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Redalyc.Intellectuals and History in the Spanish Caribbean: Between Caribbean Studies ISSN: 0008-6533 [email protected] Instituto de Estudios del Caribe Puerto Rico Baud, Michiel Intellectuals and history in the spanish caribbean: between autonomy and power Caribbean Studies, vol. 34, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2006, pp. 277-291 Instituto de Estudios del Caribe San Juan, Puerto Rico Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=39211247010 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative INTELLECTUALS AND HISTORY IN THE SPANISH CARIBBEAN 277 INTELLECTUALS AND HISTORY IN THE SPANISH CARIBBEAN: BETWEEN AUTONOMY AND POWER Michiel Baud CEDLA, University of Amsterdam Ignacio López-Calvo. 2005. “God and Trujillo”: Literary and Cultural Representations of the Dominican Dictator. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. 196 pp. ISBN: 0-8130-2823-X (Cloth). Teresita Martínez-Vergne. 2005. Nation and Citizen in the Dominican Republic, 1880-1916. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 234 pp. ISBN 0-8078-2976-5 (Cloth); 0-8078-5636-3 (Paper). Pedro San Miguel. 2004. Los desvaríos de Ti Noel: Ensayos sobre la producción del saber en el Caribe. San Juan, PR: Vertigo. 227 pp. ISBN: 1-932766-01-4 (Paper). Pedro San Miguel. 2005. The Imagined Island: History, Identity, and Utopia in Hispaniola. Translated by Jane Ramírez. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 194 pp. ISBN 0- 8078-2964-1 (Cloth); ISBN 0807856274 (Paper). Richard Lee Turits. 2003. Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. Stan- ford, CA: Stanford University Press. 384 pp. ISBN: 0804751056 (Paper). Pedro San Miguel starts his collection of essays on Caribbean intellectuals, Los desvaríos de Ti Noel with a well-known novel by Alejo Carpentier, El reino de este mundo (1994). He compares the volatile, contradictory and in the end pointless attitude of the hallucinating ex-slave Ti Noel of Carpentier’s story with the plight of the Caribbean intellectuals, who always had an ambiguous relation with the holders of political power. Despite their limited power they invested themselves with important political and Vol. 34, No. 1 (January - June 2006), 277-291 278 MICHIEL BAUD social missions. San Miguel observes: “[E]l intelectual caribeño usualmente vive en un delirio, por lo que cree que puede salvar al mundo por medio de la palabra” (p. 23). Because of this mission- ary zeal the relationship between intellectuals and power-holders is often complex and contradictory. This is even more so in the Caribbean where the societies are so small and personalized and at the same time, socially and economically divided. I would personally suggest taking recourse to another story of Carpentier, “El derecho de asilo,” which introduces the “sec- retario de la Presidencia y Consejo de Ministros” on a Sunday morning, when he is immersed in his erudite intellectual musings. For one short moment he takes the liberty to put himself in the place of the President. “La verdad era que, los domingos, se sentía un poco presidente en el Palacio de Miramontes. Cierta vez había llegado a terciarse una banda presidencial para sentir la emoción del poder” (Carpentier 1982: 187). This scene suggests a metaphor with a slightly different angle to the Caribbean intellectual, the servant who fools himself to be the master, and believes that he is in the centre of power. Most intellectuals quickly realize that this dream will never come true and that it would even be contrary to their vocation (our dear secretario starts reading a book on art when he takes the President’s seat!). Others become bewitched by their dream and place themselves at the mercy of power-hold- ers. In her treatise on Latin American intellectuals, Nicola Miller (1999) writes: “Spanish American intellectuals found themselves obliged to choose between adopting a stance of critical distance, in which case they became politically redundant, or devoting themselves to politics, in which case they risked losing moral authority” (p. 126). Sometimes—very rarely—intellectuals succeed in convincing themselves and their environment of their potential to become real power-holders. This happened twice in the 20th century Dominican Republic. An enigma still to be explained is why this country produced two intellectual Presidents in the latter half of the 20th century: Juan Bosch and Joaquín Balaguer. This question Caribbean Studies Vol. 34, No. 1 (January - June 2006), 277-291 INTELLECTUALS AND HISTORY IN THE SPANISH CARIBBEAN 279 is even more fascinating because the fate of these two men was so different. The first, Juan Bosch, obeys more San Miguel’s typol- ogy of the wandering, unpractical and finally defeated Ti Noel (not surprisingly Bosch is one of the “heroes” of San Miguel’s work). The other, Joaquín Balaguer, is an excellent example of Carpentier’s secretario, who after decades