(Baobab) De Madagascar

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(Baobab) De Madagascar UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES THESE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE SPECIALITE : ECOLOGIE VEGETALE ANATOMIE ET DYNAMIQUE DE CROISSANCE DES ESPECES D’ADANSONIA (BAOBAB) DE MADAGASCAR Présentée par Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Soutenue le 09 Décembre 2011 devant un Jury composé de : Président : Pr. Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Directeurs : Pr. Charlotte RAJERIARISON Pr. Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Pr. RAMAVOVOLOLONA Dr. Ir. Hans BEECKMAN Examinateur : Dr. Pascal DANTHU « N’aie pas peur, car je suis avec toi. Ne regarde pas tout autour, car je suis ton Dieu. Oui, je t’affermirai. Oui, je t’aiderai. Oui, vraiment, je te tiendrai ferme par ma droite de justice ». ISAÏE 41 : 10 Remerciements La réalisation de cette thèse est le fruit de la collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar, le Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Bruxelles, Belgique et le CIRAD Madagascar. Cette thèse a vu le jour grâce aux moyens financiers et scientifiques octroyés par le Gouvernement Français par l’intermédiaire des projets CORUS II, SEP 381 et le Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale. Qu’ils reçoivent mes remerciements les plus sincères. Elle est l’aboutissement de trois années de recherche très riches en découvertes. C’est avec un grand plaisir que je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont participé à ce travail. Tout d’abord, je tiens à adresser mes sincères remerciements aux membres de Jury : A Monsieur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, Professeur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui malgré ses multiples fonctions m’a fait l’honneur de présider le jury de cette thèse. J’exprime toute ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance. A Madame Charlotte RAJERIARISON, Professeur titulaire au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui malgré ses lourdes responsabilités a accepté de suivre inlassablement de très près mon cursus universitaire depuis l’Ecole Normale Supérieure jusqu’à maintenant avec patience à travers ses précieux conseils. Elle m’a fait un très grand honneur de diriger cette thèse. Qu’elle soit assurée de ma reconnaissance. A Madame Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, Professeur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui malgré ses multiples activités n’a pas ménagé ni son temps, ni son aide précieuse en prodiguant toutes les instructions nécessaires à l’élaboration de ce travail. A Madame RAMAVOVOLOLONA, Professeur titulaire et Responsable de la formation Doctorale au sein du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales. Ses critiques constructives m’ont été très précieuses pour l’amélioration de la version finale de cette thèse. Je le remercie d’avoir bien voulu siéger parmi les membres de Jury. -i - A Monsieur Hans BEECKMAN, Directeur du Laboratoire de Biologie du Bois, au Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire mon premier stage en Anatomie dans son laboratoire, et d’avoir honoré ce travail par sa qualité de co-directeur de ma thèse. Il a guidé ce travail de recherche, tout en me laissant beaucoup d’autonomie et je le remercie pour la confiance qu’il m’a toujours témoignée. C’est avec beaucoup de patience et de sympathie qu’il a partagé avec moi ses connaissances et ses points de vue. A Mademoiselle Nele SCHMITZ, Docteur et chercheur au Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, de sa bonne volonté de siéger parmi les membres de Jury, d’avoir apporté ses précieuses aides, avec des corrections et des critiques positives pour l’amélioration de cette thèse. A Monsieur Pascal DANTHU, Docteur et Coordinateur du DP Forets – Biodiversité au CIRAD–FORET Madagascar, qui a accepté d’examiner ce travail et de siéger parmi les membres de Jury. J’exprime toute ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance : A Monsieur Edmond ROGER, Maître de Conférences au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales qui m’a proposé ce sujet de thèse. A Madame Harisoa Miadana FARAMALALA, pour sa disponibilité. Ses remarques pertinentes m’ont permis d’améliorer la qualité de cette thèse. A Monsieur Peter KITIN, Docteur et chercheur au Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique pour sa disponibilité et son aide précieux au microscope électronique à balayage. A Madame Claire DELVAUX, Docteur et chercheur au Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique pour sa disponibilité et son implication à toutes les étapes de ma thèse. A Dr. Josoa RAMAROLANONANA pour les analyses statistiques. -ii - A Monsieur Benja Rakotonirina, technicien du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, à Brice Funk Lee Rakotozafy, et à Fanilo Malala Ramanitrinizaka