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Nadia Dillenseger-Honoré Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg I UFR de Sciences Economiques et de Gestion Ecole Doctorale Augustin Cournot Discipline : Sciences, Technologies, Sociétés Spécialité : Sociologie des sciences et de l’innovation Le règlement des conflits dans une controverse socio-technique – Les risques sanitaires liés à la téléphonie mobile Nadia Dillenseger-Honoré Volume I Soutenue publiquement le 10 décembre 2004 Membres du jury M. Bernard Ancori, Professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg I (directeur de thèse) M. Baudouin Jurdant, Professeur à l’Université de Paris VII (co-directeur de thèse) M. Patrick Cohendet, Professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg I (rapporteur interne) M. Wiebe Bijker, Professeur à l’Université de Maastricht (rapporteur externe) M. Michel Callon, Professeur à l’Ecole des Mines de Paris (rapporteur externe) Mme Joëlle Le Marec, Maître de conférences habilitée à diriger des recherches à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (examinatrice) Je tiens à remercier Baudouin Jurdant et Bernard Ancori pour avoir accepté de diriger ce travail, pour la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée et leur soutien pendant ces années. Je souhaite également exprimer ma gratitude aux personnes qui ont accepté de faire partie du jury de soutenance. J’adresse de chaleureux remerciements aux personnes qui m’ont épaulée et ont eu la gentillesse de consacrer un peu de leur temps à l’élaboration de cette thèse. Je remercie ainsi plus particulièrement Catherine Allamel-Raffin, Jean-François Auger, Soraya Boudia, Jean-Luc Gangloff, Muriel Lefebvre, Elke Nissen, Françoise Olivier-Utard, Jean-Michel Utard, Sébastien Soubiran et Françoise Willman. Que Gaëlle Bentz, secrétaire de l’Institut, soit également remerciée pour son aide et sa gentillesse. Enfin, je souhaite exprimer tous mes remerciements à mes grands-mères, mon père, ma belle et grande famille pour leur présence de tous les instants. Le soutien moral de mes amis fidèles et d’Olivier a été plus qu’indispensable. Sommaire Sommaire Liste des abréviations 5 Introduction générale 11 Première partie : Le risque et la preuve : deux éléments clés de 19 la démocratie technique Chapitre I. Les approches contemporaines du risque 20 Chapitre II. La charge de la preuve en situation de précaution : entre vérité et 45 crédibilité Deuxième partie : La justification au sein des processus 100 d’expertise et de décision Chapitre III. Un cadrage de la controverse socio-technique sur les risques 101 sanitaires liés à la téléphonie mobile Chapitre IV. Groupes concernés, promoteurs et logiques argumentatives 152 Chapitre V. Dénonciations publiques et modes de règlement des conflits 188 Chapitre VI. La décision à l’échelle nationale et européenne 283 Conclusion générale 339 Index des encadrés 344 Index des figures 345 Index des tableaux 346 Sources 347 Bibliographie 364 Table des matières 378 4 Liste des abréviations Liste des abréviations ADEEO Association de défense de l’environnement et du cadre de vie de l’Epi d’Or ADEIC Association de défense, d’éducation et d’information du consommateur ADN Acide désoxyribonucléique ADSP Actualité et dossier en santé publique AESA Autorité européenne de sécurité alimentaire AFM Association française contre les myopathies AFNOR Association française de normalisation AFOC Association force ouvrière consommateurs AFOM Association française des opérateurs mobiles AFP Agence France presse AFSSA Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments AFSSAPS Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé AFSSE Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale AFUTT Association française des utilisateurs du téléphone et des télécommunications ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable ALE Alliance libre européenne ALLDC Association Léo Lagrange pour la défense des consommateurs AMF Association des maires de France AMM Autorisation de mise sur le marché ANFR Agence nationale des fréquences ANSI American National Standard Institute APSAB Association for the Promotion of Scientific Accountable Behaviour ARCAT-SIDA Association de recherche, de communication et d’action pour l’accès aux traitements ARCS Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf ART Autorité de régulation des télécommunications ASES Association des sociologues de l’Enseignement supérieur ASSECO-CFDT Association études et consommation – Confédération française démocratique du travail ATTAC Association pour la taxation des transactions financières pour l’aide aux citoyens AVOM Association des victimes des opérateurs mobiles BEUC Bureau européen des unions de consommateurs BFS Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz BHE Barrière hémato-encéphalique BIT Bureau international du travail BLR Boucle