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The Walnut Twig Beetle and Its Association with 1000 Cankers

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The Walnut Twig Beetle and Its Association with 1000 Cankers Nightmare on Walnut Street: Thousand Cankers Disease as an Emergent Threat to Juglans Whitney Cranshaw Colorado State University Presentation for the International Society of Arboriculture Conference Chicago, IL July 27, 2010 Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) – An Insect/Fungal Disease Complex affecting some Juglans spp. A beetle – walnut twig beetle A fungus – Geosmithia “morbida” Jim LaBonte Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorous juglandis Jim LaBonte Adults enter trees and excavate galleries An egg gallery is produce along which eggs are laid Larval feeding produces a loose network of meandering tunnels in the cambium A full grown larva, preparing to pupate. Teneral adults and pupa, covered with Geosmithia spores Adults emerge through minute exit holes The Pathogen - Geosmithia morbida Walnut twig beetles emerging from infested trees are contaminated with spores of the fungus Geosmithia is introduced into wounds made by walnut twig beetles Growth of the fungus beyond the inoculation site creates a dead region (canker) in the cambium. Multiple cankers produce girdling that seriously restricts movement of nutrients. Walnut twig Deathbeetle exit holes by TCD – Working Hypothesis • Girdling from cankers (and bark beetle tunneling) restricts movement of nutrients. • Trees weaken as stored energy reserves become depleted. – External symptoms develop in end stages of infestations • Trees ultimately die from energy depletion. Flagging symptoms emerge in end stages of 1000 cankers on black walnut TCD Symptoms in July 2009 (Olney Springs, CO) – Tree is now dead Foliage wilting may occur rapidly on TCD-compromised limbs September 2008 June 2008 June 2009 Origin of Thousand Cankers Disease The walnut twig beetle was originally described (1928) from Arizona walnut, Juglans major. Great picture by Jim LaBonte, OR Dept. Agriculture! Original collections of the beetle were made in 1896. Published distribution of Arizona walnut Arizona walnut (Juglans major) – Host associated with original descriptions of the walnut twig beetle Arizona walnut is a common species found in canyons and along riverways In 2008-2009 surveys, walnut twig beetle was repeatedly found in Arizona walnut at several sites in NM and AZ Walnut twig beetle in AZ walnut functions as a “typical” Pityophthorus species of twig beetle. Attacks are normally limited to small diameter branches and function as a form of natural pruning. Progression to full- blown Thousand Cankers Disease has not been observed in AZ walnut. Southern California walnut Juglans californica Another native host of walnut twig beetle? California records for walnut twig beetle date to the late 1950s (Los Angeles County) Geosmithia “morbida” is also likely to be a native fungus. The Geosmithia fungus is has been found consistently associated with the tunnels and frass of walnut twig beetles – regardless of Juglans spp. or site of collection. Evidence suggesting Geosmithia “morbida” is a native fungus • The fungus is consistently associated with walnut twig beetle – wherever walnut twig beetle occurs • The genetics of Geosmithia strains collected over broad geographic areas appear to be showing diversity (data limited) – No apparent genetic bottlenecks • Geosmithia “morbida” is a warm temperature fungus – Consistent with a warm climate of origin Progression to full- blown Thousand Cankers Disease has not been observed in AZ walnut. Resistance to Thousand Cankers Disease may often result from differences in susceptibility to Geosmithia morbida Canker formation in black walnut Canker formation in Southern California walnut How did this happen? - Somehow the beetle jumped hosts. Colorado Potato Beetle (Jumped from buffalobur to cultivated Solanum – then moved across US and into Europe) Apple Maggot Jumped from hawthorn (Cratageus) to apple (Malus) Boll Weevil Jumped from wild cotton in Mexico to cultivated cotton – and spread throughout the US Cotton Belt. How did this happen? - Somehow the beetle (and fungus) jumped hosts. Walnut Twig Beetle Range Expansion “Big Bang” or “Buttheads” Spread of walnut twig beetle through the western states involved human transport of infested wood products What is Thousand Cankers Disease? Black walnut Arizona walnut A canker producing fungus (with vector) + A susceptible host (black walnut) = A canker producing fungus (with vector) A nonsusceptible + host (Arizona walnut) = Thousand Cankers is a different disease in different Juglans hosts Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) – An Insect/Fungal Disease Complex affecting Juglans spp. Either the beetle or the fungus indicate presence of thousand cankers disease A Brief History of the Discovery of Thousand Cankers Disease