have found that while the impact of X-rays and, in particular, relates Zinc sulphide produces a much larger yield of to a method of combining different substances visible radiation than does calcium tungstate for to produce a maximum yield of visible radia a given absorption of X-ray energy, the luminous tion for a given X-ray energization. intensity of the zinc sulphide screens is made In the medical and other X-ray arts, it is fre undesirably low because zinc sulphide has a very quently desirable to make visible the X-ray pat low absorption coefficient. I have, however, found terns produced by irradiating various objects that this difficulty can be corrected by admixing Which are opaque to visible radiation by streams 10 With the zinc sulphide an ancillary material or of X-rays, and screens covered by fluorescent ma “flux' in the form of an alkali halide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure and Stability of Simple Tri-Iodides
    THE STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF SIMPLE TRI -IODIDES by ANTHONY JOHN THOMPSON FINNEY B.Sc.(Hons.) submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART OCTOBER, 1973 . r " • f (i) Frontispiece (reproduced as Plate 6 - 1, Chapter 1) - two views of a large single crystal of KI 3 .H20. The dimensions of this specimen were approximately 3.0 cm x 1.5 cm x 0.5 cm. • - - . ;or • - This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person, except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. Anthony John Finney Contents page Abstract (iv) Acknowledgements (vii) Chapter 1 - The Structure and Stability of Simple 1 Tri-iodides Chapter 2 - The Theoretical Basis of X-Ray Structural 32 Analysis Chapter 3 - The Crystallographic Program Suite 50 Chapter 4 - The Refinement of the Structure of NH I 94 4 3 Chapter 5 - The Solution of the Structure of RbI 115 3 Chapter 6 - The Solution of the Structure of KI 3 .1120 135 Chapter 7 Discussion of the Inter-relation of 201 Structure and Stability Bibliography 255 Appendix A - Programming Details 267 Appendix B - Density Determinations 286 Appendix C - Derivation of the Unit Cell Constants of 292 KI .H 0 3 2 Appendix D - I -3 force constant Calculation 299 Appendix E - Publications 311 ( iv) THE STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF SIMPLE TRI-IODIDES Abstract In this work the simple tri-iodides are regarded as being those in which the crystal lattice contains only cations, tri-iodide anions and possibly solvate molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • US2278550.Pdf
    April 7, 1942. D. J. OER E. A. 2,278,550 PREPARATION OF ALKALI METAL ALKOXIDES Filed June 21, 1939 REACTION ------ REGENERATION OFMX FROM M-represents an alkali metal N-represents a number from 2 to 3 R-represents an alkyl group X-represents the anion of a weak acid Donald D. Lee Donald J. Loder NVENTOR BY 232 az - ATTORNEY Patented Apr. 7, 1942 2,278,550 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,278,550 PREPARATION OF ALKALI METAL ALKOXDES Donald J. Loder and Donald D. Lee, Wilmington, Del, assignors to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware Application June 21, 1939, Serial No. 280,308 16 Claims. (CI. 260-632) The invention relates to improvements in the and R is an alkyl, or aralkyl radical which may be manufacture of metal alkoxides and more particu Saturated, unsaturated, substituted or unsub larly to the preparation of alkali metal alkoxides stituted. by the interaction of alcohols with alkali metal In Reactions 1 and 2, an alkali metal salt of a salts of weak acids. weak acid is digested with an alcohol at an ap Alkali metal alkoxides have been prepared by propriate temperature, the digestion being Con. direct reaction of the alkali metal as such with tinued until equilibrium has been substantially an alcohol. or by action of an alkali metal hy reached. The equilibrium mixture is filtered for. droxide. upon an alcohol. The higher cost of the the separation of any undissolved (MX or M3X) first of these methods has limited somewhat the O salt and the resulting solution (or filtrate) is industrial use of the alkoxide thus prepared and found to contain an alkali metal alkoxide, or much effort has been expended in endeavors to aralkoxide, (MOR) hereinafter called 'al make the second more commercially practicable.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW at ROTH June 2014 NEW Products and Programme Extensions in Chemicals
