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Urban Policies, Planning and Suburban Transformation in Tokyo Metropolis

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Urban Policies, Planning and Suburban Transformation in Tokyo Metropolis Suburban Fortunes: Urban Policies, Planning and Suburban Transformation in Tokyo Metropolis Hiroaki Ohashi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London (UCL) Bartlett School of Planning Faculty of the Built Environment UCL May 2018 “I, Hiroaki Ohashi, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.” Signature: Date: 30 May 2018 2 Abstract Over recent decades, Tokyo’s suburban territory has experienced new path-dependent, multifaceted restructuring in the context of stagnation and/or decline, which has been materialised by interactions among urban policies, economic restructuring and socio-demographic transformation. In this process, Tokyo’s suburban territory has been increasingly isolated in political and administrative, economic and socio-demographic terms, incorporating the multi-dimensional divergence of outer suburban municipalities. Consequently, municipal governments and other local actors have been left to tackle suburban shrinkage alone under the retreat of upper-level governmental entities and global economic actors. Exploring underlying mechanisms, this research reveals that the multi-dimensional suburban isolation has been created by the metropolitan-wide dynamics of inter-governmental, inter-sectoral and inter-actor dynamics. It also reveals that the multi-dimensional outer suburban divergence has been created by local-wide differentiations of these metropolitan-wide dynamics, resulting in the difficulty of inter-municipal collaboration especially for industrial and commercial promotion. Consequently, Tokyo’s suburban territory has been degenerating from ‘post-suburban’ spaces to balkanised spaces with less diverse activities. Especially, its economy has been increasingly localised with weakened linkages to external territories including global economic circuits. Now, integrated suburban economic development is crucial for the future suburban sustainability and regeneration of Tokyo Metropolis. In this vein, this research proposes a new approach of integrated urban-suburban economic development that ensures multi-dimensional urban-suburban linkages to create new platforms for collaborations among different actors for suburban economic development. This approach can be established by creating new modes of inter-governmental, inter-sectoral and inter-actor dynamics. Through this approach, Tokyo’s suburban territory would be re-positioned within vertically and horizontally integrated economic spaces under inter-governmental and intra-governmental integrations. Then, on the basis of Tokyo’s empirical evidences, this research concludes the importance of evolutionary perspective-based investigations into active and latent dynamics within various suburban transformations worldwide, as well as proposes policy and planning implications for other large metropolises. 3 Acknowledgements I received excellent supervision from Prof. Nicholas Phelps, PhD (Professor of Urban and Regional Development) as the first supervisor and Prof. John Tomaney, PhD (Professor of Urban and Regional Planning) as the second supervisor. For me, this PhD research is like a very long journey. Thanks to their kind, patient supports, I could complete this research. I am very thankful to my supervisors from the bottom of my heart. I am greatly thankful to interviewees who kindly participated in this research, namely academic professors, former and current public officials of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, former and current public officials of Tachikawa City, Hachioji City and Ome City, private practitioners and representatives of NPOs and community groups. Thanks to their participation, this research could produce fruitful outcomes. For this research, I received the John Crump Studentship (Final-stage PhD scholarship) and BAJS Studentship from the British Association for Japanese Studies, Inoue Masaru Scholarship (UCL 1863 Japan Scholarship) from UCL, a one-off grant from the Allan and Nesta Ferguson Charitable Trust and a travel study grant from the Gilchrist Educational Trust. Their financial supports were invaluable for this research. I sincerely express my appreciations to these entities. Finally, I hope that this research would make some contributions to the future prosperity of the Tama Area in Tokyo Metropolis. 4 Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 4 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 13 List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Overview of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 16 1.1.1 Emergence of New Path-dependent, Multifaceted Suburban Restructuring of Tokyo Metropolis ...................................................... 16 1.1.2 Tokyo’s Suburban Restructuring Worthy of Research for Contemporary Suburban Debates ...................................................... 18 1.1.3 Towards Policy and Planning Implications for Suburban Sustainability and Regeneration ......................................................... 22 1.2 Structure of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2 Contextualising Suburban Restructuring of Tokyo Metropolis in International and Domestic Debates .............................................................. 29 2.1 Chapter Introduction........................................................................................... 29 2.2 Urban Agglomerations as Command-and-Control Centres of Global Economy ............................................................................................................ 29 2.3 Metropolitan Spatial Transformation: from Fordist Monocentricity to Post-fordist Polycentricity ................................................................................... 31 2.4 Contemporary Suburban Space as a Subject of Worthy of Research .............. 35 2.5 Suburban Transformations of Large Metropolises from an Evolutionary Perspective ........................................................................................................ 37 2.5.1 Suburbanisation and Suburbia ........................................................... 37 2.5.2 Emergence of a Post-suburban World under Polycentric Formation ............................................................................................ 39 2.5.3 Shrinking Cities and Suburban Decline .............................................. 41 2.5.4 Future Possibilities of Outer Suburban Shrinkage ............................. 46 5 2.6 New Perspectives in a Post-suburban World ..................................................... 46 2.6.1 Suburban Politics and Governance as an Important Research Agenda ............................................................................................... 46 2.6.2 Key Perspectives to Explore Suburban Politics and Governance ...... 50 2.7 Recent Conceptual and Theoretical Approach for Suburbanisation and Post-suburbanisation ......................................................................................... 53 2.8 Chapter Conclusion: Necessity to Explore Underlying Political and Policy Dynamics in Tokyo’s Suburban Restructuring ................................................... 56 Chapter 3 Research Area, Significance of Research and Research Questions ......... 57 3.1 Chapter Introduction........................................................................................... 57 3.2 Research Area: Tama Area as Tokyo’s Suburban Territory ............................... 57 3.3 Current Issues and Problems Surrounding Tokyo’s Suburban Territory ............ 66 3.4 Research Questions and Significance of Research .......................................... 69 3.5 Chapter Conclusion: Necessity to Explore Path-dependent, Multifaceted Phenomena within Tokyo’s Suburban Restructuring ......................................... 77 Chapter 4 Research Methodologies ................................................................................ 78 4.1 Chapter Introduction........................................................................................... 78 4.2 Overall Research Process ................................................................................. 78 4.3 Integrated Application of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches ................... 80 4.4 Methods in Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches ........................................ 82 4.4.1 Multivariate Analyses of PCA and CA ................................................ 82 4.4.2 Semi-structured and Non-structured Interviews ................................
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