BURNHAM ARCHITECTURAL TOUR

50 KEY TO SYMBOLS “Make no Little Plans; they have 40 Improvements proposed Landmark no magic to stir men’s blood and 36 Continental Bank & Trust of National Register of Historic Places KINZIE 400 N 19 0 9 in the Plan of Chicago 231 S. LaSalle St. | 1924, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White probably themselves will not be National Historic Landmark 35 37 realized. Make big plans; aim high 1 Michigan Avenue Bridge and Esplanade Michigan Ave. at Wacker Dr. | 1920 | 1926, Edward H. Bennett | Publicly-accessible historic interior 1 55 E. Washington St. | 1927, Graham, Anderson, in hope and work, remembering 1928, Henry Hering and James Earl Fraser, (sculptors) 49 Probst & White CTA rail station 300 N 48 The 38-story Pittsfield Building combines both and that a noble, logical diagram once 2 Chicago River Bridges and Bridgehouses 43 Gothic detailing and illustrates the influence of the 's 1923 Chicago River at Wabash, Clark, LaSalle, Wells, 2 zoning ordinance which encouraged with setback recorded will never die, but long Franklin-Orleans, Jackson, Adams, Monroe, Madison, towers. The interior of the building features an outstanding 2 2 2 Washington and Lake streets. | 1913–1930, Various bridge 2 WACKER five-story atrium embellished by glowing marbles, gleaming after we are gone will be a living designers & engineers, with Bennett, Parsons & Frost, brasses and carvings in a Spanish Gothic style. consulting architects 44 41 thing, asserting itself with ever 38 Old Heidelberg Restaurant Building 3 Congress Drive Bridge, Pylons, and Plaza 2 14 W. Randolph St. | 1934, Graham, Anderson, growing insistency.” Daniel H. Burnham Congress Plaza at Michigan Ave. | 1916–1930, Edward H. 200 N Probst & White Graham, Anderson, Probst & White & Probst Anderson, Graham, — Daniel H. Burnham THE MAN, THE PLAN, Bennett; 1928, Ivan Mestrovic (sculptor) 42 39 Straus Building Published posthumously as part of Burnham’s obituary THE LEGACY 4 U.S. Post Office 15 310 S. Michigan Ave. | 1924, Graham, 433 W. Van Buren St. | 1932, Graham, in Collier’s National Weekly, July 6, 1912 38 Anderson, Probst & White Anderson, Probst & White RANDOLPH 150 N 40 5 Park RANDOLPH 400 & 410 N. Michigan Ave. | 1924, 1903–1907, Olmsted Brothers; 15 Graham, Anderson, Probst & White 17 1916–1930, Bennett, 47 Built for chewing-gum magnate Daniel H. Burnham (1846–1912) Parsons & Frost William Wrigley, Jr., the building tow- 2 WASHINGTON Burnham & Root (1873–91) 6 Balbo Drive Bridge and Pylons 100 N er’s form and ornament was inspired by the Giralda Tower of the Seville Cathedral D.H. Burnham & Charles Atwood (1892–94) Balbo Dr. at Michigan Ave. | 1925, Bennett, 21 25 37 Pritzker 12 in Spain. Shortly after its completion in the Parsons & Frost 46 32 30 Pavilion D.H. Burnham & Co. (1894–1912) 2009 mid-1920s, the building helped spur a building 7 Clarence Buckingham Memorial W 50 W 00 350 W 350 boom along North Michigan Avenue, soon making it the city’s Daniel H. Burnham, architect and premier urban planner, W 300 1 1 W 50 1 E/W 100 E and Garden 2 MADISON 1 N/S 20 most prestigious commercial thoroughfare. was the driving force of the 1909 Plan of Chicago. Although Bounded by Lake Shore Dr., Balbo Dr., Columbus Ave. & 41 Jackson Blvd. | 1927, Bennett, Parsons & Frost, Jacques 29 Carbide & Carbon Building born in New York State, Chicago became his home from MILLENNIUM 230 N. Michigan Ave. | 1929, Burnham Brothers, Inc. early childhood. The aspiring architect appren- Lambert (engineer) and Marcel Loyau (sculptor) STATE 14 WACKER WELLS CLARK

