JMSCR Vol||05||Issue||10||Page 28518-28522||October 2017

www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.84 Index Copernicus Value: 71.58 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i10.07

Pharmacognostical Study of Kapikacchu ( Pruriens) Authors Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma1, Dr Raman Ranjan2, Dr (Prof).Vijay Shanker Dubey3, Dr (Prof.) Uma Shanker Chaturvedi4, Dr (Prof.) Ajay Kumar Singh5 1Asst. Prof., Dravyaguna Dept., SRTACH, Gaya, Bihar +91 9304712033, Email: [email protected] 2MD (Ay.), AMO, GAD, Raigar, CG 3HOD, Dravyaguna Dept., GACH, Patna, Bihar 4Principal, GACH, Begusarai, Bihar 5HOD, PG Dept., GACH, Patna, Bihar

Pharmacognosy is “the study of natural product or or “feijão macaco” (monkey ) in in Macossa their molecules that are useful for their medicinal, district of Mozambique. ecological, gustatory, or other functional Initially, velvet bean was sold by seed properties.” In other words, pharmacognosy companies in the United States under the name encompasses the knowledge of the history, "banana field bean" and was later distributed as distribution, cultivation, collection, selection, velvet bean throughout the tropics by the USDA. preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, The was probably introduced as a forage preservation, and use of drugs affecting the health crop in Mesoamerica in the 1920s by the United of man and other animals. Fruit Company. Velvet bean was grown in maize The name of the , Mucuna, is that of a by plantation workers on company land and Brazilian , and pruriens refers to the itching grazed by mules used to transport bananas from caused on the skin by the hairs. The popular name, the plantations to the railway depots. The plant variously spelt round the world is mostly of Indian retained the name "mule bean," or quenk mula, origin. The mature are considered among the Ketchi natives of Guatemala. In aphrodisiac, believed to be good luck charms in Central America, Velvet are been roasted Mexico and Central America, made into buttons, and ground to make a coffee substitute, and hence and ground into flour; the roots are used to treat the name "Nescafé" in these regions as well as in cholera; the hairs covering the pods are used to Brazil. It also has a long history of use in Indian kill intestinal worms. . The seeds of mucuna are known to Velvet bean, a climbing of Asian origin, enhance the mental function, enhance currently promoted for use as a green manure and neurosignals, increase the nervine strength, in the humid tropics. Extremely itchy support normal control of physical movements, hairs are produced on the ripe pods and this is why and strengthen the immune system, but are mainly this weed is named “feijão maluco” (crazy bean) used for the aphrodisiac purposes. With its documented ability to increase testosterone and

Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma et al JMSCR Volume 05 Issue 10 October 2017 Page 28518