locale radio BRCD Budget civil de recherche et de développement BVP Bureau de vérification de la publicité CDAFAL Conseil départemental des associations familiales laïques CEA Commissariat à l’énergie atomique 5 Liste des abréviations CEI Commission électrotechnique internationale CEM Champ électromagnétique CEN Comité européen de normalisation CENELEC Comité européen de normalisation pour l’électrotechnique CERAPS Centre d’études et de recherche administratives politiques et sociales CES Comité d’experts spécialisé CETHES Construire une éthique de l’enseignement scientifique CFDD Commission française du développement durable CGL Confédération générale de logement CHU Centre hospitalier universitaire CIARTEME Contre l’implantation des antennes relais de téléphonie mobile près des écoles CICA Comité d’initiative et de consultation d’arrondissement CIO Comité international olympique CIPRNI Commission internationale de protection contre les rayonnements non ionisants CIRAR Collectif pour une implantation raisonnée des antennes relais CIRC Centre international de recherche sur le cancer CLCV Consommation, logement et cadre de vie CLIC Comité local d’information et de concertation CNAFAL Conseil national des associations familiales laïques CNAFC Confédération nationale des associations familiales catholiques CNDP Commission nationale de débat public CNEVA Centre national d’études vétérinaires et animales CNIL Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés CNL Confédération nationale du logement CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique CNSS Comité national de sécurité sanitaire COFRAC Comité français d’accréditation COMOBIO Communications mobiles et biologie COMSIS Commission des sites et servitudes CRAPE Centre de recherches sur l’action politique en Europe CRC Communiste, république et citoyen CRIDE Collectif sur les risques, la décision et l’expertise CRII-GEN Comité de recherche et d’information indépendantes sur le génie génétique CRII-RAD Commission de recherche et d’information indépendantes sur la radioactivité CRISE Centre de recherche sur l’imaginaire social et l’éducation CRS Compagnie républicaine de sécurité CSC Commission de la sécurité des consommateurs CSF Confédération syndicale des familles CSIF-CEM Comité scientifique sur les champs électromagnétiques CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association CTRC Centre technique régional de la consommation DAM Débit d’absorption massique DAS Débit d’absorption spécifique DDASS Direction départementale des affaires sanitaires et sociales 6 Liste des abréviations DDE Direction départementale de l’équipement DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications DG Direction générale DGAC Direction générale de l’aviation civile DGCCRF Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes DGS Direction générale de la santé DRAC Direction régionale des affaires culturelles DRASS Direction régionale des affaires sanitaires et sociales DRIRE Direction régionale de l’industrie, de la recherche et de l’environnement ECC European Communications Committee EEG Electroencéphalogramme EHC Environmental Health Criteria EHESS Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales ELF Extremely Low Frequency EMF Electromagnetic Field ENSCP Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique ENST Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications EPHE Ecole pratique des hautes études ESB Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FAQ Foire aux questions FCC Federal Communications Commission FCPE Fédération des conseils de parents d’élèves FDA Food and Drug Administration FFSA Fédération française des sociétés d’assurance FGF Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. FM Frequency Modulation FMI Fonds monétaire international FNAUT Fédération nationale des usagers de transports FSC Fondation science et conscience FTRD France Télécom recherche et développement GDR Groupement de recherche GIS Groupement d’intérêt scientifique GPEI Groupement parents d’élèves indépendants GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile communications HLM Habitation à loyer modéré HT Haute tension IAC International Advisory Committee IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection IDDRI Institut du développement durable et des institutions internationales IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEGMP Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones IGUMED Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für Umweltmedizin e.V. IMM Institutet för Miljömedicin INC Institut national de la consommation 7 Liste des abréviations INDECOSA-CGT Association pour l’information et la défense des consommateurs salariés – Confédération générale du travail INERIS Institut national de l’environnement industriel et des risques INRA Institut
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