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State-Building in Libya Integrating Diversities, Traditions and Citizenship

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State-Building in Libya Integrating Diversities, Traditions and Citizenship Can Libya be a state under rule of law? Which conditions are needed to make it possible? What role can traditional family ties, relations between clans and the army as well as new generations have in the process of state-building? State-Building Set in a scenario that raises serious doubts about the potential uni- fication of a vast territory characterized by distance, deserts and unequal distribution of resources – as well as being complicated by tribal divisions in the political arena and in social relations – this book explores the obstacles to a real state building process and the in Libya developments that could lead to positive outcomes. This volume collects a selection of proceedings from the ‘State Building in Libya’ conference, written by Massimo Campanini, Integrating Diversities, Irene Costantini, Federico Cresti, Moncef Djaziri, Courtney Erwin, Thomas Hüsken, Georg Klute, Wolfgang Kraus, Arturo Varvelli, Traditions and Citizenship with an afterword by Roberto Toscano. The Monographs of ResetDOC ISBN 978-88-941869-8-7 Campanini, Costantini, Cresti, Djaziri, Erwin 10,00 Hüsken, Klute, Kraus, Toscano, Varvelli 9 788894 186987 edited by Arturo Varvelli The Monographs of Reset DOC The Monographs of ResetDOC is a new editorial series published by Reset-Dialogues on Civilizations, an international association directed by Giancarlo Bosetti. ResetDOC promotes dialogue, intercultural understanding, the rule of law and human rights in various contexts, through the creation and dissemination of highest quality research in human sciences by bringing together, in conferences and seminars, networks of highly ranked academics and promising young scholars from a wide variety of backgrounds, disciplines, institutions, nationalities, cultures, religions The Monographs of ResetDOC offers a wide range of analyses on topical political, social and cultural issues. The series includes most of the association’s scientific pro- duction, articles published on ResetDOC online journal and original essays, as well as conferences and seminars proceedings. The Monographs of ResetDOC promotes new insights on cultural pluralism and international affairs. State-Building in Libya Integrating Diversities, Traditions and Citizenship Edited by Arturo Varvelli Contents The Monographs of Reset DOC 9 Introduction Arturo Varvelli Director Giancarlo Bosetti Scientific Coordination Lea Nocera Editing Chiara Galbersanini, Sara Rohani, Alessandra Vitullo Part I The Birth of Libya as a Nation 15 I. The Post-Almohadian Man and the Construction of Modern Libya Massimo Campanini Publisher Reset-Dialogues on Civilizations 29 II. Colonialism and the Modern State in Libya: Via Tacito 7, 00193, Rome, Italy First edition October 2017, ISBN 978-88-941869-8-7 a Difficult Legacy Federico Cresti Photocopies made by readers for personal use can amount to 15 percent of the book paying SIAE the fees established by Article 68, Part II nd commas 4 and 5, of the Italian law dated April 22 1941 n° 633. Localisms, Tribes and Sub-National Identities Reproductions made for professional, financial or commercial use, or any use differing from personal use may be made only following 51 III. What is a Middle Eastern Tribe? authorisation from AIDRO (www.aidro.org). Wolfgang Kraus 74 IV. Heterachy, Connectivity and Locality Emerging Forms of Political Organization from Libya to Northern Mali Graphic Project Studio Cerri & Associati Thomas Hüsken, Georg Klute with Francesca Ceccoli Printed by Actualtype Completed in October 2017 Part III Introduction Understanding the Libyan Crisis: Dynamics and Prospects Arturo Varvelli, Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) 102 V. Libya: the Deadlock in Reaching a Political Agreement and the Problems Posed by the Democratic Transition Moncef Djaziri 126 VI. Libyan Political and Security Scenario after the Fall of IS Arturo Varvelli Since the revolution in 2011, the Libyan crisis has increasingly 144 VII. After Regime Change, What? The Missed imposed itself as a global issue. Particularly over the past few Opportunity of State Building in Libya years, Libya has indeed moved from being a merely domestic Irene Costantini dispute to gathering the interests of different foreign players, thus coming to represent a matter of international security. In light 158 Afterword of the recent developments in the local as much as the interna- Libya: Italy’s Dilemmas tional arena, the international Association Reset-Dialogues on Roberto Toscano Civilizations has turned the spotlight on Libya with a meeting that was held in Tunis on September 30, 2016. The purpose of 165 Annex the meeting was to analyse Libya’s scenario of persistent crisis, State-Building in Libya: Reflections of an Outsider characterized by a lack of state authority that controls the ter- Courtney Erwin ritory and assures the security of its citizens and the formation of an interim government at the beginning of 2016, the so-called Government of National Accord (GNA). 