JMSCR Vol||05||Issue||10||Page 28518-28522||October 2017

stimulate growth hormone (thereby increasing bisexual that often contain numerous muscle mass), several companies have launched stamens, which develop centripetally. new products using mucuna beans, including - Fabales classified in Caesalpinioideae, several which are standardized to the L-dopa Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae as separate content. subfamilies of a single , the Leguminosae (). The leaves are usually compound but Taxonomical Classification are also of simple type in few species. Stipules, a Kingdom Plantae– , Subkingdom pair of appendages subtending the leaf petiole, are Tracheobionta– Vascular plants, Superdivision usually present. The flowers may be solitary or Spermatophyta– Seed plants, Division bunched in leaf axils. The inflorescences, when Magnoliophyta– Flowering plants, Class Magnoli- present, are of various kinds, simple or branched. opsida– Dicotyledons, Subclass- Rosidae, Order- The flowers are usually perfect (bisexual) but Fabales, Family- Fabaceae– Pea family, Genus- unisexual flowers occur sporadically throughout Mucuna, Species (L.) DC. the family. It is the pistil, or gynoecium, of the The main characteristics of Kapikacchu according Fabales that is unique. The single carpel develops to its place in the taxanomic classification are into a fruit (the pod, or legume) that splits open described here: (dehisces) along one or both edges (sutures) at Tracheobionta - The Subkingdom Tracheobionta maturity, releasing the seeds that have developed encompasses those plants in the Kingdom Plantae from the . Legume seeds are sometimes that have specialized cells for conducting water very simple in colour and texture in few varities and sap within their tissues. Spermatophyta is the and sometimes quite colourful and spotted in traditional seed-plant division of the kingdom others. Fabaceae family ranges in habit from giant Plantae. Flowering plants are usually treated as a trees to small annual herbs, with the majority division called Magnoliophyta. The main split being herbaceous perennials. Plants have within the Division Magnoliophyta is between the indeterminate inflorescences, which are dicotyledons and monocotyledons. The names sometimes reduced to a single . The flowers come from the number of embryonic leaves, have a short hypanthium and a single carpel with a called cotyledons, found within the seed. short gynophore, and after fertilization produce Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledon)- Dicotyledons or fruits that are . Many Fabaceae host dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains bacteria in their roots within structures called root two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. nodules. These bacteria, known as rhizobia, have Dicotyledonous plant species are placed in the the ability of nitrogen fixation. The legume, acting Class Magnoliopsida. as a host, and rhizobia, acting as a provider of Rosidae- Rosidae includes the largest number of usable nitrate, form a symbiotic relationship. families of all the subclasses, although the vast Leaves- The leaves are usually alternate and majority of species belong to only 5 large orders, compound and often trifoliate (e.g. mucuna). They out of which Fabales (Mucuna belongs to it) is the always have stipules, which can be leaf-like or largest order comprising almost 18,000 species. In thorn-like or be rather inconspicuous. (Fig.1) evolutionary terms it has derived features such as Leaf margins are entire or, occasionally, serrate. pinnately compound leaves, but few have trifoliate Hypanthium is usually cup shaped. There are or palmate leaves too. Unifying characters include normally ten stamens (Fig.2) and one elongated showy flowers, perianth parts usually free, and superior ovary, with a curved style. They are stamens as many as or more than the . This usually arranged in indeterminate inflorescences. subclass of the dicotyledons contains both woody Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. and herbaceous species. Its members usually have they are pollinated by insects), and the flowers are usually showy to attract pollinators (Mucuna

Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma et al JMSCR Volume 05 Issue 10 October 2017 Page 28519