pour la confection des coupes anatomiques. A tous les chercheurs du laboratoire de Biologie du Bois, Tervuren pour les nombreuses discussions avec l’ensemble des thésards notamment : Agathe DIÉ, Benjamin TOIRAMBE, Joëlle De WEERDT, Maïike De RIDDER, Ilse BOOREN, Ntamwira NIRANDRA, Camille COURALET, qui ont beaucoup aidé à déterminer les différentes méthodologies et à exploiter les résultats de cette étude. Je garde un agréable souvenir de l’accueil chaleureux et de la disponibilité qui m’étaient toujours réservé par Wim TAVERNIER, José KEMPENAERS, Valentine MELLAERTS, Olivier De MARCHI, Muriel VAN NUFFEL et Isabelle RAVELOSAOTRA. A l’équipe baobab à savoir : Ony ANDRIAMALALA, Seheno ANDRIATSARALAZA, Amadou RANIRISON, Elysée RASOAMANANA, Onja RAZANAMARO, Jean Michel LEONG POCK TSY, Juvet RAZANAMEHARIZAKA, Feno RAKOTOARISON, Rota RAVAOHERINAVALONA et Santatra RAKOTOMANGA. Je suis reconnaissante de l’encouragement et de la bonne humeur de mes collègues de travail au Secrétariat du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales : Faly RASOANAIVO, Ando RAMAHEFARIVELO, Julienne RAVOLOLONTSOA, Chantal RASOLONJATOVO et Charlotte RAJAOBELINA. Je ne saurais terminer ces remerciements sans mentionner les para-écologistes qui m’ont facilité les tâches sur le terrain. Il va de soit qu’une grande partie de mes remerciements va tout droit de ma famille, à ma mère et mes deux sœurs dont le soutien a été permanent. Enfin, je remercie beaucoup mon mari Rivo de m’avoir donné l’idée de faire une thèse de Doctorat, de m’avoir épaulé durant toutes ces années, d’être obligé de me seconder quelques fois. Sans lui, je n’aurai pas pu finir cette thèse. Que tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail trouvent ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. -iii - TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES……………………………………………………………………......... viii LISTE DES PLANCHES………………………………………………………………………. xi LISTE DES TABLEAUX……………………………………………………………………… xiii LISTE DES PHOTOS………………………………………………………………………...... xv LISTE DES ANNEXES……………………………………………………………………....... xix GLOSSAIRE…………………………………………………………………………………… xx SIGLES ET ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………............. xxi INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Partie I : GENERALITES…………………………………………………………………….. 6 I-1-Le genre Adansonia……………………………………………………………………………… 6 I-1-1-Historique et origine phytogéographique………………………………………. 6 I-1-2- Evolution de la systématique des baobabs……………………………….......... 7 I-1-3- Description générale du genre Adansonia……………………………………… 9 I-2-Caractéristiques des habitats du genre Adansonia…………………………………………… 10 I-2-1- Milieu physique………………………………………………………………… 10 I-2-1-1- Climat………………………………………………………………….. 10 I-2-1-2- Géologie et sol…………………………………………………………. 10 I-2-2- Milieu biotique ………………………………………………………………… 12 I-2-2-1- Flore et végétation……………………………………………………... 12 I-2-2-2- Faune………………………………………………………………….. 13 I-2-2-3- L’homme et ses activités………………………………………………. 14 I-3-Anatomie du bois…..….…………………………………………………........................ 14 I-3-1- Formation du bois………………………………………………………………. 16 I-3-2- Activité cambiale dans les arbres tropicaux……………………………………. 16 I-3-3- Circulation de l’eau dans le bois.……………………………………................. 18 I-3-4- Cavitation et embolisme……………………………………………………....... 18 I-3-4-1- Causes de la cavitation……………………………………………......... 20 I-3-4-2- Stratégies d’adaptation et de restauration……………………………… 22 I-4- Dynamique et rythme de croissance des arbres…………………………………………. 23 I-5- Dendrochronologie……………………………………………………………………… 24 Partie II : MATERIELS ET METHODES……………………………………………………. 26 -iv - II-1-Matériels d’étude……………………………………………………………….............. 26 II-1-1- Collecte des échantillons…………………………………………………….... 26 II-1-1-1-Etudes anatomiques……………………………………………………. 26 II-1-1-2-Etudes dendrochronologiques…………………………………………. 26 II-2-Méthodes d’étude……………………………………………………………………….. 29 II-2-1- Prospections préliminaires…………………………………………………….. 30 II-2-1-1- Choix des sites d’étude………………………………………………... 30 II-2-1-2- Montage des Parcelles Permanentes de Suivi………………………… 30 II-2-1-3- Suivis écologiques…………………………………………………. 31 II-2-2-Etudes anatomiques………………………………………………………......... 33 II-2-2-1-Anatomie des jeunes tiges et des feuilles……………………………… 33 II-2-2-2- Anatomie du bois et de la zone cambiale ……………………………. 35 II-2-3- Etudes des relations entre anatomie et facteurs écologiques…………............. 38 II-2-3-1- Analyse de variance………………………………………………....... 39 II-2-3-2- Analyse de co-inértie………………………………………………….. 39 II-2-4- Méthodes utilisées en dendrochronologie…..……………………………....... 40 II-2-4-1- Micro-échantillonnage ou « micro-sampling »………………….......... 41 II-2-4-2- Marquage cambial ou « pinning method »……………………………. 43 II-2-4-3-Analyse des données………………………………………………........ 43 Partie III : RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS………………………………………….