    NEW at ROTH June 2014 NEW Products and Programme Extensions in Chemicals Content NEW Products Chemicals .................................... 2-14 NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at ROTH | NEW at RO NEW Chemicals June 2014 Acids Nitric acid 40 % Biochemicals ® Nitric acid 40 % Cellpure Nitr Hydrochloric acid 37 % 40 %, pure HNO3 M 63,0 g/mol L-Alanyl-L-glutamine Hydrochloric acid 37 % D 1,25 Hydr 37 %, techn. [7697-37-2] O O Hydrogen chloride EC No 231-714-2 · UN No. 2031 HCl ADR 8 II · WGK 1 H2N OH M 36,46 g/mol h Danger H290-H314 HN O D ~1,19 Type analysis: [7647-01-0] Assay. ...................................................... 39,0-41,0 % H2N CH3 EC No 231-595-7 · UN No. 1789 Chloride (Cl). ................................................ b0,001 % ADR 8 II · WGK 1 Iron (Fe)...................................................... 0,0005 % L-Alanyl-L-glutamine Alan Danger H290-H314-H335 Heavy metals (as Pb). ................................ 0,0001 % 99 %, CELLPURE® h g Ash............................................................... b0,001 % Type analysis: C8H15N3O4 Assay..............................................................36,5 % 6748.1 1 l glass 17,10 € M 217,22 g/mol Density (20 °C). ........................................1,183-1,187 Original pack 6 x 1 l 16,25/1 l mp 209 °C (dec.) Lead (Pb)....................................................0,0001 % 6748.2 5 l plastic 42,90 € Solubility: 450 g/l (H2O, 20 °C) 7476.1 1 l glass 13,85 € Original pack 2 x 5 l 40,76/5 l [39537-23-0] 6748.3 10 l plastic 53,65 € WGK 1 Original pack 6 x 1 l 13,16/1 l 7476.2 2,5 l glass 19,25 € 6748.4 25 l plastic 103,20 € Type analysis: Original pack 4 x 2,5 l 18,29/2,5 l Appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzyme and Lateral Flow Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassays To
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Enzyme and lateral fow monoclonal antibody‑based immunoassays to simultaneously determine spirotetramat and spirotetramat‑enol in foodstufs Ramón E. Cevallos‑Cedeño1,3, Consuelo Agulló2, Antonio Abad‑Fuentes1, Antonio Abad‑Somovilla2 & Josep V. Mercader1* Spirotetramat is employed worldwide to fght insect pests due to its high efciency. This chemical is quickly metabolized by plants into spirotetramat‑enol, so current regulations establish that both compounds must be determined in foodstufs for monitoring purposes. Nowadays, immunochemical methods constitute rapid and cost‑efective strategies for chemical contaminant analysis at trace levels. However, high‑afnity binders and suitable bioconjugates are required. In this study, haptens with opposite functionalisation sites were synthesized in order to generate high‑afnity monoclonal antibodies. A direct competitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay with an IC50 value for the sum of spirotetramat and spirotetramat‑enol of 0.1 μg/L was developed using selected antibodies and a novel heterologous bioconjugate carrying a rationally‑designed hapten. Studies with fortifed grape, grape juice, and wine samples showed good precision and accuracy values, with limits of quantifcation well below the maximum residue limits. Excellent correlation of results was observed with a standard reference chromatographic method. As a step forward, a lateral fow immunoassay was developed for onsite screening analysis of spirotetramat in wine. This assay was successfully validated according to Regulation 519/2014/EU for semi‑quantitative methods at concentrations in line with the legal levels of spirotetramat and spirotetramat‑enol in grapes, with a satisfactory false suspect rate below 2%. Spirotetramat (SP), also known as BYI08330, was developed by Bayer CropScience a few years ago, and it was approved as a pesticide in the European Union and in the USA in 20141,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    SAFETY DATA SHEET According to Chinese National Standard GB/T 16483-2008 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Product name: Cesium Carbonate, Caesium carbonate Product code: CESCARBDRY CAS No 534-17-8 Synonyms: Cs2CO3 Dicesium carbonate Caesium Carbonate Recommended use: Catalyst, Industrial Products Restrictions on use: Not Applicable Supplier: Asia Pacific Business Service Center and Regional Headquarters Cabot China Ltd 558 Shuangbai Road Minhang District Shanghai 201108, China Tel: +86 21 5175 8800 Fax: +86 216434 5532 E-mail: [email protected] Emergency telephone 24H/7d service China: CHEMTREC 4001 - 204937 International CHEMTREC: +1 703-741-5970 or +1-703-527-3887 US: CHEMTREC: +1-703-527-3887 or 1-800-424-9300 E-mail address: [email protected] 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS - Classification A hazardous substance according to Chinese National Standard GB 13690-2009: General rules for classification and hazard communication of chemicals. Serious eye damage/eye irritation: Category 1 Reproductive toxicity Category 2 Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) Category 2 Label