Health Risk Assessment of Electromagnetic Fields

Benevento Resolution 2006

The International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety (ICEMS) held an international conference entitled. The Precautionary EMF Approach: Rationale, Legislation and Implementation, hosted by the City of Benevento, Italy, on February 22–24, 2006. The meeting was dedicated to W. Ross Adey, M.D. (1922–2004). The scientists at the conference endorsed and extended the 2002 Catania Resolution and resolved that: 1. More evidence has accumulated suggesting that there are adverse health effects from occupational and public exposures to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, or EMF1, at current exposure levels. What is needed, but not yet realized, is a comprehensive, independent, and transparent examination of the evidence pointing to this emerging, potential public health issue. 2. Resources for such an assessment are grossly inadequate despite the explosive growth of technologies for wireless communications as well as the huge For personal use only. ongoing investment in power transmission. 3. There is evidence that present sources of funding bias the analysis and interpretation of research findings towards rejection of evidence of possible public health risks. 4. Arguments that weak (low intensity) EMF cannot affect biological systems do not represent the current spectrum of scientific opinion. 5. Based on our review of the science, biological effects can occur from exposures to both extremely low frequency fields (ELF EMF) and radiation Electromagn Biol Med Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Gazi Univ. on 04/25/13 frequency fields (RF EMF). Epidemiological and in vivo as well as in vitro experimental evidence demonstrates that exposure to some ELF EMF can increase cancer risk in children and induce other health problems in both children and adults. Further, there is accumulating epidemiological evidence indicating an increased brain tumor risk from long-term use of mobile phones, the first RF EMF that has started to be comprehensively studied. Epidemiological and laboratory studies that show increased risks for cancers and other diseases from occupational exposures to EMF cannot be ignored. Laboratory cancers and other diseases have reported that hypersensitivity to EMF may be due in part to a genetic predisposition.

1EMF, in this resolution, refers to electromagnetic frequencies between 0 and 300 GHz.

197 198 Benevento Resolution 2006

6. We encourage governments to adopt a framework of guidelines for public and occupational EMF exposure that reﬂect the Precautionary Principle2—as some nations have already done. Precautionary strategies should be based on design and performance standards and may not necessarily deﬁne numerical thresholds because such thresholds may erroneously be interpreted as levels below which no adverse effect can occur. These strategies should include:

6.1. Promote alternatives to wireless communication systems, e.g., use of ﬁber optics and coaxial cables; design cellular phones that meet safer performance speciﬁcations, including radiating away from the head; preserve existing land line phone networks; place power lines underground in the vicinity of populated areas, only sitting them in residential neighborhoods as a last resort; 6.2. Inform the population of the potential risks of cell phone and cordless phone use. Advise consumers to limit wireless calls and use a land line for long conversations. 6.3. Limit cell phone and cordless phone use by young children and teenagers to the lowest possible level and urgently ban telecom companies from marketing to them. 6.4. Require manufacturers to supply hands-free kits (via speaker phones or ear phones), with each cell phone and cordless phone. 6.5. Protect workers from EMF generating equipment, through access restrictions and EMF shielding of both individuals and physical structures. 6.6. Plan communications antenna and tower locations to minimize human exposure. Register mobile phone base stations with local planning agencies and use computer mapping technology to inform the public on possible exposures. Proposals For personal use only. for city-wide wireless access systems (e.g., Wi-Fi, WIMAX, broadband over cable or power-line, or equivalent technologies) should require public review of potential EMF exposure and, if installed, municipalities should ensure this information is available to all and updated on a timely basis. 6.7. Designate wireless-free zones in cities, public buildings (schools, hospitals, residential areas), and on public transit, to permit access by persons who are hypersensitive to EMF.

7. ICEMS3 is willing to assist authorities in the development of an

Electromagn Biol Med Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Gazi Univ. on 04/25/13 EMF research agenda. ICEMS encourages the development of clinical and epidemiological protocols for investigations of geographical clusters of persons with reported allergic reactions and other diseases or sensitivities to EMF, and document the effectiveness of preventive interventions. ICEMS encourages scientiﬁc collaboration and reviews of research ﬁndings.

2The Precautionary Principle states when there are indications of possible adverse effects, though they remain uncertain, the risks from doing nothing may be far greater than the risks of taking action to control these exposures. The Precautionary Principle shifts the burden of proof from those suspecting a risk to those who discount it. 3International Commission For Electromagnetic Safety. For information, link to www.icems.eu. Benevento Resolution 2006 199

We, the undersigned scientists, agree to assist in the promotion of EMF research and the development of strategies to protect public health through the wise application of the precautionary principle.

Signed: Fiorella Belpoggi, Europsean Foundadion for Oncology & Environmental Sciences Carl F. Blackman, Raleigh, NC, USA Martin Blank, Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, USA Natalia Bobkova, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow Region Francesco Boella, National Inst. Prevention & Worker Safety, Venice, Italy Zhaojin Cao, National Institute Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control, China Allessandro D. Allessandro, Physician, Mayor of Benevento, Italy, (2001–2006) Enrico D. Emilia, National Institute for Prevention and Worker Safety, Monteporzio, Italy Emilio Del Giuduice, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Milan, Italy Antonella De Ninno, Italian National Agency For Energy, Environment & Technology, Frascati, Italy Alvaro A. De Salles, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Livio Giuliani, East Veneto & South Triol, National Institute for Prevention & Worker Safety, Camerino University Yury Grigoryev, Institute of Biophysics, Chairman, Russian National Committee

For personal use only. NIERP Settimo Grimaldi, Institute of Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Research, Rome, Italy Lennart Hardell, Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden Magda Havas, Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Ontario, Canada Gerard Hyland, Warwick University, UK. International Institute of Biophysics, Germany; EM Radiation Trust, UK

Electromagn Biol Med Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Gazi Univ. on 04/25/13 Olle Johansson, Experimental Dermatology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Karolinska Institute, Sweden Michael Kundi, Head, Institute Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria Henry C. Lai, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Mario Ledda, Institute of Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Council for Research, Rome, Italy Yi-Ping Lin, Center of Health Risk Assessment & Policy, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Antonella Lisi, Institute of Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Research Council, Rome, Italy 200 Benevento Resolution 2006

Fiorenzo Marinelli, Institute of Immunocytology, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy Elihu Richter, Head, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University- Hadassah, Israel Emanuela Rosola, Institute of Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Research Council, Rome, Italy Leif Salford, Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Sweden Nesrin Seyhan, Head, Department of Biophysics; Director, Gazi NIRP Center, Ankara, Turkey Morando Soffritti, Scientiﬁc Director, European Foundation for Oncology & Environmental Sciences B. Ramazzini, Bologna, Italy Stanislaw Szmigielski, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland Mikhail Zhadin, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow Region For personal use only. Electromagn Biol Med Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Gazi Univ. on 04/25/13 ! ! ! Attachment!2!

The Venice Resolution Initiated by the International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety, following the 6th ICEMS Workshop, December 17, 2007. www.icems.eu

As stated in the Benevento Resolution of September 20061, we remain concerned about the effects of human exposure to electromagnetic fields on health. At the 6th ICEMS Workshop, entitled, ìFoundations of bioelectromagnetics: towards a new rationale for risk assessment and management,î we discussed electrohypersensitivity, blood brain barrier changes, learning and behavioral effects, changes in anti-oxidant enzyme activities, DNA damage, biochemical mechanisms of interaction, biological damage and, experimental approaches to validate these effects. As an outcome, we are compelled to confirm the existence of non-thermal effects of electromagnetic fields on living matter, which seem to occur at every level of investigation from molecular to epidemiological.

An urgent task before international researchers is to discover the detailed mechanisms of non-thermal interactions between electromagnetic fields and living matter. A collateral consequence will be the design of new general public and occupational protection standards. We, who are at the forefront of this research, encourage an ethical approach in setting of exposure standards which protect the health of all, including those who are more vulnerable. We recognize the need for research to reveal the critical exposure parameters of effect and risk from exposure to electromagnetic fields.

The non-ionizing radiation protection standards recommended by international standards organizations, and supported by the World Health Organization, are inadequate. Existing guidelines are based on results from acute exposure studies and only thermal effects are considered. A world wide application of the Precautionary Principle is required. In addition, new standards should be developed to take various physiological conditions into consideration, e.g., pregnancy, newborns, children, and elderly people.

We take exception to the claim of the wireless communication industry that there is no credible scientific evidence to conclude there a risk. Recent epidemiological evidence is stronger than before, which is a further reason to justify precautions be taken to lower exposure standards in accordance with the Precautionary Principle.

We recognize the growing public health problem known as electrohypersensitivity; that this adverse health condition can be quite disabling; and, that this condition requires further urgent investigation and recognition.

We strongly advise limited use of cell phones, and other similar devices, by young children and teenagers, and we call upon governments to apply the Precautionary Principle as an interim measure while more biologically relevant standards are developed to protect against, not only the absorption of electromagnetic energy by the head, but also adverse effects of the signals on biochemistry, physiology and electrical biorhythms.

*******************

Contact: Elizabeth Kelley, Managing Secretariat, International Commission for Electromagnetic Safety, [email protected]