LASALLE DEARBORN FRANKLIN PARK COLUMBUS MICHIGAN 42 Medical & Dental Arts Building ticed under pioneering architect 8 East Jackson Bridge WABASH 2 MONROE 100 S East Jackson Blvd. at Michigan Ave. 185 N. Wabash Ave. | 1927, Burnham Brothers, Inc. and “father of the ,” 31 23 1925, Bennett, Parsons & Frost Thall Bob by Photo William LeBaron Jenney. Later while a draftsman 9 Pedestrian Bridge, Select buildings that reflect the 34 16 27 Van Buren Street Art 5 principles of the Burnham Plan at Carter, Drake, and 401 S. Michigan Ave. 1925 | 2 ADAMS 200 N Institute John Miller © Hedrich Blessing Wight, Burnham met Bennett, Parsons & Frost Sears 43 John Wellborn Root, 19 18 13 26 GRANT Building 10 Union Station 10 Tower 333 N. Michigan Ave. | 1928, Holabird & who became his 210 S. Canal St. | 1913–1925, 33 36 28 PARK Roche/Root partner from 1873 Graham, Anderson, Probst 2 JACKSON 300 S 8 44 & White 35 E. Wacker Building until 1891. With 39 35 E. Wacker Dr. | 1927, Giaver & Dinkelberg the organizational The 40-story "Jeweler's Building" is marked 24 45 ability of Burnham Select buildings by 11 by its Beaux-Arts detailing and five domes. 22 The building's terra cotta-clad, classical design and the design talents and successor firms VAN BUREN 400 S 9 marks it as one of the most prominent high- of Root, the two cre-

Harold MICHIGAN rise statements along the river of the City Beautiful ated a legacy that would 11 Monadnock Block 4 Washington Movement. continue to dominate com- 53 W. Jackson Blvd | 1891, Burnham & Root | 1891–93, Holabird Library DR SHORE LAKE 45 Chicago Board of Trade mercial architecture well into the

