Ciberia La Vida En Las Trincheras Del Hiperespacio

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Ciberia La Vida En Las Trincheras Del Hiperespacio Ciberia La vida en las trincheras del hiperespacio DOUGLAS RUSHKOFF PRÓLOGO A LA EDICION ESPAÑOLA Han pasado muchas cosas desde que escribí este libro. Más de las que suelen pasar en cinco años. Gracias a las tecnologías como el ordenador, el módem, los medios de comunicación interactivos e Internet, ya no dependemos del material impreso ni de la comunicación oral para explorar las últimas tendencias, innovaciones y descubrimientos. Para cuando una noticia llega a los quioscos, la mayoría de gente con acceso a la información ya la considera una noticia antigua, y ya se ha puesto a trabajar en la próxima ráfaga de inventos y actividades que guían a la cultura. Ciberia trata de un momento muy especial de nuestra historia reciente, un momento en el que todo parecía posible. En que toda una subcultura —como un niño que prueba la realidad virtual por primera vez en una fiesta rave— vio el enorme potencial de reunir las tecnologías informáticas más recientes con los sueños más íntimos y las verdades espirituales más antiguas. Es un momento que comprende el Windows 95, el Internet Explorer, los ordenadores portátiles, a cien millones de suscriptores de Internet, la revista Wíred, a Bill Clinton, la superautopista de la información, el comercio electrónico y la World Wide Web. Pero fue un momento que intuyó muchas más cosas. Este libro no es un sondeo de todo lo relacionado con lo «cíber», sino un recorrido por algunas de las regiones de esta cultura nueva y emergente a las que tuve la suerte de tener acceso. Mirando atrás, resulta sorprendente ver cuántas de estas nociones entonces absurdas se han convertido en verdades aceptadas y resulta descorazonador ver cuántos diagnósticos optimistas de nuestro futuro todavía están muy lejos de convertirse en realidades. Ciberia sigue las vidas y traduce las experiencias del primer grupo de personas que se dio cuenta de que nuestra cultura estaba a punto de dar un salto hacia lo desconocido. Algunos de ellos han triunfado más allá de todas sus expectativas y ahora son nombres prácticamente presentes en todos los hogares. Otros han conocido el fracaso. También hay otros que simplemente se han perdido de vista una vez que sus contribuciones al renacimiento ciberiano se han completado, o han sido totalmente olvidados. Lo que hay que recordar al leer este libro es que en los años ochenta los ordenadores y todo el que se acercaba a ellos no molaban nada de nada. Ni la ciencia ficción ni los juegos de rol ni tampoco —y tal vez resulta extraño- las drogas psicodélicas. América había caído en picado en las profundidades del pensamiento conservador, y en esas circunstancias a los intelectuales las cosas no suelen irles demasiado bien. A los tíos rarillos les van todavía peor. Y de los futuristas ni siquiera se oye hablar. Los años ochenta fueron una época de nostalgia y valores tradicionales. A mucha gente le parecía que el pensamiento anticonformista y altamente individualista —aunque escasamente cimentado― de la década de los 60’ se había perdido para siempre. Pero en San Francisco, unos cuantos ex hippies desperdigados, estudiantes universitarios, músicos y otras almas optimistas que se sentían particularmente relegadas al margen por el statu quo, empezaron a imaginar una posible alternativa. La mayoría de esta gente no se conocía entre sí. Algunos se reunieron en pequeños grupos. Otros trabajaban solos. Mientras que uno descubría el ordenador e inventaba la realidad virtual, otro descubría las propiedades de potenciación cognitiva de algunas hierbas y empezaba a vender "alimentos para la mente". Los chicos de una ciudad jugaban al rol mientras que los de otra ciudad empezaban a mezclar y a grabar su propia música electrónica con instrumentos baratos marca Casio. Una clase universitaria de Europa escribió programas informáticos que permitían a la gente intercambiar información sobre ordenadores a través de las líneas telefónicas, mientras que un profesor de matemáticas de Santa Cruz descubrió que las ecuaciones matemáticas no lineales describían formas orgánicas. Lo único que me legitimaba para escribir todo esto era que conocía gente en cada una de estas áreas, y me di cuenta de que ninguno de ellos sabía nada del resto. Estaban haciendo cosas muy distintas, claro, pero me pareció que, de alguna manera, todas ellas estaban relacionadas. Tal como se verá, todos estaban buscando a tientas lo mismo: la sensación de autoría sobre la propia realidad. La tecnología dio a todos estos miembros excepcionalmente distintos de movimientos alternativos y contraculturales la posibilidad de construir, proyectar o simplemente registrar sus visiones. Por ejemplo, los ordenadores permitieron a los científicos modelar atractores extraños. Las copiadoras Xerox permitieron a los adolescentes publicar revistas subversivas. Los tablones de anuncios electrónicos permitieron a los psicofarmacólogos underground intercambiar recetas de nuevos psicotrópicos. En todos estos casos y en muchos más, estas