1 The Benevento Resolution may be found at http://www.icems.eu/benevento_resolution.htm

Signed, Pasquale Avino, Italian National Institute for Prevention & Worker Safety, Rome, Italy Angelico Bedini, Italian National Institute for Prevention and Worker Safety, Rome, Italy Igor Belyaev, Associate Professor in Toxicological Genetics, Dept. of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Fiorella Belpoggia, ICEMS, Vice Scientific Director, European Foundation for Oncology & Environmental Sciences ìB. Ramazziniî. Bologna, Italy Carl Blackman, ICEMS, President, Bioelectromagnetics Society (1990-91), Raleigh, NC, USA Martin Blank, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, USA Natalia Bobkova, ICEMS, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow Region Bill Bruno, Theoretical biophysics, earned at Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, USA Catarina Cinti, ICEMS, Director, National Research Center, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Siena, Italy Mauro Cristaldi, Dip, B.A.U. Universita degli Studi "La Sapienza", Roma, Italia Suleyman Dasdag, Biophysics Department of Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir,Turkey Antonella De Ninno, ICEMS, Italian National Agency, Energy, Environment & Technology, Frascati, Italy Emilio Del Giudice, ICEMS, International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany Alvaro de Salles, ICEMS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Sandy Doull, Consultant, Noel Arnold & Associates, Box Hill VIC, Australia Christos Georgiou, ICEMS, Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Biology. University of Patras, Greece Reba Goodman, Prof. Emeritus, Clinical Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York USA Settimo Grimaldi, ICEMS, Inst. Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Research, Rome, Italy Livio Giuliani, ICEMS, East Veneto & South Tirol, Deputy. Director, Nat. Inst. Prevention & Worker Safety, Camerino University. Italy Lennart Hardell, ICEMS, Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden Magda Havas, ICEMS, Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Ontario, Canada Gerard Hyland, ICEMS, International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany Antonella Lisi, ICEMS Inst. Neurobiology & Molecular Medicine, National Research Council, Rome, Italy Louisanna Ieradi, Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi C.N.R., Roma, Italia Olle Johansson, Assoc. Prof. The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Vini G. Khurana, Neurosurgeon, Canberra Hospital and Assoc. Prof. of Neurosurgery, Australian National University Medical School Henry Lai, ICEMS, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Lukas Margaritas, Professor of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Athens University, Athens, Greece Fiorenzo Marinelli, ICEMS, Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council, Bologna Italy. Vera Markovic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Nis, Serbia Ed Maxey, M.D. retired surgeon, Fayetteville Arkansas Gerd Oberfeld, Public Health Department, Salzburg State Government, Salzburg, Austria and Speaker for Environmental Medicine for the Austrian Medical Association, Vienna, Austria Jerry Phillips, Director, Science Learning Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colo. USA Elihu Richter, ICEMS, Head, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Israel Leif Salford, ICEMS, Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Sweden Massimo Scalia, Professor, Evolution Models in Applied Sciences, Mathematical Physical and Natural Science, University of "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy Nesrin Seyhan, ICEMS, Head, Department of Biophysics; Director, Gazi NIRP Center, Ankara, Turkey Zamir Shalita, Consultant on Electromagnetic Hazards, Ramat Gan, Israel Morando Soffritti, ICEMS, Scientific Director, European Foundation for Oncology & Environmental Sciences, ìB. Ramazziniî, Bologna, Italy Stanley Szmigielski, ICEMS, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland Ion Udroiu, Italian National Institute for Prevention & Worker Safety, Rome, Italy Clarbruno Verduccio, Prof. Lt. Col. Commander C.F, Marine MIlitary, La Spezia. Italy Mehmet Zeyrek, Professor of Physics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Mikhail Zhadin, ICEMS, Professor, Honorary Scientist. of Radio Frequencies Stylianos Zinelis, M.D., Vice President, Hellenic Cancer Society, Cefallonia, Greece Anna Zucchero, ICEMS, MD, Internal Medicine Department. Venice-Mestre Hospital, Venice, Italy .

! ! ! Attachment!3! Pathophysiology 16 (2009) 247Ð248

The London Resolution

Olle Johansson ∗ The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden

At a scientific conference on 27th November 2007 Failing that: entitled—“Are Present ICNIRP EMF Exposure Recommen- dations Adequate?”, hosted by Roger Coghill and Robert We call for the setting up of an independent body to define • Verkerk, at the Royal Society, London, scientists endorsed new biologically based public exposure limits and/or pre- the BioInitiative Report, extended the 2006 Benevento Res- ventative actions, for ELF-EMF and RF, that address olution and resolved that: reported biological effects, which, with prolonged expo- “We, the undersigned, do call on the UK Health Protection sure, can reasonably be presumed to result in adverse Agency (HPA), UK Government and all the health protec- health consequences. tion agencies and governments world-wide, to take note of In the absence of such recommendations we suggest as • the findings and recommendations in the Bioinitiative Report an intermediate step that the HPA and UK Government (2007) [1] and its predecessors the Benevento Resolution immediately implement the ELF-EMF and RF recommen- (2006) [2], the Catania Resolution (2002) [3] and the Salzburg dations of the BioInitiative Report 2007 and strive for the Resolution (2000) [4] to immediately reduce the guidelines recommendations of the Public Health Department of the for exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RF) and extremely Government of Salzburg (2002) of 0.06 V/m for outdoor low-frequency electromagnetic1 fields (ELF-EMF) for the and 0.02 V/m for indoor RF exposure. following reasons: Based on the precautionary principle, children and vul- The overwhelming evidence of adverse non-thermal health nerable groups (such as people with epilepsy and heart • effects at exposures many times below the current guide- conditions) should not be exposed to a risk of harm, thus lines. we propose that The near 100% penetration of the market in Europe, the • USA and many other markets by mobile phones and Children under 16 should use mobile phones and cordless • increasing penetration elsewhere. phones for emergency calls only. The vast proliferation of wireless networks and devices No Wi-fi, WiMax or other forms of wireless networking • • beyond those envisaged at the time the current guidelines are placed in homes, schools or public areas or promoted were set. for use thereof. That regular and frequent independent audits are under- We call for the ICNIRP to reconvene as a mat- • taken of emissions to ensure that base stations (“masts”) ter of urgency to reassess the exposure guidelines and do not exceed the new biologically based guidelines at to develop and implement biologically based public any locality either singly or by accumulation. Such audits safety limits reflecting the overall scientific evidence that should be widely publicised and made available for public existing ICNIRP guidelines are not sufficiently protec- scrutiny. tive against health effects from chronic exposures to the rapidly increasing environmental-level ELF-EMF and The precautionary principle needs to be implemented.” RF. Signed:

Prof. Christopher Busby, School of Biomedical Sciences, ∗ Tel.: +46 8 52487073; fax: +46 8 303904. E-mail address: [email protected]. Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulsters 1 Magnetic ﬁelds at 50Ð60 Hz. Coleraine, UK

0928-4680/$ Ð see front matter doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.005 248 O. Johansson / Pathophysiology 16 (2009) 247Ð248

Mr. Roger Coghill, MA (Cantab) C Biol Mi Biol MA Ms Cindy Sage, Co-Editor, BioInitiative Report, Santa (Environ Mgt), Coghill Research Laboratories, Pontypool, Barbara CA, USA Wales, UK Dr. John Walker, Chartered Physicist, Sutton Coldﬁeld, UK Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy, Honorary Lecturer, Imperial College, London, UK Dr. Lennart Hardell, University Hospital, Orebro University, References Orebro, Sweden Prof. Olle Johansson, Experimental Dermatology Unit, [1] BioInitiative Report, http://www.bioinitiative.org/report/docs/report.pdf. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and The [2] Benevento Resolution, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25, 2006, pp. 197Ð200, http://www.icems.eu/docs/BeneventoResolution. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden pdf. Dr. Gerd Oberfeld, Public Health Department, Salzburg [3] Catania Resolution, http://www.plattform-mobilfunk-initiativen.at/ Government, Salzburg, Austria englisch/CATANIA eng.pdf. Mr. Alasdair Philips, B.Sc. (Eng), Director, Powerwatch, [4] Salzburg Resolution, http://www.salzburg.gv.at/salzburg resolution Sutton in the Isle, UK e.pdf. Mr. Graham Philips, MBCS, Technical Manager, Powerwatch, Ely, UK ! ! ! Attachment!4!

SECTION II

Table of Contents

Prepared for the BioInitiative Working Group 2012 The BioInitiative 2012 Table of Contents

SECTION i PREFACE (2007) (2012)

SECTION ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (2007) (2012)

SECTION 1 SUMMARY FOR THE PUBLIC AND CONCLUSIONS Ms. Sage

2007 Report: Summary for the Public (Table 1-1 Conclusions)- Ms. Sage 2012 Supplement - Summary for the Public - Ms. Sage Table 1-1 - Conclusions Table 1-2 Reported Biological Effects from Radiofrequency Radiation at Low-Intensity Exposure

SECTION 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ms. Sage

SECTION 3 THE EXISTING PUBLIC EXPOSURE STANDARDS Ms. Sage

SECTION 4 EVIDENCE FOR INADEQUACY OF THE STANDARDS Ms. Sage

SECTION 5 EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (Transcriptomic and Proteomic Research) Dr. Xu and Dr. Chen

2012 Supplement - Dr. Fragopoulou and Dr. Margaritis EMF Transcriptomics and Proteomics Research 2007-2012

SECTION 6 EVIDENCE FOR GENOTOXIC EFFECTS – RFR AND ELF DNA DAMAGE Dr. Lai

2012 Supplement - Dr. Lai

SECTION 7 EVIDENCE FOR STRESS RESPONSE (STRESS PROTEINS) Dr. Blank

2012 Supplement - Dr. Blank Evidence for Stress Response: EMF-DNA Interaction

SECTION 8 EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION Dr. Johansson

2012 Supplement - Dr. Grigoriev Immune System and EMF-RF

SECTION 9 EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Dr. Lai

2012 Supplement - Dr. Lai

SECTION 10* EFFECTS OF EMF FROM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION UPON THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Salford, Dr. Nittby and Dr. Persson

SECTION 11 EVIDENCE FOR BRAIN TUMORS AND ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS Dr. Hardell, Dr. Hansson Mild and Dr. Kundi

2012 Supplement - Dr. Hardell, Dr. Hansson Mild, Mr. Carlberg Use of Wireless Phones and Evidence for Increased Risk of Brain Tumors

2012 Supplement - Dr. Kundi Evidence for Brain Tumors (Epidemiological)

SECTION 12 EVIDENCE FOR CHILDHOOD CANCERS (LEUKEMIA) Dr. Kundi

2012 Replacement Chapter - Dr. Kundi

SECTION 13 EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTS ON MELATONIN: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND BREAST CANCER Dr. Davanipour and Dr. Sobel

2012 Replacement Chapter - Dr. Davanipour and Dr. Sobel ELF Magnetic Field Exposure: Melatonin Production - Alzheimer’s Disease - Breast Cancer

SECTION 14 EVIDENCE FOR BREAST CANCER PROMOTION (Melatonin links in laboratory and cell studies) Ms. Sage

SECTION 15 EVIDENCE FOR DISRUPTION BY THE MODULATING SIGNAL Dr. Blackman

2012 Supplement - Dr. Belyaev Role of Physical and Biological Variables in Bioeffects of Non- Thermal Microwaves for Reproducibility, Cancer Risk Assessment and Safety Standards

SECTION 16 * PLAUSIBLE GENETIC AND METABOLIC MECHANISMS FOR BIOEFFECTS OF VERY WEAK ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON LIVING TISSUES

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Heroux and Dr. Ying Li

SECTION 17 EVIDENCE BASED ON EMF MEDICAL THERAPEUTICS Ms. Sage

2012 Supplement - Dr. Liboff Electromagnetic Medicine: Non-Inductive, Non-Thermal Modalities

SECTION 18 * FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTION EFFECTS OF EMF

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Behari and Dr. Paulraj Rajamani

SECTION 19 * FETAL AND NEONATAL EFFECTS OF EMF

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Bellieni and Dr. Pinto

SECTION 20 * FINDINGS IN AUTISM CONSISTENT WITH EMF AND RFR

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Herbert and Ms. Sage

SECTION 21 * MOBILE PHONE BASE STATIONS: WELL-BEING AND HEALTH (not available at press date)

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Kundi

SECTION 22 * PRECAUTION IN ACTION - GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH EXAMPLES SINCE BIOINITIATIVE 2007

2012 New Chapter - Dr. Oberfeld

SECTION 23 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE Mr. Gee

2012 Supplement - Mr. Gee (not available at press date)

SECTION 24 KEY SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Dr. Carpenter and Ms. Sage

2012 Supplement - Ms. Sage and Dr. Carpenter

SECTION 25 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND AFFILIATIONS

SECTION 26 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SECTION 27 APPENDIX - Ambient ELF and RF levels Average residential and occupational exposures

SECTION 28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

* denotes new chapter

! ! ! Attachment!5! REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH VOLUME 25, No. 4, 2010

Scientific Panel on Electromagnetic Field Health Risks: Consensus Points, Recommendations, and Rationales

Scientific Meeting: Seletun, Norway, November 17-21, 2009

Adamantia Fragopoulou,1 Yuri Grigoriev,2 Olle Johansson,3 Lukas H Margaritis,1 Lloyd Morgan,4 Elihu Richter5 and Cindy Sage6

1University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 2Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Moscow (Russian Federation); 3Karolinska Institute and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden ; 4Bioelectromagnetics Society, Berkeley, CA, USA; 5Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem (Israel); 6Sage Associates, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Summary: In November, 2009, a scientific panel met in Seletun, Norway, for three days of intensive discussion on existing scientific evidence and public health implications of the unprecedented global exposures to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). EMF exposures (static to 300 GHz) result from the use of electric power and from wireless telecommunications technologies for voice and data transmission, energy, security, military and radar use in weather and transportation. The Scientific Panel recognizes that the body of evidence on EMF requires a new approach to protection of public health; the growth and development of the fetus, and of children; and argues for strong preventative actions. New, biologically-based public exposure standards are urgently needed to protect public health worldwide.