& Roche Museum Chicago History EISENHOWER EXPY LAKE 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | 1930, Holabird & Root City of Chicago Built in two halves, the earlier north part is 500 S CONGRESS 3 7 20th century. When master planning The Chicago Board of Trade is one of the city's finest examples Richard M. Daley, Mayor a masonry load-bearing structure and of Art Deco architecture, a style of the 1920s and for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition fell to Burnham the last and world’s tallest skyscraper to 30s characterized by its use of cubic forms, following Root’s death, his classical “City Beautiful” aes- employ this method of construction, geometric ornament, and sleek surface with six-foot thick walls at the base. The thetic gained him an international reputation. The firm of materials. The unrelieved verticality of the Department of Zoning and Land Use Planning later south addition is an early example D. H. Burnham & Company went on to create city plans north facade provides a dramatic termi- of steel-frame construction. for Washington, DC, and . After Patricia A. Scudiero, Commissioner nation to LaSalle Street. The two-story 12 Burnham’s death in 1912, the successor firms of Graham, Commission on Chicago Landmarks lobby is one of the city’s finest examples 32 N. State St. | Base: 1890, Burnham & of this period of design. Burnham & Co. (1912–1917), Graham Anderson Probst & David R. Mosena, Chairman Root | Upper stories: 1895, D. H. 46 Chicago Daily News Building White (1917–present) and Burnham Brothers, Inc. (1924– Burnham & Co. 6 BALBO Historic Preservation Division 2 N. Riverside | 1929, Holabird & Root 1933), continued his influence. Expansive windows and Gothic- 33 N. LaSalle St., Room 1600 The former home of the Chicago ornamented terra cotta give this 24 Insurance Exchange Building Chicago, IL 60602 18 32 Daily News, this Art Deco-style building a light and airy appear- 175 W. Jackson Blvd. | 1912, D. H. Burnham & Co. | 1928, Graham, 312.744.3200 312.744.2575 TTY 209 S. LaSalle St | 1888, Burnham 20 N. Wacker Dr. | 1929, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White building was one of the first ance befitting its international Anderson, Probst & White & Root This ornate, French Renaissance Revival-style structure com- Chicago buildings constructed [email protected] reputation as a forerunner of 20th- Designed in the Romanesque 25 bines a 45-story office tower with a 3,650-seat opera theater. over a railroad right-of-way. Facing cityofchicago.org/landmarks century glass-and-steel skyscrapers. & Co. Men’s Store Edward H. Bennett (1874–1954) Revival style, the Rookery employs In contrast, the building's Art Deco-style exterior faces the 25 E. Washington | 1911, D. H. Burnham & Co. the Chicago River, it also typifies Bennett, Parsons & Frost (1924–1938) 13 Bankers Building both masonry load-bearing and Chicago River and is shaped like an the beautification of the riverfront The Commission on Chicago Landmarks, whose ten members skeletal-frame construction techniques. 26 Orchestra Hall enormous armchair, which led 105 W. Adams St. | 1927, Burnham Brothers, Inc. corridor envisioned by the 1909 Plan of English-born architect Edward H. Bennett fashioned are appointed by the Mayor and City Council, was established Shortly after its completion, Burnham & 220 S. Michigan Ave. | 1905, D. H. Burnham & Co. to the nickname of “Insull’s Chicago, with the building’s “arms” flanking a 14 Carson Pirie Scott & Company Building Burnham’s big plans into achievable ideas. Bennett arrived in 1968 by city ordinance. The Commission is responsible for Root moved their architectural practice to the 11th floor. In 1905, 27 People’s Gas Building throne,” after the building’s pedestrian plaza. 1 S. State St. | Built in stages, 1899 | 1903, Louis H. remodeled the building’s skylit lobby with developer, utilities magnate in California in 1890 to seek his fortune as a rancher recommending to City Council buildings, sites, objects and dis- Sullivan | 1906, D. H. Burnham & Co. 122 S. Michigan Ave. | 1910, D. H. Burnham & Co. 47 /Cultural Center tricts for designation as Chicago Landmarks. The Commission elements of his designs. Samuel Insull. The interior of and found work instead at a series of 15 28 Railway Exchange Building the opera house features a 78 E. Washington St. | 1897, Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge is also responsible for reviewing any proposed alteration, Butler Brothers Warehouses 19 Continental & Commercial architectural firms. Inspired by vision- 224 S. Michigan Ave. | 1904, D. H. Burnham & Co. sumptuous lobby and fire 48 111 and 165 N. Canal St. | 1913, D. H. Burnham & Co. | National Bank Building Guarantee Building demolition or new construction affecting individual landmarks This white, terra cotta-clad building was curtain by noted muralist ary designer Bernard Maybeck, he 1922, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White 208 S. LaSalle St. | 1914, D. H. Burnham & Co, Graham, 360 N. Michigan Ave. | 1923, Alfred S. Alschuler or landmark districts. constructed at a time when the