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Fauna of New Zealand 66: Diaspididae

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Fauna of New Zealand 66: Diaspididae The Copyright notice printed on page 4 applies to the use of this PDF. This PDF is not to be posted on websites. Links should be made to: FNZ.LandcareResearch.co.nz EDITORIAL BOARD Dr R. M. Emberson, c/- Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand Dr M. J. Fletcher, Director of the Collections, NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr M.-C. Larivière, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Mr R. L. Palma, Natural Environment Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 66 Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) R. C. Henderson Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2011 4 Henderson (2011): Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2011 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Henderson, R. C. (Rosa Constance) Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) / R. C. Henderson. – Lincoln, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, 2011. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 (print), ISSN 1179-7193 (online) ; no. 66). ISBN 978-0-478-34726-5 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-34727-2 (online) I. Title. II. Series. UDC 595.752.3(931) Suggested citation: Henderson, R. C. 2011. Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 66, 275 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the author using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. To access on-line extracts from this series visit: http://fnz.landcareresearch.co.nz/ M~ori text by H. Jacob, Ætaki. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Date of publication 23 May 2011 Front cover: Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell, 1891), Ross’s black scale or circular black scale; male (left) and female (right) (Illustrator: Rosa C. Henderson). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Ministry for Science and Innovation. Fauna of New Zealand 66 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Superfamily Coccoidea Family Diaspididae Armoured scale insects The armoured scale insect family Diaspididae is one of ten Illustration / Whakaahua: Symeria pyriformis (Maskell) families of plant-sucking scale insects present in New Zea- female and crawler (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: Rosa C. Henderson). land. Unlike members of those other nine families, armoured scale insects do not produce the sugary exudate known as honeydew, and so they are not directly associated with the growth of sooty mould fungi in their habitat, nor do they Ng~ pepeke unahi whai p~kai support honeydew feeders such as birds, geckos, bees, and wasps in natural ecosystems. The reason for this lack of Ko t‘nei wh~nau pepeke unahi whai p~kai, a Diaspididae, honeydew production is the first unique feature of the koia t‘tahi o ng~ wh~nau pepeke unahi ngongo tipu tekau family – the stomach of armoured scale insects is not di- kei Aotearoa e noho ana. Ko t‘tahi o Çna rerek‘tanga, rectly connected to the hind gut. They avoid the problem k~ore ia e whakaputa i te m~turunga h~piapia e k§ia nei ko of dealing with large volumes of liquid from phloem sap by te ‘honeydew’, nÇ reira ehara n~na i tipu ai te instead feeding on plant cells or parenchyma. puruhekaheka pango e kitea ana i tÇna w~hi noho, ehara The second unique feature of the family is their armour r~nei i te mea n~na e ora ai ng~ manu, ng~ mokomoko, ng~ or scale cover, in which they incorporate the cast skins of p§, ng~ w~pu, ko taua waireka t~ r~tou kai i ng~ taiao their juvenile moults, cemented together with waxes from m~ori. Ko te take i kore ai ia e hanga i te waireka, koia te various wax-producing ducts and pores. The third unique ~huatanga ahurei tuatahi o t‘nei wh~nau, ar~ he wehe feature is the fused segments of the posterior part of the motuhake nÇ te w~hanga tuatahi o te puku me ng~ kÇpiro abdomen called the pygidium; this has special lobes on the o muri. K~ore r~tou e kai i te pia mai i te tarikai — ka kai margin that are said to act like