Keywords: EMF, wireless telecommunications technology, radiofrequency, non-ionizing radiation, non-thermal effects, long-term effects, public exposure guidelines, public health

Correspondence: Professor Olle Johansson, The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, and The Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm (Sweden). E-mail: [email protected]

______BACKGROUND protection of public health; the growth and In November, 2009, a scientific panel met in development of the fetus, and of children; and Seletun, Norway, for three days of intensive argues for strong preventative actions. These discussion on existing scientific evidence and conclusions are built upon prior scientific and public health implications of the unprecedented public health reports /1-6/ documenting the global exposures to artificial electromagnetic following: fields (EMF). EMF exposures (static to 300 GHz) result 1) Low-intensity (non-thermal) bioeffects and from the use of electric power and from wireless adverse health effects are demonstrated at telecommunications technologies for voice and levels significantly below existing exposure data transmission, energy, security, military and standards. radar use in weather and transportation. 2) ICNIRP and IEEE/FCC public safety limits The Scientific Panel recognizes that the body are inadequate and obsolete with respect to of evidence on EMF requires a new approach to prolonged, low-intensity exposures. SELETUN SCIENTIFIC PANEL 2010

3) New, biologically-based public exposure from emerging communication and data standards are urgently needed to protect transmission technologies that are being public health world-wide. deployed worldwide, affecting billions of 4) It is not in the public interest to wait. people; Strong concern has been voiced by the public, Sensitive populations (for example, the and by scientists as well as public health and elderly, the ill, the genetically and/or environmental policy experts, that the deployment immunologically challenged) and children and of technologies that expose billions of people fetuses may be additionally vulnerable to worldwide to new sources of EMF may pose a health risks; their exposures are largely pervasive risk to public health. Such exposures involuntary and they are less protected by did not exist before the ―age of industry and existing public safety standards; information‖. Prolonged exposure appears to It is well established that children are more disrupt biological processes that are fundamental vulnerable to health risks from environmental to plant, animal and human growth and health. toxins in general; Life on earth did not evolve with biological It is established that the combined effects of protections or adaptive biological responses to chemical toxins and EMF together is greater these EMF exposures. Exceptionally small levels than either exposure alone; of EMF from earth and space existed during the The Seletun Scientific Panel takes note of time that all life evolved on earth on the order of international scientific reviews, resolutions less than a billionth to one ten-billionth of a Watt and recommendations documenting scientific per meter squared. A rapidly accumulating body and public health evidence on EMF exposures; of scientific evidence of harm to health and well- The Seletun Scientific Panel notes that being constitute warnings that adverse health complete “consistency” of study findings is effects can occur with prolonged exposures to not to be expected, and it should not be very low-intensity EMF at biologically active interpreted as a necessary pre-condition for a frequencies or frequency combinations. consensus linking EMF exposure to health The Seletun Scientific Panel has adopted a impacts. “Consistency in nature does not Consensus Agreement that recommends require that all or even a majority of studies preventative and precautionary actions that are find the same effect. If all studies of lead warranted now, given the existing evidence for showed the same relationship between potential global health risks. We recognize the variables, one would be startled, perhaps duty of governments and their health agencies to justifiably suspicious” /7/; educate and warn the public, to implement The Seletun Scientific Panel acknowledges that measures balanced in favor of the Precautionary some, but not all, of these exposures support Principle, to monitor compliance with directives preventative and precautionary action, and the promoting alternatives to wireless, and to fund need for more stringent public health limits; research and policy development geared toward The Panel takes note of international scientific prevention of exposures and development of new resolutions and expressions of concern public safety measures. including the Salzburg, Catania, Freiberger Appeal, Helsinki, Irish Doctors (IDEA), POINTS OF AGREEMENT Benevento, Venice, London, and Porto Alegre Resolutions (2000-2009); Global populations are not sufficiently The Panel is guided by previously protected from electromagnetic fields (EMF) recommended target limits for EMF exposure ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISKS

in the BioInitiative Report (2007) and the already exceed scientific benchmarks for London Resolution (2009); health harm identified here, but political The Panel urges governments to adopt an expediency is not the guiding criterion in this explicit statement that ―the standard for assessment; judging and acting on the scientific evidence EMF exposures should be reduced now rather shall be based on prudent public health than waiting for proof of harm before acting. planning principles rather than scientific This recommendation is in keeping with certainty of effect (causal evidence)‖. Actions traditional public health principles, and is are warranted based on limited or weak justified now given abundant evidence that scientific evidence, or a sufficiency of biological effects and adverse health effects evidence – rather than a conclusive scientific are occurring at exposure levels many orders evidence (causation or scientific certainty) of magnitude below existing public safety where the consequence of doing nothing in the standards around the world; short term may cause irreparable public health SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) is not an harm, where the populations potentially at risk adequate approach to predict many important are very large, where there are alternatives biologic effects in studies that report increased without similar risks, or where the exposures risks for cancer, neurological diseases, are largely involuntary; impairments to immune function, fertility and The Seletun Scientific Panel urges govern- reproduction, and neurological function ments to make explicit that the burden of (cognition, behaviour, performance, mood proof of safety rests with the producers and status, disruption of sleep, increased risk for providers of EMF-producing technologies, not auto collisions, etc); with the users and consumers. SAR fails to adequately address known effects from modulation.

THE SELETUN SCIENTIFIC PANEL General Recommendations from the Seletun UNANIMOUSLY ENDORSES THESE GENERAL Scientific Panel AGREEMENTS AND GENERAL AND SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS The Seletun Scientific Panel recommends an international registry be established to track General Agreements from the Seletun Scientific time-trends in incidence and mortality for Panel cancers and neurological and immune diseases. Tracking effects of EMF on children The Seletun Scientific Panel has identified and sensitive EHS populations is a high specific scientific and public health priority. There should be open access to this benchmarks for numeric limits and information; preventative action that are justified now The Panel recommends existing brain tumour based on the existing body of evidence; registries provide timely age-specific The Panel is relying on scientific evidence as incidence rates. An early indication of brain the basis for identifying scientific benchmarks tumors from mobile (cell) phone use could be establishing EMF levels associated with in the younger age-specific incidence rates. adverse health effects. The Panel notes that Where such brain tumors registries to not radiofrequent (RF) levels in some regions may exist, they should be established;

3 SELETUN SCIENTIFIC PANEL 2010

Intervention-related epidemiological studies General Research Recommendations from the are needed to track the efficacy of Seletun Scientific Panel intervention(s) that reduce or eliminate exposures to EMF; Research funding is urgently needed for There is a need for mandatory pre-market assays for biological markers [EMF bioassays assessments of emissions and risks before as biological markers of EMF dose] which deployment of new wireless technologies. show promise to measure adverse health There should be convincing evidence that effects, and biological effects that, with products do not cause health harm before prolonged or repetitive exposure, can marketing; reasonably be presumed to lead to harmful For occupational exposures, there has been health consequences (biomarkers from epidemiological evidence as well as clusters cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, immune function and case reports which state the ‗case for changes, and DNA damage to name some); action‘ and stringent control measures based The Scientific Panel recommends research on classic industrial hygiene principles funding for studies on bioactive modulation (separation, distancing and enclosure). Further, which may, based on current knowledge, there is need for surveillance markers of cause major consequences at far lower hematologic, immunotoxic and chromosome exposure levels based on different exposure aberrations; parameters including modulation, frequency The Panel discourages use of more lenient windows, intensity windows, duration, safety standards for workers, as compared to geomagnetic field and other factors; the general public. Separate safety limits are not Research is urgently recommended for effects ethically acceptable. Workers include women of prolonged or repetitive wireless exposure of childbearing age and men who wish to retain on children (cancers, neurological diseases, their fertility. Occupational environments and impairment of cognition, behavior, where wireless exposures are common may be performance and mood status, and disruption potentially hazardous to fertility and repro- of sleep, etc) ; duction (retail and restaurant workers, transit Research in SAR refinements is given a low workers, telecommunications and broadcast priority. The scientific panel is in unanimous workers, medical workers, educators, admini- agreement that SAR is a poor measurement strators, etc) and those with other exposures or tool. Yet SARs have been used in many key special health risks; studies reporting increased risk of DNA The Panel strongly recommends that persons damage, increased risk for brain cancer, with electrohypersensitivity symptoms (EHS) increased risk for acoustic neuroma, and be classified as functionally impaired rather reduced sperm quality parameters, among than with ‗idiopathic environmental disease‘ others. SAR measures only one aspect of or similar indistinct categories. This exposure and ignores other critical aspects, terminology will encourage governments to such as biologically active frequencies (and make adjustments in the living environment to modulations) that is essential information better address social and well-being needs of needed to understand the biological responses this subpopulation of highly sensitive induced by EMF over short and long term members of society. exposures (e.g., nervous system response and ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISKS

tissue/organ development, respectively) that The Panel recommends all countries should does not cause thermal damage so that adopt electrical code requirements to disallow effective, biologically protective limits can be conduction of high-frequency voltage developed. transients back into electrical wiring systems; All new electronic devices including compact Specific Recommendations from the Seletun fluorescent lamps (CFLs) should be Scientific Panel constructed with filters to block high- frequency voltage transients from being Extremely Low Frequency (Fields from Electrical conducted back onto electrical wiring systems; Power) The Panel recommends electric field Based on the available evidence, the Seletun reductions from electrical wiring in buildings Scientific Panel recommends a 0.1 uT (1 mG) based on evidence of increased cancer risk exposure limit for all new installations based from prolonged or repetitive electric field on findings of risk for leukemia, brain exposure. The United States National tumours, Alzheimer‘s, ALS, sperm damage Electrical Code (NEC) and other govern- and DNA strand breaks. This exposure limit mental codes relating to building design and does not include a safety margin; construction should be revised so that all new For all newly installed, or newly upgraded electrical wiring is enclosed in a grounded electrical power distribution, the Panel metal shield; recommends a 0.1 uT (1 mG) set-back The United States NEC and other govern- distance, from residences, hospitals, schools, mental codes that disallow net current on parks, and playgrounds schools (and similar electrical wiring should be better enforced, locations occupied by children) [A 0.1 uT (1 and ground fault interrupters (GFIs) should be mG) time-weighted average (TWA) using installed on all electrical circuits in order to peak loading for transmission lines to ensure reduce net current. that average is about half of this for typical exposures; or equivalent for long-term Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation exposure in interior EMF environments Exposure Limit Recommendations (wiring, trans-formers, appliances, others).]; Present guidelines, such as IEEE, FCC, and For all newly constructed residences, offices, ICNIRP, are not adequate to protect humans from schools (and other facilities with children), harmful effects of chronic EMF exposure. The and hospitals there shall be a 0.1 uT (1 mG) existing scientific knowledge is, however, not max. 24 hour average exposure limit; sufficient at this stage to formulate final and For all new equipment (e.g. transformers, definite science-based guidelines for all these motors, electronic products), where practical, fields and conditions, particularly for such chronic the Panel recommends a 0.1 uT (1 mG) max. exposure as well as contributions of the different 24 hour average exposure limit. Where not parameters of the fields, e.g. frequency, practical (e.g. large power transformers), there modulation, intensity, and window effects. The should be a fence, or boundary marker, with values suggested below are, thus, provisional and clearly written warning labels that states that may be altered in the future. within the boundary area the 0.1 uT (1 mG) For whole-body (in vivo experiments) or cell maximum, 24 hour average exposure limit is culture-based exposure, the Seletun Scientific exceeded; Panel finds sufficient evidence to establish a

5 SELETUN SCIENTIFIC PANEL 2010

scientific benchmark for adverse health effect below 0.5-1.0 mW/m2, it can also then be at 0.0166 W/kg based on at least 32 scientific argued that an additional 10-fold reduction on studies reporting low-intensity effects (defined precautionary grounds is justified. If another as studies reporting effects at exposures of 0.1 10-fold reduction is applied, the recommended W/kg or lower) /8-39/. level would then be 0.17 mW/m2 (also The Panel recommends a provisional whole- 0.000017 mW/cm2 = 0.017 µW/cm2); body limit of 0.00033 W/kg by incorporation The Seletun Scientific Panel recommends of an additional 50-fold safety margin applied these numeric limits to governments and to the scientific benchmark of 0.0166 W/kg. health agencies for adoption in place of This is consistent with both ICNIRP and ICNIRP, IEEE/FCC and other outdated public IEEE/FCC safety factors. An additional 10- safety guidelines and limits in use around the fold reduction is applied to take prolonged world. This approach is based on traditional exposure into account (because 29 of the 32 public health principles that support taking studies are acute exposure only), giving a final actions to protect public health when whole-body limit of 0.000033 W/kg (33 sufficient evidence is present. Sufficient µW/kg). No further safety margin or provision scientific evidence and public health concern for sensitive populations is incorporated. This exist today based on increased risk for cancer, may need to be lowered in the future. adverse fertility and reproductive outcomes, Based on power density measurements, the immune disruption, neurological diseases, Seletun Scientific Panel finds sufficient increased risk of road collisions and injury- evidence for a whole-body scientific bench- producing events, and impairment of mark for adverse health effect exists down to cognition, behaviour, performance, mood 85 mW/m2 (0.0085 mW/cm2 or 8.5 µW/cm2) status, and disruption of sleep; based on at least 17 scientific studies reporting Numeric limits recommended here do not yet low-intensity effects on humans. Taking more take into account sensitive populations (EHS, recent human studies conducted near base immune-compromised, the fetus, developing stations, or at base-station RF levels, Kundi children, the elderly, people on medications, and Hutter /57/ report that the levels must etc). Another safety margin is, thus, likely exceed 0.5-1.0 mW/m2 (0.05 to 0.1 uW/cm2) justified further below the numeric limits for for effects to be seen; /40-57/. EMF exposure recommended here; The Panel recommends a provisional whole- The Scientific Panel acknowledges that body (far-field) limit of 1.7 mW/m2 (also = numeric limits derived here for new 0.00017 mW/cm2 = 0.17 µW/cm2) by biologically-based public exposure standards incorporation of an additional 50-fold safety are still a billion times higher than natural margin applied to the scientific benchmark of EMF levels at which all life evolved. 85 mW/m2. This is consistent with both ICNIRP and IEEE/FCC safety factors. This Specific Recommendations for mobile (cell) and may need to be lowered in the future. cordless phone use It can be argued that a further 10-fold The Seletun Scientific Panel recommends that reduction is not justified since 13 of the 17 users keep mobile (cell) phones away from studies are already testing for long-term RF head and body; exposure. However, considering that the latest The Seletun Scientific Panel recommends that human population studies as reported by users keep mobile (cell) phones and PDAs* Kundi & Hutter (2009) do not show effects switched off if worn or carried in a pocket or ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISKS

holster, or on a belt near the body. connections that may produce unnecessary and *PDA is generic for any type of Personal potentially harmful EMF exposures; Digital Assistant or hand-held computer device; The Panel recognizes that wired internet access The Panel strongly recommends against the (cable modem, wired Ethernet connections, etc) use of mobile (cell) and cordless phones and is available as a substitute; PDAs by children of any age; The Panel recommends use of wired headsets, The Panel strongly recommends against the preferably with hollow-tube segments; use of mobile (cell) and cordless phones and The Panel recommends avoidance of wireless PDAs by pregnant women; (Bluetooth-type) headsets in general; The Panel recommends that use of mobile The Panel encourages the removal of speakers (cell) and cordless phones and PDAs be from headsets on wireless phones and PDAs; curtailed near children or pregnant women, in The Panel encourages ‗auto-off switches‘ for keeping with preventative and precautionary mobiles (cells) and PDAs that automatically strategies. The most vulnerable members of turn off the device when placed in a holster; society should have access to public places The Panel strongly discourages the technology without fear of harm to health; that allows one mobile (cell) phone to act as a Public access to public places and public repeater for other phones within the general transportation should be available without area. This can increase exposures to EMF that undue risk of EMF exposure, particularly in are unknown to the person whose phone is enclosed spaces (trains, airplanes, buses, cars, ―piggy-backed‖ upon without their knowledge etc) where the exposure is likely to be or permission; involuntary; The Panel recommends the use of telephone The Panel recommends wired internet access lines (land-lines) or fiber optic cables for in schools, and strongly recommends that SmartGrid type energy conservation infra- schools do not install wireless internet structure. Utilities should choose options that connections that create pervasive and do not create new, community-wide exposures prolonged EMF exposures for children; from wireless components of SmartGrid-type The Panel recommends preservation of existing projects. Future health risks from prolonged or land-line connections and public telephone repetitive wireless exposures of SmartGrid-type networks; systems may be avoided by using telephone The Panel recommends against the use of lines or fiber-optic cable. The Panel endorses cordless phones (DECT phones) and other energy conservation but not at the risk of wireless devices, toys and baby monitors, exposing hundreds of millions of families in wireless internet, wireless security systems, and their homes to a new, involuntary source of wireless power transmitters in SmartGrid-type wireless radiofrequency radiation.

7 REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH VOLUME 25, No. 4, 2010

...... The undersigned recognize the duty of governments and their health agencies to educate and warn the public, to implement measures balanced in favor of the Precautionary Principle, to monitor compliance with directives promoting alternatives to wireless, and to fund research and policy development geared toward prevention of exposure. The undersigned urge governments and their health agencies to adopt new interim numeric limits and new timetables for implementation of biologically-based precautionary action to limit exposures to EMF.

Agreed 19 November 2009 (as revised through April 20, 2010) (in alphabetical order) Adamantia Fragopoulou, Greece Yuri Grigoriev, Russia Olle Johansson, Sweden Lukas H Margaritis, Greece Lloyd Morgan, USA Elihu Richter, Israel Cindy Sage, USA

Affiliations (in alphabetical order) Adamantia Fragopoulou, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens (Greece) Yury Grigoriev, Professor, Dr of Med Sci, Chairman of Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Moscow (Russian Federation) Olle Johansson, professor, The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden) Lukas H Margaritis, professor, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens (Greece) Lloyd Morgan, Bioelectromagnetics Society, 2022 Francisco Street, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA Elihu D Richter, Professor, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hebrew University- Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem (Israel) Cindy Sage, MA, Sage Associates, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

REFERENCES Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). http:// 1. Pathophysiology 2009; 16 www.bioinitiative.org, 2007. 2. European Parliament, Mid-Term Review of the 5. European Commission Health and Consumer European Environmental and Health Action Plan Protection Directorate-General Scientific Committee 2009;http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/ on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks briefing_page/33692-245-09-36-20080708BRI3 (SCENIHR), Possible Effects of Electromagnetic 3691-01-09-2008-2008/default_p001c023_en.htm Fields (EMF on Human Health 2007 (Sections on 3. European Environmental Agency 2007. http:// scientific evidence). www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/radiation-risk-from- 6. REFLEX Consortium, Risk evaluation of everyday-devices-assessed potential environmental hazards from low energy 4. Blackman CF, Blank M, Kundi M, Sage C, electromagnetic field exposure using sensitive in Carpenter DO, Davanipour Z, et al. The vitro methods. A project funded by the European Bioinitiative Report—A Rationale for a Union under the 5th Framework Programme. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISKS

Contract QLK4-CT-1999-01574, 2004; 292 pp, electromagnetics 2001; 22: 519-28. http://www.verum-foundation.de/reflex 17. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave 7. Needleman HL. Making models of real world exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Appl events: the use and abuse of inference. Neuro- Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 158: 126-139. toxicol Teratol 1995;17: 241-2; discussion 249-51 18. Kwee S, Raskmark P, Velizarov P. Changes in 8. Belyaev IY, Hillert L, Protopopova M, Tamm C, cellular proteins due to environmental non- Malmgren LO, Persson BR, Selivanova G, et al. ionizing radiation. I. Heat-shock proteins, 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field Electro- and Magnetobiology 2001; 20: 141-152. affect chromatin conformation and 53BP1 foci in 19. Lerchl A, Krüger H, Niehaus M, Streckert JR, human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and Bitz AK, Volkert Hansen V. Effects of mobile healthy persons. Bioelectromagnetics 2005;26: phone electromagnetic fields at nonthermal SAR 173-184. values on melatonin and body weight of 9. Belyaev IY, Markovà E, Hillert L, Malmgren LO, Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), J Persson BR. Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile Pineal Res 2008; 44: 267-272. phones induce long-lasting inhibition of 53BP1/ 20. Markovà E, Hillert L, Malmgren L, Persson BR, gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymph- Belyaev IY. Microwaves from GSM mobile ocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 2009;30:129-41. telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci 10. Capri M, Scarcella E, Fumelli C, Bianchi E, in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and Salvioli S, Mesirca P, et al. In vitro exposure of healthy persons. Environ Health Perspect 2005; human lymphocytes to 900 MHz CW and GSM 113: 1172-1177. modulated radiofrequency: studies of proliferation, 21. Marinelli F, La Sala D, Cicciotti G, Cattini L, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential0. Trimarchi C, Putti S, et al. Exposure to 900 MHz Radiat Res 2004; 162: 211-218. electromagnetic field induces an unbalance 11. de Pomerai DI, Smith B, Dawe A, North K, Smith between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in T, Archer DB, et al. Microwave radiation can T-lymphoblastoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. J alter protein conformation without bulk heating. Cell Physiol 2004; 198: 324-332. FEBS Lett 2003; 543: 93-97. 22. Navakatikian MA, Tomashevskaya LA. Phasic 12. D‘Inzeo G, Bernardi P, Eusebi F, Grassi F, behavioral and endocrine effects of microwaves Tamburello C, Zani BM. Microwave effects on of nonthermal intensity. In: Carpenter DO, ed, acetylcholine-induced channels in cultured chick Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields, myotubes. Bioelectromagnetics 1988; 9: 363-372. Volume 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 13. Dutta SK, Ghosh B, Blackman CF. Radio- 1994;333-342. frequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux 23. Nittby H, Grafström G, Tian DP, Malmgren L, enhancement from human and other neuro- Brun A, Persson BR, et al. Cognitive impairment blastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 1989; 10: 197-202. mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 14. Forgacs Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, 2007; 29: 219-232. Hudak A, Surjan A, et al. Effect of whole-body 24. Pérez-Castejón C, Pérez-Bruzón RN, Llorente M, 1800MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on Pes N, Lacasa C, Figols T, Lahoz M, et al. testicular steroidogenesis and histology in mice. Exposure to ELF-pulse modulated X band micro- Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22: 111-117. waves increases in vitro human astrocytoma cell 15. Ivaschuk OI, Jones RA, Ishida-Jones T, Haggren proliferation. Histol Histopathol 2009;24:1551-61. W, Adey WR, Phillips JL. Exposure of nerve 25. Persson BRR, Salford LG, Brun A. Blood-brain growth factor-treated PC12 rat pheochromo- barrier permeability in rats exposed to electro- cytoma cells to a modulated radiofrequency field magnetic fields used in wireless communication. at 836.55 MHz: effects on c-jun and c-fos Wireless Network 1997; 3: 455-461. expression. Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 223-9. 26. Phillips JL, Ivaschuk O, Ishida-Jones T, Jones 16. Jech R, Sonka K, Ruzicka E, Nebuzelsky A, RA, Campbell-Beachler M, Haggren W. DNA Bohm J, Juklickova M, et al. Electromagnetic damage in Molt-4 T-lymphoblastoid cells field of mobile phones affects visual event related exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency potential in patients with narcolepsy. Bio- fields in vitro. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1998;

9 SELETUN SCIENTIFIC PANEL 2010

45: 103-110. 37. Veyret B, Bouthet C, Deschaux P, de Seze R, 27. Pyrpasopoulou A, Kotoula V, Cheva A, Geffard M, Joussot-Dubien J, et al. Antibody Hytiroglou P, Nikolakaki E, Magras IN, et al. responses of mice exposed to low-power micro- Bone morphogenetic protein expression in waves under combined, pulse-and-amplitude newborn rat kidneys after prenatal exposure to modulation, Bioelectromagnetics 1991; 12: 47-56. radiofrequency radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 38. Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R. 2004; 25: 216-227. Calcium homeostasis of isolated heart muscle cells 28. Salford LG, Brun AR, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, exposed to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic Persson BRR, Nerve cell damage in mammalian fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1996; 17:144-153. brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM 39. Yurekli AI, Ozkan M, Kalkan T, Saybasili H, mobile phones. Environ Health Persp 2003; 111: Tuncel H, Atukeren P, et al. GSM base station 881-883. electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in 29. Sarimov R, Malmgren LO, Markova E, Persson rats, Electromagn Biol Med 2006; 25: 177-188 BR, Belyaev IY. Nonthermal GSM microwaves 40. Boscol P, Di Sciascio MB, D‘Ostilio S, Del affect chromatin conformation in human Signore A, Reale M, Conti P, et al. Effects of lymphocytes similar to heat shock. IEEE Trans electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision Plasma Sci 2004; 32: 1600-1608. broadcasting stations on the immune system of 30. Schwartz JL, House DE, Mealing GA. Exposure women, Sci Total Environ 2001; 273: 1-10. of frog hearts to CW or amplitude-modulated 41. Chiang H, Yao GD, Fang QS, Wang KQ, Lu DZ, VHF fields: selective efflux of calcium ions at 16 Zhou YK. Health effects of environmental electro- Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 1990; 11: 349-358. magnetic fields. J Bioelectricity 1989;8:127-31. 31. Schwarz C, Kratochvil E, Pilger A, Kuster N, 42. D‘Inzeo G, Bernardi P, Eusebi F, Grassi F, Adlkofer F, Rüdiger HW. Radiofrequency Tamburello C, Zani BM. Microwave effects on electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) acetylcholine-induced channels in cultured chick induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human myotubes. Bioelectromagnetics 1988; 9: 363-372. fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. Int Arch 43. Fesenko EE, Makar VR, Novoselova EG, Occup Environ Health 2008; 81: 755-767. Sadovnikov VB. Microwaves and cellular 32. Somosy Z, Thuroczy G, Kubasova T, Kovacs J, immunity. I. Effect of whole body microwave Szabo LD. Effects of modulated and continuous irradiation on tumor necrosis factor production in microwave irradiation on the morphology and cell mouse cells. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1999; 49: surface negative charge of 3T3 fibroblasts. 29-35. Scanning Microsc 1991; 5: 1145-1155. 44. Hjollund NH, Bonde JP, Skotte J. Semen analysis 33. Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR. of personnel operating military radar equipment. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 Reprod Toxicol 1997; 11: 897. glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 45. Hutter H-P, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M. 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 230-236. cognitive performance in subjects living near 34. Stankiewicz W, Dąbrowski MP, Kubacki R, mobile phone base stations. Occup Environ Med Sobiczewska E, Szmigielski S, Immunotropic 2006; 63: 307-313. influence of 900 MHz microwave GSM signal on 46. Kolodynski AA, Kolodynska VV. Motor and human blood immune cells activated in vitro. psychological functions of school children living Electromagn Biol Med 2006; 25: 45-51. in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station 35. Tattersall JE, Scott IR, Wood SJ, Nettell JJ, Bevir in Latvia. Sci Total Environ 1996; 180: 87-93. MK, Wang Z, et al. Effects of low intensity 47. Lebedeva NN, Sulimov AV, Sulimova OP, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on Kotrovskaya TI, Gailus T. Cellular phone electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices. Brain electromagnetic field effects on bioelectric activity Res 2001; 904: 43-53. of human brain. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2000; 28: 36. Velizarov S, Raskmark P, Kwee S, The effects of 323-337. radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are 48. Magras IN, Xenos TD. RF radiation-induced non-thermal. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1999; 48: changes in the prenatal development of mice. 177-180. Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 455-461. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISKS

49. Mann K, Wagner P, Brunn G, Hassan F, Hiemke further aspects of a Spanish study, 3rd Inter- C, Roschke J. Effects of pulsed high-frequency national Workshop on Biological Effects of electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine Electromagnetic Fields, Kos, Greece, 2004. system. Neuroendocrinology 1998; 67: 139-144. 54. Pologea-Moraru R, Kovacs E, Iliescu KR, Calota 50. Navarro EA, Segura J, Portoles M, Gomez- V, Sajin G. The effects of low level microwaves Perretta de Mateo C. The microwave syndrome: a on the fluidity of photoreceptor cell membrane, preliminary study in Spain. Electromag Biol Med Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 56: 223-225. 2003; 22: 161-169. 55. Thomas S, Kühnlein A, Heinrich S, Praml G, 51. Novoselova EG, Fesenko EE, Makar VR, Sadov- Nowak D, von Kries R, et al. Personal exposure nikov VB. Microwaves and cellular immunity. II. to mobile phone frequencies and well-being in Immunostimulating effects of microwaves and adults: a cross-sectional study based on naturally occurring antioxidant nutrients. dosimetry. Bioelectromagnetics 2008;29:463-70. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 1999; 49: 37-41. 56. Zwamborn AP, Vossen SH, van Leersum BJ, 52. Novoselova EG, Ogay VB, Sorokina OV, Ouwens MA, Mäkel WN. Effects of global Glushkova OV, Sinotova OA, Fesenko EE. The communication system radiofrequency fields on production of tumor necrosis factor in cells of well being and cognitive functions of human tumor-bearing mice after total-body microwave subjects with and without subjective complaints, irradiation and antioxidant diet. Electromag Biol TNO-report FEL-03-C148 2003; 148: 1-89 Med 2004; 23: 167-180. 57. Kundi M Hutter HP. Mobile phone base 53. Oberfeld G, Enrique NA, Manuel P, Ceferino M, stations—Effects on wellbeing and health. Gomez-Perrretta C. The microwave syndrome— Pathophysiology 2009; 16: 123-35.

11 ! ! ! Attachment!6! SÖK ORD Vetapedia Search this website … Search

HEM Trött på att många poster på Wikipedia är vilseledande? Lägg till ord / Kontakta Vetapedia Adm

Olle Johansson, associate professor, KI Olle Johansson, associate professor at the Karolinska Institute, Department of Neuroscience, and head of The Experimental Dermatology Unit, has a long background in the neurosciences and has coauthored – together with his supervisor professor Tomas Hökfelt and many others, including Nobel Laureates – up to the presentation of his doctoral thesis 143 original papers, reviews, book chapters and conference abstracts, a publication record hard to beat! His doctoral thesis at the Karolinska Institute was entitled ”Peptide Neurons in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Light and Electron Microscopic Studies”.

Olle Johansson has participated in more than 300 congresses, symposia and meetings as an invited speaker, and with free contributions and as an invited ‘observer’ at an additional 200. His Associate Professor Olle Johansson – studies have been widely recognized in the public media, including Photo: private newspapers, radio and TV as well as on the Internet, both nationally as well as internationally, and he is a regular interview guest in magazines, journals, tabloids and newspapers, as well as in radio shows, TV programmes and in the Internet-based news blogs and websites. Olle Johansson is a world-leading authority in the field of EMF radiation and health effects. Among many achievements he coined the term ”screen dermatitis” which later on was developed into the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity which recognition mainly is due to his work. He has also been a guest professor as well as adjunct professor in basic and clinical neuroscience at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.