Elements: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 / 12 Product code: CESCARBDRY Product name: Cesium Carbonate, Caesium Revision date: 18-Apr-2017 carbonate ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Signal Word: DANGER Hazard statements: H318 - Causes serious eye damage H361f - Suspected of damaging fertility H373 - May cause damage to organs (kidneys, adrenals) through prolonged or repeated exposure Precautionary Statements - • Obtain special instructions before use Prevention • Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood • Do not breathe dust • Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection Precautionary Statements - Response• IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention Eyes • IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Halogen and interhalogen adducts of substituted amido-ions Britton, G.C. How to cite: Britton, G.C. (1979) Halogen and interhalogen adducts of substituted amido-ions, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8946/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk HALOGEN AND INTERHALOGEN ABDUCTS OF SUBSTITUTED AMI DO-IONS A THESIS PRESENTED BY G. C. BRITTON FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE" OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. JUNE 1979 No quotation from it should be published without Unive. his prior written consent and information derived !*• SCIENCE "> 2 9 NOV V) from it should be acknowledged. SECTION LibraH ABSTRACT The reaction between N-dimethylchloramine and iodomethane - + which yields the species (CHj)4N (CH^)2N(lCl)2~ - has been investigated with a view to elucidating possible mechanisms, and a number of analagous and related compounds have been prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    An X-Ray Diffraction Study on the Structure of Concentrated Aqueous Caesium Iodide and Lithium Iodide Solutions Yusuke Tamura, Toshio Yamaguchi *, Isao Okada. and Hitoshi Ohtaki Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan Z. Naturforsch. 42 a, 367-376 (1987); received December 8, 1986 X-Ray scattering measurements of 2.78 and 5.56 molal aqueous solutions of caesium iodide and 2.78 and 6.05 molal lithium iodide were carried out at 293 and 343 K Differences in the radial distribution functions (DRDFs) have been obtained between the caesium iodide and lithium iodide solutions of similar composition, the latter being taken as a reference for the data analysis of the former. The DRDFs show a peak arising from Cs-I contact-ion-pairs at 390 pm for all the caesium iodide solutions. The hydration structure of the caesium and iodide ions has been revealed. Effects of the concentration and temperature on the formation of ion-pairs and on the hydration structure of the ions are discussed. 1. Introduction cept Li+ increases. However, the above studies have given only indirect information with respect to The structure of electrolyte solutions, in partic- structural properties of hydrated ions. Recently, ular alkali halide solutions, has widely been in- Heinzinger et al. have obtained direct structural vestigated by means of X-ray and neutron diffrac- information on the effect of temperature and pres- tion [1] and Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics sure on the hydration shells of Li+ and I- and on the simulations [2], from which the structure and prop- bulk water by means of molecular dynamics (MD) erties of hydrated ions have been revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Tof-SIMS and XPS Characterization of 304L Surface After Interaction with Caesium Iodide Under PWR Severe Accident Conditions D
    Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions D. Obada, Anne-Sophie Mamede, Nicolas Nuns, Anne-Cécile Grégoire, Laurent Gasnot To cite this version: D. Obada, Anne-Sophie Mamede, Nicolas Nuns, Anne-Cécile Grégoire, Laurent Gasnot. Com- bined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions. Applied Surface Science, Elsevier, 2018, 459, pp.23-31. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.07.212. hal-02335537 HAL Id: hal-02335537 https://hal.univ-lille.fr/hal-02335537 Submitted on 17 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Combined ToF-SIMS and XPS characterization of 304L surface after interaction with caesium iodide under PWR severe accident conditions Dorel Obada1, Anne-Sophie Mamede2, Nicolas Nuns3, Anne-Cécile Grégoire1, Laurent Gasnot4 1 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Sûreté Nucléaire, CEN Cadarache, Saint Paul lez Durance, F-13115, France ; [email protected] ; anne- [email protected] 2 Univ. Lille, CNRS, ENSCL, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France ; [email protected] 3 Univ.
    [Show full text]