JMSCR Vol||05||Issue||10||Page 28518-28522||October 2017

mainly depends on bats for the pollination in some JAPANESE: Hasshou mame. MALAY: Kacang parts of the tropics). Flowers- The flowers always babi, Kacang benguk, Kekara juleh, Kara benguk. have five generally fused and five free Properties and actions - Rasa: Madhura, Tikta, petals (Fig.3). Dark purple flowers (6 to 30) occur Guna: Guru, Snigdha, Virya: Sheeta, ,Vipaka : in drooping (Fig.4). They are generally Madhura , Doshaghnata : Vatashamak, Karma : hermaphrodite, and have a short fruit. Fruits- The Kaphanashaka, Vatashamana, Vrishya, Pittana- ovary most typically develops into a legume. A shaka, Raktadoshanashaka, Brihana, Balya legume is a simple dry fruit that usually dehisces Therapeutic uses - Angamarda, Antravriddhi, on two sides. A common name for this type of Atisara, Gulma, Kasa, Ksaya, Raktapitta, Sita- fruit is a “pod. pitta, Sosa, Sidhma, Svasa, Vandhyatva, Vrana. The Morphology of Kapikacchu seed can be Parts Used- Seeds summarised as: Fruits are curved, 4–6 seeded. The Dosage: - Seed powder 3-5 gms / day. longitudinally ribbed pod is densely covered with Important formulations - Brhat Masa Taila, persistent pale-brown or grey trichomes that cause Krounch paka etc. irritating blisters. (Fig.5,6,7) Seeds are black ovoid and 12 mm long (Fig.8) Pharmacognostical Study (Done at Regional Distribution and Habitat - Mucuna is native to research institute of Ayurveda, Lucknow, Southern China and Eastern , but now it is Uttarpradesh) widely distributed in the tropics. In india it is a) Macroscopic- Seed ovoid, slightly laterally found in almost all states including Andaman and compressed, with a persistent oblong, funicular Nicobar island. But in abundant it is found in hilum, dark brown with spots; usually 1.2-1.8 cm Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Khasi hills, long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide, hard, smooth to touch, not Deccan region and in the east and west coast easily breakable; odour, not distinct; taste, region. sweetish-bitter. b) Microscopic Mature seed Synonyms of Mucuna pruriens (Baker) - shows a thin seed-coat and two hard cotyledons Dolichos pruriens (L.), Mucuna prurita (L.) Hook, (Fig.9); outer testa consists of single layered Mucuna esquirolii A. Léveillé palisade-like cells; inner testa composed of 2 or 3 Vernacular Names- SANSKRIT: Kapikacchuh, layers, (Fig.10) outer layer of tangentially Markati, Kandura, HINDI: Kavach ENGLISH: elongated, ovoid, thin-walled cells, inner 1 or 2 Cowhage, Cowitch, Cow , Itchy bean, Wild layers of dumb-bell or beaker-shaped, thick- itchy bean. KANNAD : Nasugunni walled cells; tegmen composed of a wide zone of MALAYALAM : Naykkurana MARATHI : oval to elliptical, somewhat compressed, thin- Kuhili, Khajkuhilee TAMIL : Punaikkali walled, parenchymatous cells; some cells contain TELUGU : Dulagondi, Duradagondi ASSAMESE starch grains; cotyledons composed of polygonal, : Banar Kakua GUJRATI : Kavach, Kaucha angular, thin-walled, compactly arranged, ORIYA : Baikhujnee PUNJABI : Tatgajuli, parenchymatous cells (Fig.11,12,13), containing Kawach URDU : Kanwach, Konch FRENCH : aleurone and starch grains; starch grains small, Pois pouilleux, Poil à gratter. GERMAN: simple, rounded to oval measuring 6-41 µ in dia., Juckbohne. MALAY: Kacang babi, Kacang gatal, but not over 45 µ in dia.; a few vascular bundles Kekara gatal, Kara-kara gatal, Kramé. SPANISH: with vessels showing reticulate thickening or Picapica, Chiporro. VIETNAMESE: mèo pitted present, Powder pale cream coloured CHINESE: Ci mao li dou, Mao dou, Gou zhua (Fig.14); aleurone and starch grains small (Fig.15, dou. DANISH: Fløjlsbønne, Floejlsboenne. 16), simple, rounded to oval (Fig.17) measuring 6- DUTCH: Fluweelboon. ESTONIAN: Bengaali 41 µ in dia., but not over 45 µ. in dia. rasvauba. FINNISH: Samettipapu. FRENCH: Pois velu, Pois mascate. ITALIAN: Fagiolo vellutato.

Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma et al JMSCR Volume 05 Issue 10 October 2017 Page 28520

JMSCR Vol||05||Issue||10||Page 28518-28522||October 2017

Identity, Purity And Strength- Phytochemical studies - Steroids - +ve, Flavones Foreign matter 1 %, Moisture content 3.8%, Total - + ve, Alkaloids - + ve, Carbohydrates - + ve, ash 4.7 %, Acid – insoluble ash 0.8%, Sulphated Glycosides - + ve, Saponins - + ve ash 5.6 %, Alcohol – soluble extractive 5.4%, Water – soluble extractive 22.7%

Fig.1. Leaves of Fig.2. Multiple Fig.3. Floral diagram & Kapikacchu stamens floral formula Fig.4. Flowers