and designer Jules Guerin, studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts 16 Commercial National Bank Building Anderson, Probst & White 49 railroad industry could mark its also responsible for illustrating Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building in . In 1902 Bennett returned This brochure was created on the occasion of the centennial (a/k/a Edison Building) One of the several financial institutions that form the visually- success with headquarters in 320 N. Clark St. | 1914, George C. Nimmons Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago. to the U.S. and the New York anniversary of the Plan of Chicago. An electronic version of 72 W. Adams St. | 1907, D. H. Burnham & Co. distinctive LaSalle Street “canyon,” the building is also notewor- prime downtown locations. Built as a warehouse and office for a wholesale grocery com- thy for having been one of the last for which architect Daniel 33 Federal Reserve Bank of office of George B. Post where the brochure is available on the Chicago Landmarks website 17 Marshall Field and Company Building After its completion, Daniel pany, it was one of the first designs to respond to the 1909 Plan Burnham personally supervised the design before his death Chicago of Chicago’s goal for riverfront redevelopment: docking facilities at http://www.cityofchicago.org/landmarks. 111 N. State St. | Built in stages, 1892–1914, D. H. Burnham Burnham moved his archi- he was first contacted by Daniel in 1912. 230 S. LaSalle St. | 1922, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White are recessed at the water level, a promenade & Charles Atwood, D. H. Burnham & Co., Graham, tectural practice to the 14th Burnham. In 1905 Bennett was 20 floor, and it was here that he 34 extends at street level, and a clock tower Burnham & Co. Co. Photographing Chicago Architectural offered field work for the Plan for rises overhead, all with a civic, formal PHOTO CREDITS 29 E. Madison St. | 1904, D. H. and Bennett produced the 135 S. LaSalle St. | 1934, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White The Marshall Field and Company Building is the “grand dame” San Francisco and then co-author- Cover: Wrigley bulding, Chicago History Museum | Building reflection, Pooja Vukosavich Burnham & Co. famous 1909 Plan of Chicago. face along the river. Combining of Chicago department store buildings, finely designed and 35 Plan of Chicago top: Michigan Avenue bridgehouse detail and Coast Guard lighthouse, Commission on elements of both the Chicago and ship of the 1909 Plan of Chicago, detailed in the Classical Revival style. Built in stages over a No doubt, part of their vision Chicago Landmarks | Marina Towers, Pooja Vukosavich | Chicago skyline, Dena Hicks 21 Conway Building 222 Merchandise Mart Plaza | 1930, Graham, Anderson, Probst Prairie schools of architecture, generation, the building is noteworthy for an improved city and lakefront remaining associated with details: Numbers 1, 13, 25, 26 Commission on Chicago Landmarks | Number 5, Bob Thall 111 W. Washington St. | 1913, D. came from the views they observed & White this is a rare reminder of the type Number 9, . 1934. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Carl Van Vechten for its lavish interiors, includ- until Burnham’s death in 1912. In his posi- Collection, [LC-USZ62-126528] | Numbers 10, 26, and , Chicago History Museum H. Burnham & Co., Graham, Originally built for the wholesale showrooms of Marshall of buildings that once lined the ing two atria decorated from their office windows. Number 18, Studio V Design, Inc. | Number 22, Barbara Crane Burnham & Co. Field & Co., the building was the world’s largest, contain- Chicago River. tion as consulting architect to the Chicago Plan Number 24, Municipal Pier. Paul R. Vogel Co. c 1920. with stained glass and 29 Silversmith Building Postcard collection of Granacki Historic Consultants ing over 4 million square feet of floor Commission from 1913–1930, Bennett led the implementa- 22 Fisher Building 50 Tiffany mosaics, plus 10 S. Wabash Ave. | 1897, D. H. Burnham & Co. space. With its monumental pres- the much-loved 343 S. Dearborn St. | 1896, D. H. Burnham & Co. 435 N. Michigan Ave. | 1925, Howells tion of the influential vision presented to Chicago in 1909, 30 ence on the Chicago River, it Walnut Room. Stevens Building & Hood and with his firm Bennett, Parsons & Frost was responsible Brochure text: Victoria Granacki, Granacki Historic Consultants 23 Goddard Building 17 N. State St. | 1912, D. H. Burnham & Co. remains primarily an active Brochure design: Studio V Design, Inc. 27 E. Monroe St. | 1913, D. H. Burnham & Co. wholesale showroom. for the design of Grant Park, , and Map illustration: Camiros, Ltd. 31 State Bank Building many bridges throughout downtown and the city. 120 S. LaSalle St. | 1928, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White For more information, about the Centennial visit www.burnhamplan100.org Bennett, Edward H., portrait, detail. Edward H. Bennett Collection. Ryerson and Burnham Archives, The . Digital File #197301.080619-01 © The Art Institute of Chicago.