trowels and often also brush- k‘ r~tou i ng~ pãtau tipu e k§ia nei ko te ‘parenchyma’. like appendages, and that help spread the waxes when the Ko te ~huatanga ahurei tuarua o t‘nei wh~nau, ko te insect twists and turns during scale cover construction. p~kai tonu e noho ana hei kahu mÇna. Ka hangaia ki ng~ Having a strong protective cover is important because ngeti o ng~ whakam~unutanga kÇhungahunga, he mea armoured scale insects are legless and sedentary, except for whakapiri tahi ki ng~ harare ka m~turu mai i Çna anÇ pã, the first crawler stage and the tiny adult males that only i Çna anÇ kÇputa hanga harare. Ko te ~huatanga ahurei live for a few days. tuatoru, ko te hono tahi o ng~ w~hanga whakamuri o te tia, The native (endemic) species are found only on native ar~, o te pygidium; he pokopoko kei te tapa, me ‘tahi atu host plants and none are of economic importance or do any hanga p‘nei i te paraihe te ~hua, ko te mahi a ‘nei hanga, serious damage. Some of the endemic scale insects are quite he hora haere, he pani haere i ng~ harare ina takaoraora te host specific, for example, the two Anoplaspis species pepeke ki te hanga p~kai mÇna. He mea nui kia kaha tonu found only on rata and pohutukawa (Metrosideros), and te kahu o te unahi whai p~kai, i te mea he waewae kore, he (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Henderson (2011): Diaspididae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea) leptocarpus scale found only on oioi (jointed wire rush). neke kore, atu i ng~ mea kei te tã~tupu ngaoki tuatahi, me Among others with wider host ranges, Poliaspis and ng~ k~tua toa ririki e ora ana mÇ ‘tahi r~ ruarua noa iho nei. Symeria are perhaps the most species-rich genera. Oddly, Noho tahi ai ng~ momo m~ori taketake ake ki ng~ tupu while there are no records of armoured scale insects on m~ori anahe. K~ore ng~ momo nei e takakino i ng~ tupu i southern beech (Nothofagus), felt scale insects (eriococcids) noho atu ai r~tou, k~ore he p~nga kino ki te Çhanga. Ko in contrast show a remarkable diversification there. Nearly ‘tahi, ka noho wh~iti ki ‘tahi momo r~kau ruarua nei, hei all the endemic armoured scale species belong to the sub- tauira, kitea ai ng~ momo Anoplaspis e rua i te r~t~ me te family Diaspidinae, and there is just one species in the pÇhutukawa anahe (Metrosideros), ~, ko te unahi other subfamily Aspidiotinae, which is surprising com- leptocarpus kitea ai i te oioi anahe. O ng~ mea he maha ake pared with the many more aspidiotine members of the ~ r~tou r~kau noho, ko ng~i Poliaspis me ng~i Symeria pea introduced fauna. ng~ puninga e huhua ana ng~ momo. Ko t‘tahi mea ~hua Introduced or adventive species arrived accidentally korok‘, k~ore anÇ i kitea he unahi whai p~kai e noho ana ki on plants brought by the first European settlers, and by ng~ tawai o te tonga (Nothofagus), engari kua kitea te tini 1879 six species, including greedy scale, oleander scale, noa o ng~ momo unahi wh§tau (ng~ eriococcid) e noho tahi and rose scale had established. Since then the adventive ana ki te tawai. Tata tonu ko te katoa o ng~ momo m~ori o species total has reached twenty-one, plus eight Australasian ng~i unahi whai p~kai, nÇ te wh~nau iti Diaspidinae; kotahi species. A few species still manage to breach the border – noa iho te momo i t‘r~ atu wh~nui iti, i ng~ Aspidiotinae. most recently zamia (cycad) scale in 2004 and minute cy- He hanga ~hua rerek‘ anÇ t‘nei, ina whakaritea ki ng~ press scale in 2009. Some of the adventive species are momo r~waho kei konei e noho ana — ko te maha tonu o cosmopolitan pests and can be problematic, mainly in cit- ‘r~ he aspidiotine. rus, apple, pear, and kiwifruit orchards. Only four of them I tau pokereh mai ng momo r waho i runga i ng have invaded natural ecosystems but they seem to do little ã ~ ~ ~ tipu i kawea mai i te oroko taenga mai o tauiwi ki t nei damage there. ‘ whenua noho ai. 1879 rawa ake te tau, e ono ng~ momo kua rarau e noho, tae atu ki te unahi pukukai, te unahi oleander, me te unahi rÇhi. Mai i t‘r~ w~, kua eke ki te 21 ng~ momo, ~, me ‘tahi momo e 8 o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
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