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SLENDERFLOWER THISTLE (Carduus Tenuiflorus Curt.) ITALIAN THISTLE (Carduus Pycnoceplwlus L.) PLUMELESS THISTLE (Carduus Acanthoides L.)

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SLENDERFLOWER THISTLE (Carduus Tenuiflorus Curt.) ITALIAN THISTLE (Carduus Pycnoceplwlus L.) PLUMELESS THISTLE (Carduus Acanthoides L.) PNW431 SLENDERFLOWER THISTLE (Carduus tenuiflorus Curt.) ITALIAN THISTLE (Carduus pycnoceplwlus L.) PLUMELESS THISTLE (Carduus acanthoides L.) Five species of thistles in the States and Canada. Musk or genus Carduus are troublesome nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L.) weeds of pastures, meadows, is widespread across the United roadsides and waste areas in States. the United States. They compete with desirable plants, reducing Italian, slenderflower and forage production. Their spiny plumeless thistles are three leaves and stems hinder live­ similar thistles native to dis­ stock from grazing forage grow­ turbed habitats in the Mediter­ ing near them. Slenderflower ranean region. The native range and Italian thistle infest grazing of Italian thistle includes the lands in California, Oregon and Balkan Peninsula and Turkey, Texas. Plumeless thistle infes­ in contrast to the more western tations occur in the north-east­ distribution of slenderflower ern United States westward to thistle. Their ranges overlap in South Dakota and Nebraska, Spain, southern France, and south to Virginia and Ohio. In Italy. Slenderflower and Italian the western United States it thistles have spread to Argen­ grows in Idaho, eastern Wash­ tina, Australia, and New ington, Wyoming, and northern Zealand, as well as the United California, where sites occur in States. Plm:neless thistle's native range extends from the Mediter­ Nevada, Marin, Modoc, Thistles in the Carduus genus (top) Monterey, and Glenn counties. ranean region of Europe east­ have a plumeless pappus in contrast to Welted or curled thistle ward to Siberia and the Caucasus. the feathery (plumed) pappus of (Carduus crispus L.) infests pas­ Plumeless thistle has spread to thistles in the Cirsium genus, for tures in the eastern United New Zealand, northern Europe, example, Canada thistle. Illustrations of flower heads, left to right: Italian thistle heads have woolly hairs on the bracts and are clustered in groups of two to five; slenderflower thistle heads lack hairs on the bracts and are clustered in groups of five or more; plumeless thistle heads have narrow, more numerous bracts and are solitary or more loosely clustered. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication • Washington • Idaho • Oregon Plumeless thistle is a Class A tional spiny wings extend con­ weed in California and a Class tinuously up to the flower B weed in Washington. Neither heads of slenderflower thistle Idaho nor Oregon list it as a but are often interrupted on noxious weed. Botanists first Italian thistle. Numerous purple collected plumeless thistle in flowers borne in small heads, Klickitat County, Washington, 1 3 I 2 to I 4 inch in diameter, clus­ in 1911 and in Nez Perce ter at the tips of the branched County, Idaho, in 1948. A major stems. Italian thistle flower problem in northern Stevens heads are sometimes solitary, County, Washington, plumeless but usually grow in clusters of thistle has begun to invade adja­ two to five heads. In contrast, cent Ferry and Pend Oreille slenderflower thistle usually counties. In Idaho, plumeless forms clusters of 5 to 20 heads. thistle grows in Fremont, Lewis, Bracts surrounding the flower Teton, and Idaho counties. heads are broadly lance-shaped Oregon has not reported it. Spiny wings along the stems of slender­ and have a sharp-pointed, or flower thistle are broader than wings on short-spined tip. Slenderflower Italian thistle and are continuous to the IDENTIFICATION thistle bracts lack the cobwebby base of the flower heads. hairs found on Italian thistle Because slenderflower and Ital­ bracts. ian thistles have more similari­ and Argentina as well as the ties than differences, we United States and Canada, In both slenderflower and Ital­ describe them together and ian thistle, each flower head where it has established in point out the differences. produces two types of achenes Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Plumeless thistle follows, along (seeds), each about 3 I inch and British Columbia. 8 with differentiating characters long. Achenes produced by the for welted and musk thistle. Slenderflower and Italian central flowers in the head are cream colored, have conspicu- thistles are Class A noxious weeds in Washington, Class B Slenderflower and Italian noxious weeds in Oregon, and thistle Class C weeds in California. Both slenderflower and Italian Idaho does not list them as nox­ thistle grow erect flower stems 1 ious weeds. Present in Oregon to 6 feet tall from taprooted ro­ since the 1920s, Italian thistle in­ settes of basal leaves. Leaves are fests 80,000 to 100,000 acres of pastureland in Douglas County deeply cut into two to five pair and smaller areas in Coos, of spiny lobes. The terminal Curry, Linn, Lane, Marion, and spine of each lobe grows longer Yamhill counties. Slenderflower and more rigid than the other thistle, first collected in Oregon spines. Lower leaf surfaces are in 1939, often grows in mixed whitish with woolly hairs, stands with Italian thistle in while the upper surfaces are Oregon and California. In green and essentially hairless. Washington, both thistles were Stem leaves of both species con­ found in 1991: slenderflower tinue down the stem as spiny thistle in Thurston County and wings. Stem wings of slender­ 3 Italian thistle in Whitman flower thistle, up to I 8-inch­ 3 / - County. In Idaho, Italian thistle wide, are broader than the 16 Slenderflawer and Italian thistle grows in Lewis and Idaho inch-wide wings normally dominate some foothill pastures in counties. found on Italian thistle. Addi- southwestern Oregon. 