He has published more than 600 original articles, reviews, book chapters and conference reports within the fields of basic and applied neuroscience, dermatoscience, epidemiology, and biophysiology. He has received a number of awards, including the Nokia Consumer Electronics Award, The Grand Environment Award of the Cancer and Allergy Foundation, the SIF Award, Tandvårdsskadeförbundets Pris, and many more.

Olle Johansson is – or has been – a member of, i.a., The European Neuroscience Association (ENA), The European Society for Dermatological Research (ESDR), IBAS Users of Scandinavia (IBUS), The International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), The International Society for Stereology (ISS), The New York Academy of Sciences, The Royal Microscopical Society (RMS), Scandinavian Society for Electron Microscopy (SCANDEM), The Skin Pharmacology Society (SPS), Society for Neuroscience, Svenska Fysiologföreningen, Svenska Intressegruppen för Grafisk Databehandling (SIGRAD), Svenska Läkaresällskapet, and the Svenska Sällskapet för Automatiserad Bildanalys (SSAB).

Olle Johansson has on-going international scientific collaborations with, i.a., Japan, Belgium, Australia, Brasil, India, Uruguay, Serbia, Germany and USA.

External links Olle Johansson’s page on KI: Ki.se/en/neuro/johansson-laboratory Research papers and scientific articles Wang L, Hilliges M, Jernberg T, Wiegleb-Edstrom D, Johansson O, ”Protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibres and cells in human skin”, Cell Tissue Res 1990; 261: 25-33

Johansson O, Hilliges M, Bjornhagen V, Hall K, ”Skin changes in patients claiming to suffer from ”screen dermatitis”: a two-case open-field provocation study”, Exp Dermatol 1994; 3: 234-238

Johansson O, Virtanen M, Hilliges M, ”Histaminergic nerves demonstrated in the skin. A new direct mode of neurogenic inflammation?”, Exp Dermatol 1995; 4: 93-96

Johansson O, ”Elöverkänslighet samt överkänslighet mot mobiltelefoner: Resultat från en dubbel-blind provokationsstudie av metodstudiekaraktär” (=”Electrohyper-sensitivity and sensitivity to mobile telephones: Results from a double-blind provocation study of pilot character”, in Swedish), Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 2, 1995, ISSN 1400-6111 (First study on humans)

Johansson O, Liu P-Y, ””Electrosensitivity”, ”electrosupersensitivity” and ”screen dermatitis”: preliminary observations from on-going studies in the human skin”, In: Proceedings of the COST 244: Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Fields – Workshop on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (ed. D Simunic), EU/EC (DG XIII), Brussels/Graz, 1995, pp 52-57

Hilliges M, Wang L, Johansson O, ”Ultrastructural evidence for nerve fibers within all vital layers of the human epidermis”, J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 134-137

Johansson O, Hilliges M, Han SW, ”A screening of skin changes, with special emphasis on neurochemical marker antibody evaluation, in patients claiming to suffer from screen dermatitis as compared to normal healthy controls”, Exp Dermatol 1996; 5: 279-285 Johansson O, ”Några tankar kring elöverkänslighet och bildskärmsskada”, Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 1, 1996, ISSN 1400-6111

Gangi S, Johansson O, ”Skin changes in ”screen dermatitis” versus classical UV- and ionizing irradiation- related damage–similarities and differences. Two neuroscientists’ speculative review”, Exp Dermatol 1997; 6: 283-291

Johansson O, Liu PY, Bondesson L, Nordlind K, Olsson MJ, Lontz W, Verhofstad A, Liang Y, Gangi S, ”A serotonin-like immunoreactivity is present in human cutaneous melanocytes”, J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 1010-1014

Johansson O, Liu P-Y, ”No differences found by immunohistochemical screening of certain neuropeptides in patients suffering from so-called ”screen dermatitis””, Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 3, 1998, ISSN 1400-6111

Johansson O, Wang L, Hilliges M, Liang Y, ”Intraepidermal nerves in human skin: PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry with special reference to the nerve density in skin from different body regions”, J Peripher Nerv Syst 1999; 4: 43-52

Hilliges, M, Johansson O, ”Comparative analysis of numerical estimation methods of epithelial nerve fibers using tissue sections”, J Periph Nerv Syst 1999; 4: 53-57

Johansson O, Fantini F, Hu H, ”Neuronal structural proteins, transmitters, transmitter enzymes and neuropeptides in human Meissner’s corpuscles: a reappraisal using immunohistochemistry”, Arch Dermatol Res 1999; 291: 419-424

Johansson O, Liu P-Y, Enhamre A, Wetterberg L, ”A case of extreme and general cutaneous light sensitivity in combination with so-called ‘screen dermatitis’ and ‘electrosensitivity’ – a successful rehabilitation after vitamin A treatment – a case report”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 1999; 18: 13-16

Bornehag C-G, Hamnerius Y, Hult M, Johansson O, Norrby C, Åberg U, ”Hälsomässig och teknisk utvärdering av fyra elsanerade bostäder i kvarteret Haubitsen, Uppsala”, Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 4, 1999, ISSN 1400-6111

Bianchi B, Matucci R, Danesi A, Rossi R, Ipponi P, Giannotti B, Johansson O, Cappugi P, ”Characterization of [3H]substance P binding sites in human skin”, J Europ Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 12: 6-10

Jacobi HH, Johansson O, Liang Y, Nielsen HV, Thygesen C, Hansen JB, Jinquan T, Skov PS, Poulsen LK, ”Histamine immunocytochemistry: a new method for detection of basophils in peripheral blood”, J Immunol Methods 2000; 237: 29-37

Gangi S, Johansson O, ”A theoretical model based upon mast cells and histamine to explain the recently proclaimed sensitivity to electric and/or magnetic fields in humans”, Med Hypotheses 2000; 54: 663-671

Jacobi HH, Johansson O, ”Human dendritic mast cells”, In: Mast Cells and Basophils (eds. G Marone, LM Lichtenstein, SJ Galli), Academic Press, San Diego, 2000, pp 89-95

Södergren L, Johansson O, ”Commentary: Mobile telephones – will the golden goose become the mad cow?”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2001; 20: 29-30

Johansson O, Gangi S, Liang Y, Yoshimura K, Jing C, Liu P-Y, ”Cutaneous mast cells are altered in normal healthy volunteers sitting in front of ordinary TVs/PCs – results from open-field provocation experiments”, J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28: 513-519 Sromová L, Larsson M, Johansson O, ”Verksamheten vid ELRUM 1998-2000″ (=”ELRUM 1998-2000 – Results and conclusions”, in Swedish), Arbetslivstjänster Västerbotten, Umeå, 2001; 12 pp

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Melanoma incidence and frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting”, Arch Environ Health 2002; 57: 32-40

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Har tusentals personer offrats i onödan sedan 1955?” (=”Have thousands of persons unnecessarily been sacrificed since 1955?”; in Swedish), Nord Tidsskr Biol Med 2002; 2: 26-27

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Cancerdödlighet och långtidssjukskrivning” (=”Cancer mortality and long-term sick leave”; in Swedish), Tidskriften Medikament 2002; 7: 40-41

Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I , Sweatman T, Wortsman J, Szczesniewski A, Slugocki G, McNulty J , Kauser S, Tobin DJ, Jing C , Johansson O, ”Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin”, The FASEB Journal express article 10.1096/fj.01-0952fje, published online April 23, 2002

Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I, Sweatman T, Wortsman J, Szczesniewski A, Slugocki G, McNulty J, Kauser S, Tobin DJ, Jing C, Johansson O, ”Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin”, FASEB J 2002; 16: 896-898

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Cancer trends during the 20th century”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2002; 21: 3-8

Sromová L, Larsson M, Johansson O, ”ELRUM 1998-2000 – Results and conclusions”, Arbetslivstjänster Västerbotten, Umeå, 2002, in press

Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Johansson O, Jing C, Semak I, Slugocki G, Wortsman J, ”Tryptophan hydroxylase expression in human skin cells”, Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1639: 80-86 Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”Histological and stereological analysis of cutaneous mast cells in rats exposed to 50 Hz EMF”, 6th International Congress of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA), Budapest, Hungary, November 13-15, 2003 (abstr.)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Rapport från pilottest — Webbapplikationen Nevi – ett sätt att samla in medicinska data över nätet” (=”Report from a pilot test – The web application Nevi, a means to collect medical data over the Internet”, in Swedish), Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 5, 2003, ISSN 1400-6111

Johansson O, ”Screen dermatitis and electrosensitivity: Preliminary observations in the human skin”, In: Electromagnetic Environments and Health in Buildings (ed. D Clements-Croome), Spon Press, London & New York, 2004, pp 377-389

Ward RS, Tuckett RP, English KB, Johansson O, Saffle JR, ”Substance P axons and sensory threshold increase in burn-graft human skin”, J Surg Res 2004; 118: 154-160

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Malignant melanoma of the skin – not a sunshine story!”, Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: CR336-340

Johansson O, ”Elöverkänslighet – en form av strålskada” (=”Electrohypersensitivity – a kind of irradiation damage”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2004; (3): 12-13

Johansson O, ”Electrohypersensitivity: Observations in the human skin of a physical impairment”, Symposium on ”Electrical Sensitivity in Human Beings”, Royal Society of Medicine, London, U.K., September 11, 2004 (abstr.)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Does GSM 1800 MHz affect the public health in Sweden?”, In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop ”Biological Effects of EMFs”, Kos, Greece, October 4-8, 2004

Johansson O, ”Electrohypersensitivity: Observations in the human skin of a physical impairment”, WHO Workshop on ”Electrical Hypersensitivity”, Prague, Czech Republic, October 25-27, 2004 (abstr.)

Johansson O, ”Elektro-Hypersensitivität: Beobachtungen von physikalischen Schäden an der menschlichen Haut”, ”2nd National Congress for Afflicted Persons by Electrosmog”, Olten, Switzerland, November 13, 2004 (abstr.)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”1997 – A curious year in Sweden”, Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 535-538

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Long-term sickness and mobile phone use”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2004; 23: 11-12

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Mobile handset output power and health”, Electromag Biol Med 2004; 23: 229-239

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Glesbygd är en sjuk miljö, nu börjar även friska dö” (=”Say to countryside goodbye, when even healthy people die”; in Swedish), Enheten för Experimentell Dermatologi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Rapport nr. 6, 2004, 45 sidor, ISSN 1400-6111

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study of the power- frequency electromagnetic field influence on skin and thyroid amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats”, BioEM 2005, Dublin, Ireland, June 19-24, 2005 (abstr.)