tecnologías de bajo coste y altamente accesibles dieron una oportunidad a la gente para hacer realidad sus sueños a un nivel que ninguno de ellos podía imaginar antes. Y a quienes más urgía aprovechar esta oportunidad era a los que creían que sus necesidades no estaban siendo cubiertas por una cultura consensuada que rechazaba todo lo nuevo. Ciberia parecía ser una manera de resquebrajar la cerrazón mental de nuestra civilización y de permitir que la transición al nuevo milenio ofreciera algo un poco mejor que el apocalipsis: la evolución controlada de forma consciente. Aunque muchos vieron el ordenador simplemente como una gran metáfora del cerebro, los Ciberianos consideraron estas terminales y sus diversas redes como extensiones de la mente humana. Era como si los seres humanos ―las múltiples neuronas de un cerebro planetario- se estuvieran integrando en un mismo sistema. De igual modo, la gente que aparece en estas páginas no vio las drogas tanto como una forma de entretenimiento sino como un método de reclutamiento: de preparación y práctica para el esfuerzo de guiar a la humanidad hasta su próximo paso evolutivo. Añádanse a esto las ideas sobre la espiritualidad y el renacimiento que llegan a la Cultura joven desde el movimiento New Age y uno empieza a notar el aroma a Renacimiento. Todo ideas muy elevadas, ciertamente, pero de eso se trata precisamente. Ciberia marca un momento en que mucha gente de muchos lugares consideró estas posibilidades como algo real. En cierto sentido tenían razón. Y aunque Ciberia no ha resultado ser una evasión de la realidad tan radical como sus impulsores imaginaban, el mundo tampoco es el mismo que hace cinco años. La gente que aparece en este libro, y miles como ellos en todo el mundo, entendieron las implicaciones que nuestra tecnología tiene en nuestra cultura, en nuestros sistemas de pensamiento, en nuestras creencias espirituales e incluso en nuestra evolución biológica. Todavía siguen siendo algunos de los analistas más optimistas y progresistas del destino de nuestra civilización. Y a medida que nos acercamos más a la realidad alucinatoria consensuada cuyos planos levantaron estos ciberianos, sus impresiones de una vida en el filo del abismo se vuelven todavía más relevantes para el resto de nosotros. Y cobran más sentido. Douglas Rushkoff Nueva York, 1994 INTRODUCCIÓN Haciendo surf en la curva de aprendizaje de Sísifo “En el plano más elemental, existe un terror simple a sentirse como un inmigrante en un lugar donde han nacido tus hijos, donde siempre estarás detrás de la bola ocho porque la tecnología se desarrolla más rápido de lo que tú la aprendes. Es lo que yo llamo la curva de aprendizaje de Sísifo. Los únicos que van a sentirse cómodos con ello son las personas a las que no les molesta la confusión y la ambigüedad. Considero que las situaciones confusas son una oportunidad, aunque no todo el mundo piense así. La mía no es la respuesta neurótica estándar. Nuestra cultura se basa en la capacidad de la gente para controlarlo todo. En cuanto adoptas la confusión como modo de vida, asumes que en realidad no lo controlas todo. En el mejor de los casos, te limitas a hacer surf.” John P. Barlow, letrista de los Grateful Dead y Cofundador de Electronic Frontiers Foundation. El chico que me dio el flyer de colores brillantes debió de suponerme más joven o al menos más liberal de lo que realmente soy. O a lo mejor me encasilló desde el principio. Es cierto que había hecho algunos «experimentos» en la universidad y que mi visión del mundo se había ampliado un poco, pero todavía no estaba listo para sumergirme en una subcultura tan extraña ni tan influyente como esta resultó ser. El folleto contenía un mapa realzado por un fractal y anunciaba una enorme fiesta ilegal, una rave, donde miles de asistentes tomarían drogas psicodélicas, bailarían al compás de los sonidos de la música generada por ordenador y hablarían de los modos en que la realidad pronto se amoldaría a sus propias proyecciones alucinatorias. Nada nuevo. Los bohemios han hablado así durante años, incluso siglos. El problema es que, después de pasar unos cuantos meses con ellos, empecé a creerles. Un reputado matemático de Princeton se pasa al LSD, se toma varios años sabáticos en las cuevas del Himalaya durante los cuales toma toda la droga que su cerebro aguanta, luego regresa a la universidad y se dedica a buscar ecuaciones que representen las formas de sus visiones psicodélicas. Las fórmulas que desarrolla reflejan el clima y el mercado de valores con más éxito que ningún sistema de los que antes existían. Tres chicos de San Francisco, con una cámara de vídeo y un codificador estropeado de llaves magnéticas de hotel, consiguen engañar a un cajero automático para que les dé el dinero de otra gente. Un nuevo sistema de conferencias por ordenador sumerge tan profundamente a la gente en su «comunidad virtual», que un alter ego se adueña de la voluntad de un individuo y este pierde el control de sus actos, haciendo proposiciones de modo arbitrario a las mujeres que estén «conectadas» en ese momento.
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