© City of Chicago | Printed May 2009 Unless otherwise indicated, all images on this side were taken by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks. PLAN OF CHICAGO The Plan of Chicago, prepared by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Chicago in 1909 was in need of “big plans.” The rising Midwestern commercial and industrial Peterson Ave city had increased its land area five-fold through annexations in the late 19th century and Extended to Ardmore Avenue Bennett and released in 1909, is one had doubled its populationI-90 Kennedy Expyevery ten years between 1870 and 1910. Daniel H. Burnham, then 1949–57 of the most groundbreaking and influ- at the peak of his illustrious architectural career, believed rational planning could resolve the Bryn Mawr Ave ential documents in the history of

I-94 Edens Expy LAKEFRONT PARKS problems of uncontrolled development fed by market-driven, self-serving interests. Only with American city planning. Presented bold action to improve transportation, streets, the city center, the lakefront, and parkland in Foster Ave Extended to to a congested city experiencing Chicago could order come from chaos. 1929–39 17 1857 Pedestrian Bridge, Van Buren Street 401 S. Michigan Ave. | 1925, Bennett, Parsons & Frost Lakefront parks were expanded on the city’s north side following the explosive growth, the plan inspired a Lawrence Ave 1909 Plan. The first 60-acres of Lincoln Park were planned and built Some of the greatest in history were held up as models. The City Beautiful Movement also appealed to physical transformation. by nurseryman Swain Nelson in 1865. Named in honor of the nation’s ideals for Chicago – Athens’ civic beauty in the Acropolis; social reformers who believed that beautiful physical 16th President, the land had been converted to parkland after the Lakeshore park from 14th Street to 57th Street | 1917–1930 ancient with its public baths and aqueducts; improvements would cure social ills and create a better relocation of the city cemetery. The Lincoln Park Commission, estab- Montrose Ave 26 Burnham’s vision for a south lakefront park was completed and Extended to Montrose Avenue lished in 1869, expanded the park in phases with numerous landfill Haussmann’s 19th-century Paris with its network of beauti- life for all citizens. named in his honor in 1927. Created with landfill, the park features a 1916–32 and breakwater projects. A final expansion in the late 1940s and 1950s A continuous lakefront park system forms the “jewel” of the ful avenues, , and plazas; and Washington, DC, series of manmade islands, linear boating harbor, beaches, mead- At the core of the 1909 Plan was the ambitious goal to brought the park to its current size of 1,208 acres. 1909 Plan. While cities across the world still struggle today to where L’Enfant organized our nation’s capital with broad ows, and playfields. The park hosted fairs and expositions beginning permanently transform Chicago into the embodiment of Irving Park Rd Lincoln Park open up their waterfronts for public uses, Chicago cherishes malls linking governmental structures and monuments. with the 1933 Exposition and the construction the City Beautiful. This was expressed directly in the grand of the first McCormick Place in 1960. its unbroken 24-mile long lakefront filled with parks, beaches, Yet the 1909 Plan of Chicago also embraced a growing Expanded north to Cornelia Avenue Grant Park civic improvements later overseen by Bennett that were 1907–16 East of Michigan Avenue from to Roosevelt harbors, and recreational opportunities. An enhanced Grant Park movement in city planning known as the “City Beautiful,” 18 some of its core legacy – Grant Park, with Buckingham Addison St Road | 1835 | 1903–07, Olmsted Brothers | 1916–1930, Bennett, was to be the city’s cultural center, with not only open-air loggias 1400 South Lynn White Drive | 1928–30 and executed so brilliantly by Burnham as chief architect Parsons & Frost Fountain, as the centerpiece of the lakefront park system, This is the only island that was built of the series of manmade and gardens but also monumental buildings devoted to music, of Chicago’s 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition held in 26 Initially named Lake Park, “Chicago’s Front Yard” was renamed and impressive bridges throughout the city, but most islands envisioned by Burnham between Grant and Jackson arts and culture. Lincoln Park, the north lakefront park since . The 1893 fair introduced the idealized “White for President Ulysses S. Grant in 1901. Two years later the Olmsted Belmont Ave Parks, and featured paths, scattered trees, a parking lot, and the notably at Michigan Avenue, Congress Plaza, and Balbo Brothers created a formal park design based on the gardens of the mid-1800s, was expanded from 450 to 1,200 acres, eventu- City” to the world with its grand plazas and classically- I-90 Kennedy Expy 12th Street Beach. In 1938, the replaced Drive. The Beaux-Arts spirit of the plan is similarly mani- Versailles. Construction on the cultural center called for in the 1909 ally reaching Hollywood Avenue. South-siders would embrace the bridge with a causeway connecting Northerly Island to styled buildings. Cities across the nation aspired to be Lincoln Ave fested in classically-inspired buildings found throughout Elston Ave Plan was halted in 1911 when the Illinois Supreme Court ruled in Burnham Park, created from landfill for the 1893 World’s Fair and

Halsted St Halsted Burnham Park. In 1947, the airport opened under like what they saw in Chicago. At its foundation was the favor of mail-order magnate , who filed the city. The impact of Burnham and Bennett’s vision con- Diversey Ave 26 the Exposition Authority Act. The airport ceased operations in after, with scenic manmade features such as Northerly Island and Beaux-Arts architectural tradition, named for the Ecole des a lawsuit to protect the park's open character. In 1915, Edward H. tinued well into the end of the 1920s and remains today. 2003 and was converted to parkland. Promontory Point and its own harbor, beaches and playgrounds. Beaux-Arts in Paris where architects were trained in the Bennett was hired to oversee Grant Park, and improvements were completed with federal relief funds in 1934. 19 Field Museum of Natural History The plan’s call for continuous public accessibility for all shoreline order and harmony of Renaissance and Baroque classical Fullerton Ave and South Lake Shore Drive parks would make Chicago’s lakefront exceptional. Kostner Ave Kostner 13 Clarence Buckingham Memorial 1909–12, D. H. Burnham & Co. | 1912–17, Graham, Burnham Ave Fountain and Garden & Co. | 1917–20, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White In the Chicago of 1909, unbridled transit and commercial Bounded by Lake Shore Dr., Balbo Dr., Columbus Ave. & 20 traffic clogged central city streets, while tangled rail lines and Armitage Ave Jackson Blvd. | 1927, Bennett, Parsons & Frost, Jacques 425 East McFetridge Drive | 1922–26, Holabird & Roche, winding river branches blocked access. Another goal of the Plan Lambert (engineer) and Marcel Loyau (sculptor) CIVIC AND TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS original architects | 2002–03, Wood + Zapata, Inc., Funded by philanthropist Kate Buckingham in memory of of Chicago was to alleviate traffic congestion, advance com-