Recommended publications
  • Dipterocarpaceae)
    DNA Sequence-Based Identification and Molecular Phylogeny Within Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae) Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) at Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen By Essy Harnelly (Born in Banda Aceh, Indonesia) Göttingen, 2013 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Referee : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Co-referee : Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Date of Disputation : 09.01.2013 2 To My Family 3 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey for accepting me as his PhD student, for his support, helpful advice and guidance throughout my study. I am very grateful that he gave me this valuable chance to join his highly motivated international working group. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft and Prof. Dr. Raphl Mitlöhner, who agreed to be my co-referee and member of examination team. I am grateful to Dr. Kathleen Prinz for her guidance, advice and support throughout my research as well as during the writing process. My deepest thankfulness goes to Dr. Sarah Seifert (in memoriam) for valuable discussion of my topic, summary translation and proof reading. I would also acknowledge Dr. Barbara Vornam for her guidance and numerous valuable discussions about my research topic. I would present my deep appreciation to Dr. Amarylis Vidalis, for her brilliant ideas to improve my understanding of my project. My sincere thanks are to Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Gillet for various enlightening discussions not only about the statistical matter, but also my health issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazrin Full Phd Thesis (150246576
    Maintenance and conservation of Dipterocarp diversity in tropical forests _______________________________________________ Mohammad Nazrin B Abdul Malik A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Science Department of Animal and Plant Sciences November 2019 1 i Thesis abstract Many theories and hypotheses have been developed to explain the maintenance of diversity in plant communities, particularly in hyperdiverse tropical forests. Maintenance of the composition and diversity of tropical forests is vital, especially species of high commercial value. I focus on the high value dipterocarp timber species of Malaysia and Borneo as these have been extensive logged owing to increased demands from global timber trade. In this thesis, I explore the drivers of diversity of this group, as well as the determinants of global abundance, conservation and timber value. The most widely supported hypothesis for explaining tropical diversity is the Janzen Connell hypothesis. I experimentally tested the key elements of this, namely density and distance dependence, in two dipterocarp species. The results showed that different species exhibited different density and distance dependence effects. To further test the strength of this hypothesis, I conducted a meta-analysis combining multiple studies across tropical and temperate study sites, and with many species tested. It revealed significant support for the Janzen- Connell predictions in terms of distance and density dependence. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, I highlight how environmental adaptation affects dipterocarp distribution, and the relationships of plant traits with ecological factors and conservation status. This analysis showed that environmental and ecological factors are related to plant traits and highlights the need for dipterocarp conservation priorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Ydraulic Architecture of Mangroves
    Growing on the edge ydraulic architecture of mangroves HEcological plasticity and functional significance of water conducting tissue in Rhizophora mucronata and Nele Schmitz Growing on the edge Print: DCL Print & Sign, Zelzate © 2008 Nele Schmitz © 2008 Uitgeverij VUBPRESS Brussels University Press VUB PRESS is an imprint of ASP nv (Academic and Scientific Publishers nv) Ravensteingalerij 28 B-1000 Brussels Tel. ++32 (0)2 289 26 50 Fax ++32 (0)2 289 26 59 E-mail: [email protected] www.vubpress.be ISBN 978 90 5487 489 8 NUR 922 Legal deposit D/2008/11.161/03 3 All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec­ tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. Growing on the edge Hydraulic architecture of mangroves: ecological plasticity and functional significance of water conducting tissue in Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel by Nele Schmitz May 2008 Promotors Nico Koedam Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management Vrije Universiteit Brussel Hans Beeckman Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium Royal Museum for Central Africa This research project was a collaboration between the Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren and was funded by the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) in China: a Seed and Spore Biology Perspective
    Accepted Manuscript Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: a seed and spore biology perspective Ellie Merrett Wade, Jayanthi Nadarajan, Xiangyun Yang, Daniel Ballesteros, Weibang Sun, Hugh W. Pritchard PII: S2468-2659(16)30078-6 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.09.002 Reference: PLD 30 To appear in: Plant Diversity Received Date: 6 August 2016 Revised Date: 6 September 2016 Accepted Date: 7 September 2016 Please cite this article as: Wade, E.M., Nadarajan, J., Yang, X., Ballesteros, D., Sun, W., Pritchard, H.W., Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: a seed and spore biology perspective, Plant Diversity (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.09.002. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: a seed and spore biology perspective Ellie Merrett Wade 1, Jayanthi Nadarajan 1, Xiangyun Yang 2, Daniel Ballesteros 1, Weibang Sun 3 and Hugh W. Pritchard 1* 1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK. 2 The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R.