Johansson O, ”Funktionsnedsättningen elöverkänslighet och samhället: kollision eller kyss?” (=”The physical impairment electrohypersensitivity and society: collision or kiss”, in Swedish), Medicinsk Axess 2005; 1 (2): 68-71 Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”FM broadcasting exposure time and malignant melanoma incidence”, Electromag Biol Med 2005; 24: 1-8

Lauria G, Cornblath DR, Johansson O, McArthur JC, Mellgren SI, Nolano M, Rosenberg N, Sommer C, ”EFNS guidelines on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy”, Europ J Neurol 2005; 12: 1-12

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”Histological characteristics of cutaneous and thyroid mast cell populations in male rats exposed to power-frequency electromagnetic fields”, Int J Radiat Biol 2005; 81: 491- 499

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”The effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on skin and thyroid amine- and peptide-containing cells in rats: An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study”, Environ Res 2005; 99: 369-377

Holmboe G, Johansson O, ”Symptombeskrivning samt förekomst av IgE och positiv Phadiatop Combi hos personer med funktionsnedsättningen elöverkänslighet”, (=”Description of symptoms as well as occurrence of IgE and positive Phadiatop Combi in persons with the physical impairment electrohypersensitivity”, in Swedish), Medicinsk Access 2005; 1 (5): 58-63 Medicinskaxess.se/nr5/eloverkanslighet5.pdf

Johansson O, ”The effects of radiation in the cause of cancer”, The Charity Canceractive, Nov 6, 2005 Canceractive.com/page.php?n=967

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Alzheimer mortality – why does it increase so fast in sparsely populated areas?”, Europ Biol Bioelectromag 2005; 1: 225-246

Guan X, Johansson O, ”The sun-shined health”, Europ Biol Bioelectromag 2005; 1: 420-423 Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”Light and electron microscopic study of the thyroid gland in rats exposed to power-frequency electromagnetic fields”, J Exp Biol 2006; 209: 3322-3328

Johansson O, ”Hur ska vi bemöta den ökade mängden luftburen strålning?” (=”How shall we cope with the increased amount of airwave radiation?”, in Swedish), Medicinsk Access 2006; 2 (5): 76-78 Medicinskaccess.se/nr5_2006/debatt_5_2006.pdf

Johansson O, ”Electrohypersensitivity: State-of-the-art of a functional impairment”, Electromag Biol Med 2006; 25: 245-258

Johansson O, ”How shall we cope with the increasing amounts of airborne radiation?”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2006; 25: 5-6

Johansson O, ”Ökad bestrålning gör oss utslitna” (=”Increased irradiation wears us down”, in Swedish), Ljusglimten 2006; 17 (4): 9-11

Belpoggi F, Blackman CF, Blank M, Bobkova N, Boella F, Cao Z, Allessandro AD, Emilia ED, Del Giuduice E, De Ninno A, De Salles AA, Giuliani L, Grigoryev Y, Grimaldi S, Hardell L, Havas M, Hyland G, Johansson O, Kundi M, Lai HC, Ledda M, Lin Y-P, Lisi A, Marinelli F, Richter E, Rosola E, Salford L, Seyhan N, Soffritti M, Ramazzini B, Szmigielski S, Zhadin M, “Benevento Resolution 2006”, Electromag Biol Med 2006; 25: 197–200

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, ”Histological studies of the thyroid gland in rats after combined exposure to electromagnetic fields and the endocrine disrupting compound atrazine”, 8th International Congress of the European BioElectromagnetics Association (EBEA) 2007, Bordeaux, France, April 10-13, 2007 (abstr.)

Sage C, Johansson O, Sage SA, “Personal digital assistant (PDA) cell phone units produce elevated extremely- low frequency electromagnetic field emissions”, Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28: 386-392

Sage C, Johansson O, ”Response to Comment on ”Measuring ELF fields produced by mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs)””, Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28: 581-582

Sage C, Johansson O, ”Response to Comment on ”Personal digital assistant (PDA) cell phone units produce elevated extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field emissions””, Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28: 584-585

Johansson O, ”Kronisk trötthet, utbrändhet, sköldkörteln samt funktionsnedsättningen elöverkänslighet” (=”Chronic fatigue, burnout, the thyroid gland and the impairment electrohypersensitivity”, in Swedish), Läkartidningen 30/8 2007 Lakartidningen.se/includes/07showComments.php?articleId=7346#881

Blackman CF, Blank M, Kundi M, Sage C, Carpenter DO, Davanipour Z, Gee D, Hardell L, Johansson O, Lai H, Mild KH, Sage A, Sobel EL, Xu Z, Chen G, “The Bioinitiative Report—A Rationale for a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF)”, http://www.bioinitiative.org, 2007 [For the press release, see: ”Serious Public Health Concerns Raised Over Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Power Lines and Cell Phones” Bioinitiative.org/press_release/docs/august31_2007.pdf]

Johansson O, “Evidence for effects on the immune system”, In: The BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF) (eds. CF Blackman, M Blank, M Kundi, C Sage), 2007, Section 8, http://www.bioinitiative.org

Johansson O, ”Fredrik Reinfeldt, now that you are Sweden’s prime minister, are you prepared to listen?”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2007; 26: 19-20 Lindkvist L, Johansson O, ”SSI lägger ansvaret för skadorna av mobilstrålningen på dig” (=”The Swedish Radiation Protection Authority puts the responsibility for the mobile phone radiation damages on you!”, in Swedish), Arbetarbladet 23/10 2007 Arbetarbladet.se/utskrift.php?id=576016&avdelning_1=103&avdelning_2=122

Cohen A, Carlo G, Davidson A, White M, Geoghan C, Goldsworthy A, Johansson O, Maisch D, O’Connor E, ”Sensitivity to mobile phone base station signals”, Env Health Perspect 2008; 116: A63-A64

Lindkvist L, Johansson O, ”Utan trådlöst för barnens skull!” (=”Without wireless for the sake of the children”, in Swedish), Dalarnas Tidningar 6/2 2008 Dt.se/opinion/debatt/article276988.ece

Lindkvist L, Johansson O, “Utan trådlöst för barnen skull” (=”Without wireless for the sake of the children”, in Swedish), Nerikes Allehanda 12/2 2008

Lindkvist L, Johansson O, ”Utan trådlöst – för barnens skull” (=”Without wireless – for the sake of the children”, in Swedish), Corren 20/2 2008 Corren.se/archive/2008/2/19/jlhjeylx6ecdgcx.xml

Johansson O, ”Rena (tomat)soppan om strålning” (=”Unadulterated (tomato) garbage about radiation”, in Swedish), Södertälje Länstidning 2/4 2008 Lt.se/index.asp?kat=re&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=25736&isp2=hela

Johansson O, ”Mobilstrålning en dödssynd” (=“Cellular radiation is a mortal sin”, in Swedish), Norrbottens- Kuriren 7/4 2008 Kuriren.nu/debatt/artikel.aspx?articleid=3457430 Johansson O, “SSI ger fel besked om mobilstrålning” (“SSI (=The Swedish Radiation Protection Authority) misinforms about mobile radiation”, in Swedish), Eskilstuna-Kuriren 8/4 2008 Ekuriren.se/ekuriren/standard_artikel.php?id=665985

Johansson O, “Vilken strålande tomatsoppa!” (=“What a radiant tomato soup!”, in Swedish), Västerbottens- Kuriren 10/4 2008 Vk.se/Article.jsp?article=180540

Nilsson M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Johansson O, ”Vilseldedande om mobilmaster” (=”Misleading information about mobile masts”, in Swedish), Helsingborgs Dagblad 18/4 2008 Hd.se/ledare/2008/04/18/vilseldedande-om-mobilmaster/

[Se även replik från Mjönes L, ”Mobilmaster orsakar inte skadliga hälsoeffekter”,

Helsingborgs Dagblad 29/5 2008 Hd.se/ledare/2008/05/29/mobilmaster-orsakar-inte-skadliga/ samt replik från Johansson O, Nilsson M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, “Svepande formuleringar om mobilmaster”, Helsingborgs Dagblad 5/6 2008 Hd.se/ledare/2008/06/05/svepande-formuleringar-om/]

Nilsson M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Johansson O, ”Hög tid att lägga korten på bordet” (=”Now it is time to put all the cards on the table”, in Swedish), Borås Tidning 27/4 2008 Bt.se/debatt/hog-tid-att-lagga-korten-pa-bordet(609680).gm

Johansson O, ”Mobilstrålning och hälsa: Rena rama (tomat)soppan!” (=”Mobile radiation and health: Unadulterated (tomato) garbage”, in Swedish), Ljusglimten 2008; 19: 14-15 Nilsson M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Johansson O, ”Vilseledande om mobilmaster” (=”Misleading information about mobile masts”, in Swedish), Gotlands Allehanda 6/5 2008 Helagotland.se/insandare/artikel.aspx?articleid=3596332

Johansson O, ”The functional impairment electrohypersensitivity and health effects of modern-life electromagnetic fields: A neuroscientist’s views”, In: Proceedings of the First Hellenic Congress on the Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation, with International Participation (eds. LH Margaritis, SA Zinelis), Thessalonica, Greece, 2008, pp 13-18 Multimedia.biol.uoa.gr/2008/Seminaria_Diplwmatikes%20k.a/Synedrio_Thess/thesaloniki-emf-2008- proceedings-12-05-08-TELIKOeng.pdf

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Ohälsan tycks öka sedan 1997 – beror det på förbättrad diagnostik eller på en försämrad miljö?”” (=”Ill-health seems to increase since 1997 – is it because of better diagnostics or is it due to a deteriorated environment?”, in Swedish), Medicinsk Access nr. 4/5, 2008

Avino P, d’Alessandro A, Bedini A, Belyaev I, Belpoggi F, Blackman C, Blank M, Bobkova N, Bruno B,Cinti C, Cristaldi M, Dasdag S, De Ninno A, Del Giudice E, de Salles A, Doull S, Georgiou C, Goodman R, Grimaldi S, Giuliani L, Hardell L, Havas M, Hyland G, Lisi A, Ieradi L, Johansson O, Khurana VG, Lai H, Margaritas L, Marinelli F, Markovic V, Maxey E, Oberfeld G, Phillips J, Richter E, Salford L, Scalia M, Seyhan N, Shalita Z, Soffritti M, Szmigielski S, Udroiu I, Verduccio C, Zeyrek M, Zhadin M, Zinelis S, Zucchero A, Goldsworthy A, “The Venice Resolution 2008”, Icems.eu/resolution.htm

Dämvik M, Johansson O, “Försiktighetsprincipen ställer krav på rapportering av osäkra risker” (“The Prudence Avoidance Principle demands reporting uncertain risks”, in Swedish), Läkartidningen 2008; 105: 2274-2275

Dämvik M, Johansson O, ”Förklaring av riskbedömningsmetod” (”Explanation of risk assessment method”, in Swedish),Miljömagasinet 2008; 28/40, 17

Johansson O, “Mobilstrålning och hälsa: Rena rama (tomat)soppan!” (=”Mobile radiation and health: Unadulterated (tomato) garbage”, in Swedish), tf-Bladet 2008; (3): 20-21

Johansson O, “Stödet från Hjärntrusten Deje välkomnas – Replik till “Pseudokritik av elöverkänsliga”” (“The support from the Brain Trust Deje is welcome – Reply to “Pseudocriticism of electrohypersensitive persons””, in Swedish), Miljömagasinet 2008; 28/51-52, 17