Kedzie Ave Kedzie architects her brother, this remains one of the world’s largest and finest merce, and beautify the city. Large-scale street improvements ornamental . Made of pink Georgia marble, it was 21 were proposed, including widening and connecting north and 1 6 modeled after the Latona Basin at the French Palace of Versailles Michigan Avenue Bridge & Esplanade U.S. Post Office 9 1300 South Lake Shore Drive | 1930, Ernest A. Grunsfeld, Jr. south Michigan Avenue across the Chicago River; continuing and features four bronze sea creatures symbolizing the states Hicks Dena Michigan Avenue at East | 1920 433 W. Van Buren St. | 1932, Graham, Anderson, 22 John G. 1926, Edward H. Bennett | 1928, Henry Hering and Probst & White bordering . Creating a terminus at the end of Lake Shore Drive; creating a central east/west axis at Congress Division St 1200 South Lake Shore Drive | 1929, Graham, Anderson, James Earl Fraser, sculptors This mammoth structure was built in direct line with N Lake Shore Dr Congress Parkway, it is the central feature of one of the city’s fin- Street and new diagonal streets radiating out from Probst & White A priority of the 1909 Plan was to connect north and south Chicago’s Union Station to access rail lines for mail distribu- est intact examples of a Beaux Arts-style landscape design. the center of the city; building a viaduct The Field Museum (designed by Burnham), Soldier Field, the Michigan Avenues as a grand boulevard with a bridge over tion. With the construction of the city’s highway system 14 Congress Drive Bridge and Plaza Adler Planetarium, and the Shedd Aquarium (designed by a over the rail yards to continue Roosevelt the Chicago River. Unveiled in 1920, the double-level, trun- begun in the late-1940s, the Eisenhower (originally Congress) 11 11 Congress Parkway between Michigan Avenue and successor firm to D. H. Burnham & Co.) are part of Burnham’s Road; widening 120 miles of arterial nion bascule bridge is a design based upon the Alexander Expressway was constructed through the base of the build- | 1916–1930, Edward H. Bennett; 1928, Ivan original vision for a grouping of cultural institutions in III Bridge of 1900 in Paris. Limestone bas-relief sculptures, ing in 1956, linking it to Congress Drive and the lakefront. streets throughout the city; and the Grand Ave Mestrovic (sculptor) Chicago’s lakefront park, although proposed in the 1909 Plan similar to those found on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, were 24 unrealized construction of a new 7 Roosevelt Road (12th Street) Improvement, Two imposing classically-inspired pylons and a surround- to be sited in Grant Park. executed by Henry Hering (southern pylons) and James 1 Between Michigan and Ashland Avenues | 1910–1917 Blvd Sacramento ing plaza at Congress Dr. and Michigan Ave. mark the formal civic center west of the Chicago Earle Fraser (northern pylons) in 1928. Each of the four corner 23 Promontory Point

12th Street Bridge, completed 1927 entrance to Grant Park. Made from cast aggregate concrete, River. Ambitious railroad proposals