Unexplained decline of black walnut in eastern Colorado has been observed since about 2001 The first published association of walnut twig beetle with black walnut in decline occurred in the Espanola Valley area of northern New Mexico (2002) In New Mexico and Colorado the decline of black walnut and the involvement of walnut twig beetle was originally assumed to be associated with drought. My personal epiphany: Idaho Hort Expo, January 2008 • #1 topic of audience concern involved black walnut die-offs – Idaho – 2004 record of walnut twig beetle; associated with die-off of black walnut in Boise- Meridian area (Frank Merickel) Other Recent New State Records for Walnut Twig Beetle • Idaho – 2004 record; associated with die-off of black walnut in Boise-Meridian area (Frank Merickel) • Utah – Widespread die-off occurred in late 1990s in Provo area. State records from that time period (1996). State record of a single beetle August 22, 1988 from Provo. (Shawn Clark, Diane Allston) Other Recent New State Records for Walnut Twig Beetle • Idaho – 2004 record; associated with die-off of black walnut in Boise-Meridian area (Frank Merickel) • Utah – Widespread die-off occurred in late 1990s in Provo area. State records from that time period (1996). State record of a single beetle August 22, 1988 from Provo. (Shawn Clark, Diane Allston) • Oregon – Common in 2004 traps samples in the Dalles area. Review of samples identified 1997 sample from Portland (Jim LaBonte) • WA – Recovered from symptomatic trees in Prosser area (2008) The Big Question: How can a little twig beetle be killing healthy trees??? Pityophthorus bark beetles are collectively known as “twig beetles” because they normally restrict damage to small diameter twigs. Geosmithia morbida – a fungus that is pathogenic in certain walnuts Thousand Cankers Disease was first formally described (i.e., published in refereed journal) in August 2008 Areas with Walnut Twig Beetle Confirmed - 2009 2008 2003 1997 1988 2004 1959 1958 1896 Native Range of Juglans nigra (Black walnut) Can Thousand Cankers be Contained in the West? 2009 Colorado Juglans Survey Goals • Locate all Juglans spp. in Colorado east of the Continental Divide • Do preliminary assessment of TCD incidence • Do follow-up on suspect trees in “edge” areas Preliminary Assessment • Concentrate survey to find edge of infestation within state • Rank trees for TCD – 0 – No symptoms – 1 – Some symptom (e.g., old dieback) worthy of note, suspicion – 2 – Symptoms highly suspect for TCD • Follow-up on suspect trees with ground sampling Some lessons learned in 2009 survey • Black walnut trees in Colorado tend to be concentrated in older neighborhoods • Best time for finding trees was mid June- August • Best time for identifying symptoms is late June through August – TCD-related flagging develops with summer stresses – Other sources of flagging become prominent in late summer Thousand Cankers Colorado “hot spots” - 2010 Thousand Cankers NOT spots - 2009 Thousand Cankers presents a new paradigm of a tree disease Either the beetle or the fungus indicate presence of thousand cankers disease Thousand Cankers emerged as a tree killing disease when it moved from native resistant hosts into susceptible hosts Symptoms of Thousand Cankers Disease develop following sustained introductions of Geosmithia by walnut twig beetles in susceptible hosts. Dutch elm disease has different epidemiology DED fungus grows in and results in the plugging of the xylem. Thousand Cankers Disease is associated with the cambium, and does not move systemically in the xylem or phloem. Root grafting is a concern with Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease killing row of street trees Thousand cankers disease killing black walnut in Olney Springs Tree death from Thousand Cankers results from overwhelming numbers of individual infections – not a single inoculation Good News: It takes a long time (Decade? More? A bit less?) for a tree to die following initial colonization by walnut twig beetles. Visual symptoms of Thousand Cankers only develop in the last 2-3 years of the life of the tree. Bad News: By the time symptoms appear it can be assumed that the walnut twig beetle is generally distributed in the area. Walnut twig beetles readily breed in logs Two 18-in logs produced 23,040 beetles in one year after being cut Bad News: Walnut wood from symptomatic trees or trees cut due to TCD infection is extremely infectious. A walnut log in Denver waiting for Uncle Benny from Chicago Wood salvaged from TCD-affected trees is extremely contagious Beetle infested black walnut from Boulder area with bark attached as advertised on the internet What about chipping? Walnut twig beetles were able to complete development in larger pieces following chipping Factors Affecting Course of Thousand Cankers Disease • Resistance of host –Species differences • Vigor of host –Available energy reserves
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