of serving the dictator while dreaming about the presidency on Sunday mornings, finally grabbed power in 1966, only to relinquish it in 1996 with twenty- two years as President.1 Images in an island society San Miguel’s two books reviewed here may be helpful in understanding the complex relation between intellectuals and political power in the Dominican Republic, and the Spanish- speaking Caribbean in general. The Imagined Island is the trans- lation of a book published in Spanish in 1997. It concerns itself with the history and especially the interpretation of history in the Dominican Republic and, to a lesser extent, Haiti. With a great erudition the author looks into the struggle for identity on the island of Hispaniola shared by Haiti and Santo Domingo. In four lucid essays San Miguel unravels the historical imagination of this fascinating island. He starts out with two more general essays in which he analyses the historical imagination concerning the Span- ish colonial domination of the island and the racial contents of the Dominican identity in the independent Dominican Republic. If anything, these essays only confirm how the two parts of the island are linked to each other like a Siamese twin; and, on the other hand, how desperately the Dominican elites have tried to affirm the separate identity of their country. The intensity of this double binding is hard to exaggerate and almost impossible to fully understand for outsiders. In the last two essays San Miguel uses the Haitian intellectual Jean Price-Mars and Dominican writer-politician Juan Bosch to dig into the complexities of nation building and identity formation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. He presents Price-Mars as Vol. 34, No. 1 (January - June 2006), 277-291 280 MICHIEL BAUD the intellectual voice of Haiti and tries to see through his work to construct a Haitian (and one could say: Black) perspective on the island’s identity. It is a well composed essay that in the end cleverly uses Argentine writer Borges’ vision of history to sug- gest the possibility of a harmonious future for the island. In the last essay San Miguel analyses the fictional and historical work by Juan Bosch as an indication of an evolving national modern- izing project. This project was evidently coloured by Bosch’s experiences in Cuba, this most modern and cultured island of the Caribbean. For Bosch, the backwardness of Dominican society which led to cultural (or even racial) pessimism among many of the Dominican letrados, was the direct result of the absence of a real capitalist development in the country prior to the late 20th century. This had also led to a weak bourgeoisie which had not been able to hold its own in the face of imperialism and authori- tarianism. Later this analysis would become the basis of Bosch’s political programme that intended to apply Marxist analysis to the specific circumstances of the country. It has been the tragedy of Juan Bosch’s life that after his short, violently aborted presidency in 1963, he never had the opportunity to put his ideas and political programme into practice. Los desvaríos de Ti Noel which was published in Puerto Rico, touches on many of the same themes and can be seen as a con- tinuation of the discussion started in San Miguel’s 1997 book. It lacks, however, the erudition of his other book. It is a somewhat uneven collection of essays, book reviews and more general writ- ings and lacks coherence. In the long and most interesting essay, “Visiones históricas del Caribe,” San Miguel further pursues his analysis of the relation between intellectuals and national identity extending it to the historical development of the Spanish Carib- bean in general. He sketches the well-known patterns of Spanish Caribbean history with its discussion on the relation between plantations and peasant farming, and shows how this discussion went to the heart of the historical debate in the Caribbean. Influ- enced by the U.S. popularity of Indian subaltern studies, but also Caribbean Studies Vol. 34, No. 1 (January - June 2006), 277-291 INTELLECTUALS AND HISTORY IN THE SPANISH CARIBBEAN 281 by the work of his Puerto Rican professor, Fernando Picó, he is especially interested in the possibilities of the popular classes to influence history. He finishes by suggesting that the present- day migration and globalisation has finally placed the subaltern classes center stage. San Miguel is at his best when he succeeds in connecting the history of the Spanish Caribbean to broader historiographic issues like nation building, the social and political position of intellectuals, etc. Of course, there are always issues one can disagree with or debate about. For example, his analysis of the Dominican Haitian relations is still very much informed by a Dominican perspective, and he has (as most of us) not yet suc- ceeded in constructing a completely balanced model of analysis.
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