Ashland Ave Ashland Damen Ave Damen pylons depicts important events in the historical develop- Ave Western 55th Street and South Shore Drive | 1937 | restored 1987 The widening of Roosevelt Road between Michigan and Lake St the pylons feature cartouches, engaged columns and shields ment of Chicago – “Defense,” “Regeneration,” “The Pioneers,” 3 , landscape architect included the relocation of the city’s Ashland avenues was part of an “outer circuit” project in with a “Y” symbolizing the Chicago River. The visually-striking and “The Discoverers.” The southwestern bridgehouse, Promontory Point follows Burnham’s vision for a peninsula many railroad stations between the 1909 Plan to route traffic around the central business bronze sculptures of Native Americans, titled “Bowman” and entered from the riverwalk level, houses the McCormick stretching into Lake Michigan with breathtaking views of the district. It also included a bridge over the South Branch of I-290 Eisenhower Expy 5 16 “Spearman,” were added to the plaza in 1928. Canal and Clinton streets and the Tribune Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum. city and was undertaken with federal funds from the Works the Chicago River. One hundred thousand people attended a 4 consolidation of shared freight routes 6 14 13 Grant Park 15 Balbo Drive Bridge and Pylons Progress Administration in 1935. Promontory Point features 2 Chicago River Bridges and Bridgehouses ceremony marking completion of a portion of the work that 17 Congress Pkwy 15 Balbo Dr. at Michigan Ave. | 1925, Bennett, Parsons & Frost a naturalistic design by renowned Prairie School landscape and yards. Although not all undertaken, Chicago River at Wabash, Clark, LaSalle, Wells, Franklin- began in 1914 and was finished on December 20, 1917. architect Alfred Caldwell. Its Norman-inspired field house of Union Station was built as a result of the Orleans, Jackson, Adams, Monroe, Madison, Washington 16 East Jackson Boulevard Bridge 8 South Lake Shore Drive (Shoreline Parkway) Wisconsin Lannon stone was designed by architect Emanuel V. and Lake streets. | 1913–1930, Various bridge designers & 10 22 East Jackson Blvd. at Michigan Ave. | 1925, Bennett, Parsons 1909 Plan. Pleasing two-level drives segregating service 1917–1932 Roosevelt Rd 7 Buchsbaum in 1937. engineers, with Bennett, Parsons & Frost, consulting 19 21 & Frost traffic were proposed to improve the downtown riverbank, later A lakefront boulevard on Chicago’s south side was proposed 26 architects in the 1909 Plan, and by September 1928 the roadbed was 12 20 embodied in the South Water and Wacker Drive projects. The Chicago was the innovator of the trunnion bascule-type Ogden Ave laid for what was then Leif Erickson Drive. It allowed access south branch of the Chicago River was straightened, and a new bridge, developing the first such bridge in 1900. Newer engi- 16th St and pleasure motoring to and from Chicago’s Loop for 18 harbor was created between Chicago and . neering designs after 1910, along with the Edward Bennett’s 18th St Chicago’s south lakefront residents. The boulevard spurred architectural aesthetic, resulted in visually-pleasing, Beaux development of architecturally distinquished high-rise apart- FOREST PRESERVES WATERWAYS & HARBORS With exquisite illustrations by Jules Guerin and Fernand Janin, Arts-influenced architectural elements, such as bridge rail- ment buildings along the south lakefront. RacineAve ings and bridgehouses. Cermak Rd the plan was formally adopted as the City’s official planning 9 North Lake Shore Drive/Sheridan Road document at a major event on July 4, 1909. The Commercial Club 3 Wacker Drive This north lakefront boulevard was expanded to Foster The Forest Preserve District of Cook County, created in 1914, is 24 Headhouse and Auditorium of Chicago then took over the monumental task of promoting Michigan Avenue west to Lake Stret | 1926, S Lake Shore Dr Avenue by 1933, and a bridge was opened in 1937 at the Blue Island Ave an unparalleled outer park and recreation system called for in the 600 East at Lake Michigan Edward H. Bennett 26th St it and getting every Chicagoan to support it. An exhibition of mouth of the Chicago River as part of the Outer Drive 1909 Plan to protect naturalistic settings for educational, pleasure, 1916, Charles S. Frost This east-west segment of Wacker Drive was initially con- Improvement project to connect the south and north lake- and recreational purposes. County residents voted to create a Forest Municipal Pier No. 2, now known as Navy Pier, was completed Guerin and Janin’s impressive drawings was mounted at the Art ceived in the 1909 Plan as a two-level riverfront drive on the

shore drives. at the foot of Grand Avenue, rather than as Institute. Speakers were arranged to present the plan at local Blvd Park Central Preserve district on November 3, 1914. In the following year, the south bank that would replace the crowded South Water district purchased the first 500 acres of 13,000 acres recommended suggested in the 1909 Plan. Great Lakes shipping, excursion Street market. Burnham wanted the Chicago riverfront to 10 Ogden Avenue 31st St club meetings. Yet the most effective promotion was a 1911 I-90/I-94 Dan Ryan Expy in its initial program. By the end of World War II, the Forest Preserve boat piers and public recreation piers were important compo- resemble the Seine in Paris. Built of reinforced concrete and Between Ashland Avenue and Clark Street (at Armitage) 8 book, Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, by Walter D. Moody, district had acquired 36,000 acres of forest and prairie lands in Cook nents of the plan.

limestone details, Wacker Drive is named for the first presi- 1929–32 which was distributed to schools as part of their curriculum to RacineAve I-55 Stevenson Expy Ave Michigan County, and by 1969 it was 59,500 acres. 25 dent of the . Between 1949–1958, Burnham envisioned a system of diagonal streets to expedite 1909 Plan: Primary Principles Calumet Harbor instill civic pride in the city’s youth. Wacker Drive was extended southward to Congress Parkway traffic flow, but the only one built was Ogden Avenue, 35th St 1920 Forest Preserve Districts within the City of Chicago