177 Authors Despite the establishment of a Government of National 181 Bibliography Accord, the country appears not only still far from being stabi- lized, but the Libyan chaos has protracted all over the last year and a half, dragging various consequences for the whole North African and Mediterranean region. A series of causes lay at the basis of such a deep and prolonged crisis. The first amongst these concerns might be defined as a “multiple identity”. The Libyan nation state is indeed a modern construction, the result of the shift from Ottoman rule to the Italian colonial period. Both King Idris al-Senussi and Colonel 10 State-Building in Libya Arturo Varvelli 11 Muammar Gaddafi have been much aware of such a weakness. Finally, it must be added that, in the post-Gaddafi period, a The same King Idris, when offered the Crown in the 40s, was growing competition between regional and international actors concerned about the acceptance by the population of his lead- arose. Foreign players, indeed, have repeatedly supported one ership, fearing that his provenience from Senussia would have Libyan contender or another according to their own interests. been disregarded by other local communities. Gaddafi, on his Accordingly, the conditions on the ground in Libya came to mirror side, sometimes artificially, tried to build a new narrative of the the divisions at the international and regional level. The rivalry Libyan identity by leveraging anti-colonial and anti-imperial- between domestic factions and their international supporters istic feelings, desperately looking for an external enemy to fight. reached its climax in the summer of 2014 when the country was Alongside national identities, at least two other kind of iden- de facto split into two parts, one in Tobruk in the east under the tities are to be highlighted; one is related to regionalisms, and control of General Khalifa Haftar and the newly elected House of another is related to localisms and tribal society. For instance, Representatives (HoR), and one in the west led by Islamist leaning regionalism has emerged during the civil war that erupted in militia leaders and those in the city of Misrata. 2011. This can be described, at least partially, as a revolt of All these elements contribute to compose the puzzle of the Cyrenaica against Tripolitania. It exists indeed an historical current Libyan chaos, shedding light on the deep reasons why rivalry among the three Libyan regions (Cyrenaica, Tripolitania the country is undergoing such a crisis. However, it is not possible and Fezzan), which once represented autonomous administra- to understand contemporary and current dynamics on-going in tions under the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, tribalism Libya without investigating its history and many socio-ethnic has undergone a new revival. Tribes and localisms have indeed dynamics. To this purpose, in the first part of the present volume filled the vacuum of power, which was left by the collapse of the the authors investigate the birth of Libya as a political iden- state, thus going back to assuming their historical role of social tity, moving from the establishment and consolidation of the mediation, while sometimes contributing to lightening up rival- Ottoman Empire at the middle of the sixteenth century to the ries also by a military point of view. colonial legacy of Libya, with the problematic developments in The second cause for the endless Libyan crisis may be iden- the period following independence. The second part analyses tified in the political attitude itself of Gaddafi’s regime and its those cultural and socio-political forms of organization, cooper- deep rentier nature. It is indeed rentierism that has allowed ation and collective action that are referred to as “localisms” or Gaddafi to stay in rule for over 40 years, surrounded by a weak “tribes”. In particular, the contributions of the authors focus on institutional apparatus. The role Gaddafi assumed of supplier the historical tendency of tribal communities to perceive them- of income within the country allowed him to adopt a “personal- selves as distinct from the broader societies they live in and their istic” management of the country. For instance, he consciously strive for political autonomy, and the consequences of this atti- avoided to build institutions that would have represented an tude in contemporary Libya. Finally, the third part of the present alternative pole of attraction to his personal holding of power. volume tackles more current and urgent dynamics by addressing Later on, and differently from the cases of Tunisia and Egypt, a number of events – from the increasing intervention of foreign the outburst of Gaddafi has engendered not only a change in players to the territorial losses of the Islamic State – that seem leadership, but also the flanking of the weak Libyan state. today to be driving Libya to a new evolution of the crisis. Part I The Birth of Libya as Nation Chapter I The Post-Almohadian Man and the Construction of Modern Libya Massimo Campanini, University of Trento This short paper is meant to be an introduction intended to wonder whether Libya ever existed or is a modern invention1.
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