    [Show full text]
  • A Publication Covering 74 IUCN RED List Tree Species of Malaysia Prepared by Sime Darby Property in Collaboration with Specialist Organisations
    A publication covering 74 IUCN RED List Tree Species of Malaysia prepared by Sime Darby Property in collaboration with specialist organisations Sustainability & Quality Management (SQM) Department Sime Darby Property Berhad, Block G, 6th Floor, No.2, Jalan PJU 1A/7A, Ara Damansara, PJU 1A 47301 Petaling Jaya Selangor Tel : +(603) 7849 5000 Fax : +(603) 7849 5686 [email protected] Publication month: June 2017 Printed on FSC paper The cover page showcases the species Shorea ochrophloia, taken at Genting Tea Estate in year 2013. PREFACE The publication of this Malaysian Threatened and Rare Tree Identification and Landscape Guideline is the culmination of six years of R&D by the Sustainability & Quality Management Department of Sime Darby Property Berhad, along with contributions by various academic and professional bodies in Malaysia. Sime Darby Property Berhad (hence referred to as Sime Darby Property) acknowledges the significant contributions made by The Institute of Landscape Architects Malaysia (ILAM) and The Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), who were engaged in 2015-2016 to undertake a data and imagery verification consultancy to conclude preparation of technical content used in this guideline. In doing so, this guideline, which covers 74 threatened and rare tree species endemic to Malaysia – the list of which is based on both the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) RED List for trees and the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia Plant Red List, is believed to be the first of its kind in Malaysia and possibly Southeast Asia. The intent is for a guide that can be useful for current and future landscape architectural practitioners in improving biological diversity conservation, by providing a semi-technical resource for landscape professionals to increase the sectors’ knowledge and ability to first be able to identify and then understand how to utilise these species.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Abdou Salam Ouedraogo (1957–2000)
    DEDICATION iii Dr Abdou Salam Ouedraogo (1957–2000) This book is dedicated to the fond memory of our late colleague Dr Abdou Salam Ouédraogo (1957–2000), who died in the Kenya Airways crash on the night of Sunday 30 January 2000. A citizen of Burkina Faso, Abdou was well known throughout Africa and the scientific community as a distinguished scientist and leader in his field. In 1995 he was awarded a PhD in conservation biology by the University of Wageningen, the Netherlands. He was the founding director of the Forest Tree Seed Centre in Ouagadougou and co-ordinator of the regional forest genetic resources programme at the Food and Agriculture Organization/Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (FAO/CILSS). During his tragically curtailed career, he was an active member of several panels and committees for international organisations. He served as a member of the FAO Panel of Experts on forest genetic resources, representing Africa. He was part of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Panel of Experts advizing on forest genetic resources while also a member of the programme committees of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the forestry department of the Centre de co- opération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD–Forêt). He fulfilled leadership roles in key conservation bodies as the deputy leader of the Research Group on Biodiversity (for Africa) of the International Union of Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO) and as chair of the Species Survival Commission African Tree Specialist Group, part of the International Union on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-Burma Ecosystem Profile, 2007
    Ecosystem Profile Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot Indochina Region FINAL VERSION MAY 2007 Prepared by: BirdLife International in collaboration with: Bird Conservation Society of Thailand Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden WWF Cambodia Program and with the technical support of: Conservation International-Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Drafted by the ecosystem profiling team: Andrew W. Tordoff Michael C. Baltzer Peter Davidson John Fellowes Ha Quy Quynh Tran Thanh Tung Assisted by the following experts and contributors: CAMBODIA Mead, David An Dara Men Soriyun CHINA Meoun Sam Ang Austin, Sean Bleisch, William A Bradley, Amanda Meynell, Peter-John