to connect with the Eisenhower Expressway, and later named for the city’s first mayor. This 108-foot Rd Pulaski wide road The 1909 plan called for a harbor for both of Chicago’s rivers: Central Ave Central Implementation of the recommendations in the 1909 Plan expanded eastward from Michigan Avenue after Mies Van extended from the west side’s at Ashland Avenue Northwest Southeast the Chicago and Calumet. Each harbor would connect with 1. The improvement of the Lake Front Burnham Park was the responsibility of the newly-created Chicago Plan der Rohe’s 1967 Master Plan for . northeast to Lincoln Park at Armitage Avenue. It had bascule Caldwell Woods Beaubien Woods a freight handling center. The 1920 Van Vlissingen Plan for the Pershing Rd Commission. Influential businessman Charles Wacker (1856–1929) 4 Congress Boulevard and bridges over the North Branch of the Chicago River and the 2. The creation of a system of highways outside Edgebrook Woods/Edgebrook Flatfoot Region included harbor improvements and filling in canal, and a viaduct across Goose Island. The northeastern areas of Lake Calumet for use as additional industrial and termi- was its chairman until 1926, enthusiastically backing projects the proposed Civic Center the city Golf Course Eggers Grove part was closed to traffic in stages in 1967, 1983 and finally in nal sites. When Chicago became a world port in 1959, Calumet Opened 1958 | Lake Shore Drive to beginning of Forest Glen Woods throughout his tenure. Related efforts that grew out of the plan 1993 when the Goose Island viaduct was demolished. Harbor was modified to accommodate ocean vessels. Eisenhower Expressway 3. The improvement of railway terminals and the 43rd St included the 1923 Zoning Ordinance and the establishment of LaBagh Woods Southwest Considered the “Axis of Chicago,” Congress Parkway was to 11 26 Arterial Widening Projects: , development of a complete traction [elevated, Indian Road Woods/Billy Caldwell Yacht Harbors the Chicago Regional Planning Association. be a “great boulevard to the west” with a proposed civic cen- Dan Ryan Woods Ashland Avenue surface street car, and subway] system for both Golf Course Diversey, Belmont and Montrose Harbors | 1930 ter at the western end. Although the civic center was never 1915–1931 The 1909 Plan called for yacht harbors to be constructed along The indelible impact of the Plan of Chicago is due to a timely freight and passengers 47th St executed, Congress Boulevard did become the link between The 1909 Plan offered many arterial street-widening projects. the north lakefront in conjunction with proposed islands, since combination of forces – Burnham, the gifted architect and the lakefront and the city’s western suburbs. To accommodate increasing automobile traffic, 120 miles of Dr Jr King Martin Luther Dr navigation there was considered dangerous. Although some 4. The acquisition of an outer park system and of visionary city planner, and the influential business leaders of the KEY TO SYMBOLS 5 Union Station streets were widened between 1915 and 1931. Hundreds of slips existed at Diversey since 1890, boaters began calling for buildings along these arterials had their front porches shaved parkway circuits 51st St improvements by 1893. The islands were never built, but the Commercial Club. With their original conceptualization, sponsor- 210 S. Canal St. | 1913–1925, Graham, Anderson, off for the street widening projects. Chicago Landmark National Historic Landmark inland Diversey, Belmont and Montrose harbors were opened ship and promotion, the plan’s implementation was guaranteed Probst & White 5. The systematic arrangement of the streets and by the 1930s. for years to come. Under the continued stewardship of Bennett Upon its completion, Union Station was hailed as an out- 12 South Water Market avenues within the city in order to facilitate the National Register of Publicly-accessible standing achievement in railroad facility planning, handling Bounded by W. 14th Pl., W. 16th St. rail embankment, S. 23 Historic Places historic interior 27 Straightening of the South Branch following Burnham’s death, Chicago was transformed by the movement to and from the business district Gar eld Blvd as many as 300 trains and 100,000 passengers daily. The Racine Ave. and S. Morgan St. | 1925, Fugard & Knapp of the Chicago River public improvements envisioned by the plan, and the plan’s station's ornate Beaux-Arts main waiting room, the "Great The city’s wholesale market had been located along the Between Polk and 18th Streets | 1926–30 6. The development of centers of intellectual life 25 Beaux Arts-inspired designs would similarly have a lasting impact Hall," is one of the nation’s great interior public spaces, with Chicago downtown riverbank but was moved to this location One goal of this project was to open through-streets in the

and of civic administration so related as to give Ave Grove Cottage on the and cities around the world. its vaulted skylight and connecting lobbies, staircases, and on the Near West Side to make way for Wacker Drive. 59th St area, but this did not occur because railroad facilities were balconies. coherence and unity to the city never removed. Photo credits for this side are listed on back.

63rd St

65th St I-90 Chicago Skyway Marquette Rd

71st St