Fig.5. Unripe pod Fig.6. Peeled pod Fig.7. Ripe pod Fig.8. Seed

Fig.9. TS of seed Fig.10. TS of Testa (naked eye view) Fig.11. TS of raphe

Fig.12. TS of Fig.13. TS of seed Fig.14. Powder of seed cotyledon portion

Fig.15. Powder Fig.16 Powder Fig. 17. Starch grains of Fig.18. TLC plates microcopy microcopy (high M. Pruriens seed powder resolution)

Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma et al JMSCR Volume 05 Issue 10 October 2017 Page 28521

JMSCR Vol||05||Issue||10||Page 28518-28522||October 2017

Chemical Test (Fluorescence) for Kapikacchu 5. Bhavaprakasha with Hindi commentary by [Chase & Pratt, 1949, Kokaski, et al., 1958) with Bhisagrantna Mishra B.S.Bhavmishra. some modification] Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 5th Under Under UV - S.N. Treatment Edition, 1980 ordinary light) Long (366nm) 1 Drug as such Cream Whitish cream 6. Hindi commentary on Bhavaprakash 2 Drug + Nitrocellulose Light brown Light green Nighantu Chunekar K.C., Chaukhambha 3 Drug + Picric acid Yellow Green Prakashan, Varanasi-2002 4 Drug + HCl conc. Brown Light green 7. Indian ,Kritikar KR. and 5 Drug + H2SO4 conc. Orange Light brown 6 Drug + HNO3 (50%) Orange Light green Basu B.D, Periodical Expert Book Drug + 1 N Na OH in Agency, Delhi- 1984 7 Brown Green Me OH 8. Indian Medicinal plants (A compendium Drug + 1 N Na OH in 8 Dark Brown Light green Water of 500 species), R. Vasudevan, Arya 9 Drug + NH4OH Light brown Light brown Vaidya Sala-1996 10 Drug + FeCl3 Dark green Green Drug + Acetic acid 9. Venkateshwara Rao G., Annamalai T. and 11 Light brown Light green Glacial Mukhopadhyay T. (2008) Indian J Chem, 12 Drug + Sudan-III Brown Dark brown 47B (1), 163-165), 10. Sharma P. V.: Dravyaguna Vigyan Vol. Thin Layer Chromatography Of Alcoholic I & II, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Extract varanasi, 2001. Spots Visualized in Iodine and after spray of 11. Chase, C.R. And Pratt, F.J. Fluorescence Sulphuric acid reagent & heated 1100 C for 5 of powered vegetable drugs with minutes. (Fig.18) particular reference to development of a TLC Aluminium sheet Stationary phase silica gel 60 F 254 plate system of identification J. Am. Pharm. Toluene – Ethyl Acetate- Assoc. (1949). Mobile phase Acetic acid (5: 4: 0.5) 12. Kokaski, J, Kokoski, R and Sima, F.J.

Rf value of spots Visualized in 0.20, 0.30, 0.70, 0.75 & Fluorescence of powered vegetable Iodine 0.85 drugs under ultra violet radiation. J. Rf value of spots Visualized . 0.20, 0.30, 0.70, 0.75 & Am. Pharm. Assoc. (1958). after spray of Sulphuric acid 0.85. reagent & heated 1100C for 5

minutes

References 1. Amarkosha with Ramaswami commentary by Sir Bhanuj Dixit, Amar Singh, Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay-1944 2. Poornachandra M.N., Khanam Salma., Shivananda B.G., Shivananda T.N. and Dris R.(2005) International journal of food, agriculture and environment, 33(4), 13-15. 3. Peter J. Houghton. and Melanie-Jayne Howes. (2005),14(1-2), 6-22. 4. Misra L. and Wagner H. (2007) Indian J Biochem Biophys, 44(1), 56-60.

Dr Santosh Kr Vishwakarma et al JMSCR Volume 05 Issue 10 October 2017 Page 28522