2 along the wavy leaf margins. surrounding the flower heads Alternate stem leaves are taper to a sharp spine on the deeply and irregularly lobed, outer bracts, which spread out­ and bear scattered hairs, mainly ward or curve backwards. The 1 along the prominent veins on I 8-inch-long achenes (seeds), the underside. Each lobe tip light brown at maturity, are ob­ supports three spines. Stem long, and may appear flattened, leaves extend as spiny wings straight or curved. Unbranched down the furrowed, yellowish (not plumed) hairs form the green stems. Additional wings white pappus that attaches to line the stems up to the base of the achene, hence the name, the flower heads. Solitary plumeless thistle. These flower heads form at the end of unplumed pappus hairs distin­ branches; on younger branches, guish Carduus thistles from heads may cluster loosely in Cirsium thistles such as Canada groups of two to five. The and bull thistles, which have 3 Plumeless thistle flower heads are 1Wt globe-shaped heads, about I 4 feathery pappus hairs. as tightly clustered at the tips of the inch in diameter, have rose­ branched stems as slenderflower or purple flowers. Occasional Plumeless thistle may hybridize Italian thistle heads. plants have white or cream col­ with musk thistle, producing ored flowers. The numerous, plants with intermediate char­ ous lengthwise grooves, are narrowly lance-shaped bracts acteristics. 3 - sticky, and bear a plume of I 8 5 to I 8-inch-long, dirty white, minutely barbed hairs. This plume or pappus usually falls off readily. The outer ring of flowers in the head produces achenes that are smooth, darker, non sticky and lack a pappus. Some confusion in identification results because slenderflower and Italian thistle can hybridize. This interbreeding is limited be­ cause the two species have dif­ ferent chromosome numbers and because slenderflower thistle is mainly self-pollinated. · Plurneless thistle Plumeless thistle grows erect stems, commonly 4 to 7 feet tall, that branch repeatedly from the middle of the plant upward. Basal leaves form a rosette over a stout fleshy taproot. Rosette leaves, usually 4 to 8 inches long, have yellowish spines Plumeless thistle grows 4 to 7 feet tall. 3 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Slenderflower and Italian thistles grow as annuals or, less frequently, as biennials. They commonly germinate in the fall, overwinter as rosettes, flower in late spring, and pass the sum­ mer drought as seeds. Spring gerrninants may flower during the same growing season, as they do not require a cold period before flowering. Plurneless thistle is more typi­ cally a biennial, although it also Plumeless thistle stems also bear behaves as a winter annual. A spiny wings. small percentage of spring Spiny wings line the stems of Italian gerrninants flower that year, but thistle, but are often interrupted just Welted and musk thistle most remain as rosettes and below the flower heads. flower the following summer. Welted thistle plants are less These thistles flower from May branched than plurneless thistle t6 July, or later if sufficient soil thistle heads are transported by and regularly bear heads in moisture is present. means of their sticky surfaces; clusters as opposed to single outer seeds are transported in heads in plurneless thistle. All three species reproduce the old spiny heads. Dormancy Welted thistle heads are smaller solely by seed. Seeds mature of the nondispersing outer 5 ( I 8 inch), and the sterns are of­ and disperse shortly after flow­ seeds varies from 2 days to 3 ten bare for a short distance be­ ering. Plurneless thistle seeds years. Outer seeds often germi­ low the heads. Welted thistle mature in 1 to 3 weeks. These nate within the head after it leaves have fewer, more shal­ thistles produce large numbers falls to the ground. Because low divisions than plurneless of seed, especially the earliest their outer seeds are dormant, thistle, which has deeply and emerging slenderflower and slenderflower thistle and Italian sharply segmented leaves and Italian thistle plants, which thistle persist longer than bears strong marginal spines. flower continuously until they Lower surfaces of welted thistle deplete the soil of moisture. leaves are woolly, while those of plurneless thistle have only a Slenderflower thistle and Italian few hairs on the midrib. thistle heads average two or three outer seeds and 11 or 12 You can easily distinguish musk inner seeds.
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