Busstra Bram Chan Sophal Nong Divan Chan, Bosco Chheang Dany Ouch Kim Nary Chen, Kelin Chin Vibol Oum Saven Chen Ronggui Ching Uy Paley, Richard Dudgeon, David Delattre, Etienne Pel Piseth Fan, Bo Emmett, David Poole, Colin Gao Yu-ren Gauntlett, Suwanna Prum Sovanna Han, Lianxian Hak Song Sam Han Hau, Billy Heffernan, Joe Seng Kim Hout He, Zhaorong Heng Sovannara Seng Teak Hu, Jian Hogan, Zeb Shambhu Dangal Hu Zhihao Hong Chamnan Simms, Anthony Huang, Chengming Kong Kim Sreng Shore Robert Jiang, Hong Kry Masphal Sona Sok Jiang, Xuelong La Peng Ly Soun Phalla Kirkpatrick, Craig Lic Vuthy Tan Setha Kou, Zhitong Ly Saveth Tek Vannara Lau, Michael Mam Kosal Walston, Joe Leven, Mike Marris, Guy Weiler, Hunter Li, Yuyuan McLellan, Liz Withington, Dale Li, Zhaoyuan McLellan, Richard Yok Lin Liang, Wei ii Long, Yongcheng Parr, John Vu Thi Quyen Ng, Sai Chit Pattanwibul Anak Weil, Martin Pan Wenshi Pimathai, Rungratchanee Wind, Jan Shi, Haitao Prayoonsith, Theerapat Wang, Yingxiang Redford, Tim JAPAN Xie, Yan Round, Philip Chan, Simba Yang, Fan Santisuk, Thawatchai Grimmett, Richard Yang, Wenzhong Srikosamart, Sompoch Yang, Xiaojun Theerakup, Kamtorn Young, Lew Vidthayanon, Chavalit KENYA Zhang, Qun Webb, Edward Hunter, Nigel Zhang, Xiaohong Zhou, Fang VIETNAM MALAYSIA Compton, James Zhou, Wei Becker, Aaron Mundkur, Taej Zhu, Jianguo Coull, Eric Zou, Fasheng Cox, Nick Dinh The Hung THE NETHERLANDS LAO P.D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) in China: a Seed and Spore Biology Perspective
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Plant Diversity 38 (2016) 209e220 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn Plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China: A seed and spore biology perspective Ellie Merrett Wade a, Jayanthi Nadarajan a, Xiangyun Yang b, Daniel Ballesteros a, * Weibang Sun c, Hugh W. Pritchard a, a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK b The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, PR China c Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, PR China article info abstract Article history: Approximately one fifth of the world's plants are at risk of extinction. Of these, a significant number exist Received 6 August 2016 as populations of few individuals, with limited distribution ranges and under enormous pressure due to Received in revised form habitat destruction. In China, these most-at-risk species are described as ‘plant species with extremely 6 September 2016 small populations’ (PSESP). Implementing conservation action for such listed species is urgent. Storing Accepted 7 September 2016 seeds is one of the main means of ex situ conservation for flowering plants. Spore storage could provide a Available online 28 September 2016 simple and economical method for fern ex situ conservation. Seed and spore germination in nature is a (Editor: Sergei Volis) critical step in species regeneration and thus in situ conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, Ecology and Silviculture
    A Review of DipterocarpsDipterocarps Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture Editors Simmathiri Appanah Jennifer M. Turnbull A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture Editors Simmathiri Appanah Jennifer M. Turnbull SEARC RE H I T N S S E T R I T O U F T E CIFOR MA &(17(5Ã)25Ã,17(51$7,21$/Ã)25(675<Ã5( 6($5&+ÃÃÃÃÃ LAYSIA ã 1998 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published 1998. ISBN 979-8764-20-X Cover: Dipterocarp forest and logging operation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. (photos by Christian Cossalter) Center for International Forestry Research Bogor, Indonesia Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.cgiar.org/cifor Contents Authors v Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements ix Foreword xi Introduction 1 S. Appanah Chapter 1. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae 5 G. Maury-Lechon and L. Curtet Chapter 2. Conservation of Genetic Resources in the Dipterocarpaceae 45 K.S. Bawa Chapter 3. Seed Physiology 57 P.B. Tompsett Chapter 4. Seed Handling 73 B. Krishnapillay and P.B. Tompsett Chapter 5. Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipterocarp Forest 89 M.S. Ashton Chapter 6. Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 99 S.S. Lee Chapter 7. Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpaceae 115 C. Elouard Chapter 8. Management of Natural Forests 133 S. Appanah Chapter 9. Plantations 151 G. Weinland Chapter 10. Non-Timber Forest Products from Dipterocarps 187 M.P. Shiva & I. Jantan Scientific Index 199 General Index 209 Authors S.
    [Show full text]