Johansson O, “Mobilstrålning och hälsa: Rena rama (tomat)soppan!” (=”Mobile radiation and health: Unadulterated (tomato) garbage”, in Swedish), Nya AnnonsX:et 2008; 20: 6-7

Johansson O, “Mycket tveksamma energivinster” (“Very questionable energy gains”, in Swedish), Miljömagasinet 2009; 29/1-2, 13

Johansson O, ”Electrosensitivity in Sweden”, EMFacts 2009-02-09, http://www.emfacts.com/weblog/? p=1036

Johansson O, ”On electrosensitivity”, EMFacts 2009-02-26, http://www.emfacts.com/weblog/?p=1049

Johansson O, ”Sluta ignorera mobilstrålning” (”Stop ignoring mobile radiation”, in Swedish), Västerbottens- Kuriren 9/3 2009 Vk.se/Article.jsp?article=259212 Dämvik M, Johansson O, ”Gör upp arvet efter SSI” (”Closure of the legacy of the now-defunct Swedish Radiation Protection Authority”, in Swedish), Borås Tidning 18/3 2009 Bt.se/debatt/gor-upp-arvet-efter-ssi(1216430).gm

Dämvik M, Johansson O, ”Gör upp arvet efter SSI” (”Closure of the legacy of the now-defunct Swedish Radiation Protection Authority”, in Swedish),Växjöbladet 27/3 2009

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Apparent decreases in Swedish public health indicators after 1997 — Are they due to improved diagnostics or to environmental factors?”, Pathophysiology 2009; 16: 43-46

Johansson O, “Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields — A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment”, Pathophysiology 2009; 16: 157-177

Johansson O, “The London Resolution”, Pathophysiology 2009; 16: 247-248

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Why is there a left laterality of melanoma andbreast cancer? 7th World Congress on Melanoma, Vienna, Austria, May 12-15, 2009 (abstr.)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Why is there a left laterality of melanoma and breast cancer?”, 2nd World Cancer Congress 2009, Beijing, China, June 22-25, 2009 (abstr.)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Cancer and broadcasting radiation. Facts from radio engineering and cancer epidemiology”, 2nd World Cancer Congress 2009, Beijing, China, June 22-25, 2009 (abstr.)

Gullbrandsson A, Johansson O, “Strålning – ett svek mot våra barn” (”Radiation – a betrayal of our children”, in Swedish), Aftonbladet 30/5 2009 Aftonbladet.se/debatt/article5259200.ab

Gullbrandsson A, Johansson O, ”Ständig strålning hot mot våra barns hälsa” (“Constant radiation is a threat to our children’s health”, in Swedish), Sundsvalls Tidning 14/6 2009 St.nu/opinion/debatt/1.1119926

Gullbrandsson A, Johansson O, ”Nya ”allemansrätten” värnar inte våra barn” (”The new ”right of common access” does not take responsibility for our children”, in Swedish), helahälsingland.se 16/6 2009 Helahalsingland.se/asiktstorget/insandare/1.1127738

Hallberg O, Johansson O, “Sleep on the right side – Get cancer on the left?”, Pathophysiology 2010; 17: 157-160

Dämvik M, Johansson O, ”Gör upp med arvet efter SSI” (”Closure of the legacy of the now-defunct Swedish Radiation Protection Authority”, in Swedish), tfBladet 2010; (1): 22

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Lung cancer risk in Sweden and USA versus Japan – a lifestyle matter?”, 3rd World Cancer Congress 2010, Singapore, June 22-24, 2010 (abstr.)

Johansson O, “Aspects of studies on the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity”, In: Proceedings of Electromagnetic Phenomena and Health – A Continuing Controversy? (ed. IA Jamieson & P Holdstock). A one day international conference organised by the Electrostatics Group of the Institute of Physics and held at the Institute of Physics, London, UK, on September 10, 2008. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IoP Publishing, Bristol/Philadelphia, 2010, Volume 10, pp 1-7

Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, Kennedy WR, Leger JM, Mellgren SI, Nolano M, Merkies IS, Polydefkis M, Smith AG, Sommer C, Valls-Solé J, “European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and Peripheral Nerve Society”, Eur J Neurol 2010; 17: 903- 912

Joint Task Force of the EFNS and the PNS, “European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and Peripheral Nerve Society”, J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010; 15: 79-92

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, “Studies on the synergistic effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and the endocrine-disrupting compound atrazine on the thyroid gland“, Int J Radiat Biol 2010: Early Online, pp 1–11

Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O, “Combined exposure of peripubertal male rats to the endocrine- disrupting compound atrazine and power–frequency electromagnetic fields causes degranulation of cutaneous mast cells: A new toxic environmental hazard?”, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 59: 334–341

Dämvik M, Johansson O, “Hälsoriskbedömning av EMF – en konflikt mellan försiktighetsprincipen och miljömedicinsk metodik” (“Health risk assessment of electromagnetic fields: A conflict between the precautionary principle and environmental medicine methodology”, in Swedish), Newsmill 2/10 2010 Newsmill.se/artikel/2010/10/02/h-lsoriskbed-mning-av-emf-en-konflikt-mellan-f-rsiktighetsprincipen- och-milj-medi

Fragopoulou A, Grigoriev Y, Johansson O, Margaritis LH, Morgan L, Richter E, Sage C, “Scientific panel on electromagnetic field health risks: Consensus points, recommendations, and rationales. Scientific Meeting: Seletun, Norway, November 17-21, 2009”, Rev Environ Health 2010; 25: 307-317

Dämvik M, Johansson O, “Health risk assessment of electromagnetic fields: A conflict between the precautionary principle and environmental medicine methodology”, Rev Environ Health 2010; 25: 325-333

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Strålningen ger oss hjärnskador” (=”Brain damage from radiation”, in Swedish), Arbetarbladet 3/2 2011 Arbetarbladet.se/torget/debatt/1.2716095-stralningen-ger-oss-hjarnskador

[Se även replik från Mjönes L, ”Mobilstrålning orsakar inga skadliga hälsoeffekter” (=”Mobile radiation does not cause adverse health effects”, in Swedish), Arbetarbladet 12/2 2011 Arbetarbladet.se/torget/debatt/1.2748239-mobilstralning-orsakar-inga-skadliga-halsoeffekter samt replik från Dämvik M, Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten vilseleder, (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority misleads”, in Swedish), Arbetarbladet 22/2 2011 Arbetarbladet.se/torget/debatt/1.2781186-stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-vilseleder]

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Strålningen ger oss hjärnskador” (=”Brain damage from radiation”, in Swedish), Affärer 3/2 2011 Affarer.cc/start/1.2716095-stralningen-ger-oss-hjarnskador

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Strålningen ger oss hjärnskador” (=”Brain damage from radiation”, in Swedish), Tandvårdsskadeförbundet 7/2 2011 Tf.nu/nyhet/stralningen-ger-oss-hjarnskador1

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Ohälsan ökar i takt med strålningen” (=”Ill health increases with radiation”, in Swedish), Borås Tidning 14/2 2011 [pdf]

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, “Stoppa blindbocksleken om riskerna med strålning” (=”Stop the blind man’s bluff game regarding the risks of radiation”, in Swedish), HelaHälsingland 14/2, 2011 Helahalsingland.se/asiktstorget/insandare/1.2746475-stoppa-blindbocksleken-om-riskerna-med-stralning

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Försiktighetsprincipen har satts ur spel” (=”The precautionary principle has been eliminated”, in Swedish), Bohusläningen 18/2 2011 [pdf]

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, “Blindbocksleken med vår hälsa måste stoppas” (=”The blind man’s bluff game with our health must be stopped”, in Swedish), Teknikdebatt.se 18/2, 2011 Teknikdebatt.se/debatt/blindbocksleken-med-var-halsa-maste-stoppas

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Sanningens ord!? Strålning ger oss hjärnskador! Ohälsan ökar i takt med strålningen!” (=”Words of truth!? Brain damage from radiation! Ill health increases with radiation!”, in Swedish), Nya AnnonsX:et [sid. 2] 23/2 2011 Annonsxet.se/uppdatera/tidning_pdf/xet_nr4.pdf

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Ska ekonomin gå före vår hälsa?” (=”Should the economy take precedence over our health?”, in Swedish), Piteå-Tidningen 14/3 2011 Pitea-tidningen.se/debatt/artikel.aspx?ArticleId=6032380

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Increasing melanoma – too many skin damages or too few repairs?”, Hudcancer.nu 3/4 2011 Hudcancer.nu/PDF/MelanomaProblemA.pdf

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”SSM uppmanar: Använd “handsfree för säkerhets skull”!” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority warns: Use “handsfree for sake of safety”!”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2011; (1): 20-21

Johansson O, Fagerholm U, Rundgren Å, Sjögren P, ”An integral link”, Brit Dent J 2011; 210: 344

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, Dämvik M, Hallberg Ö, Hellberg K, Lindkvist L, ”Strålning ökar ohälsan” (=”Radiation increases ill health”, in Swedish), Österbottens Tidning 11/4 2011

Manzetti S, Johansson O, ”Kreftframkallende monstermaster. Store kraftmaster kan direkte påvirke menneskers helse” (”Carcinogenic monster masts. Large power line towers can directly affect human health”, in Norwegian), Dagbladet 6/6 2011 Dagbladet.no/2011/06/06/kultur/debatt/debattinnlegg/helse/elektromagnetisk_straling/16810726/

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Increasing rates of head melanoma in Nordic Countries”, Pathophysiology 2011; 18: 313-315

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Magnetfält kan orsaka astma” (=”Magnetic fields can cause asthma”, in Swedish), Österbottens Tidning 18/8 2011

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Magnetfält kan leda till astma” (=”Magnetic fields can lead to asthma”, in Swedish), Teknikdebatt.se 18/8, 2011 Teknikdebatt.se/debatt/magnetfalt-kan-leda-till-astma

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Kan magnetfält vara orsaken till barns astma?” (=”Could magnetic fields be the cause of childhood asthma”, in Swedish), KatrineholmsKuriren 24/8, 2011 Kkuriren.se/ledareasikter/debatt/1.1160202

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Atjoo, prosit, magnetfält” (=”Sneezy, God bless, magnetic fields”, in Swedish), Norran 31/8, 2011 Norran.se/asikter/debattartiklar/article1194929.ece

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Atjoo! Prosit! …Magnetfält?” (=”Sneezy! God bless! …Magnetic fields?”, in Swedish), Eskilstuna-Kuriren 30/8, 2011

Johansson O, Holmboe G, “Atjoo! Prosit!! …Magnetfält?” (=”Sneezy! God bless!! …Magnetic fields?”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2011; (3): 20-21

Johansson O, Foster S, ”Beware of that which is not discussed”, United Nations meeting follow-up letter, Citizens for Safe Technology 20/9 2011 Citizensforsafetechnology.org/Beware-of-That-Which-is-Not-Discussed,2,1345

Johansson O, Foster S, ”Beware of that which is not discussed”, United Nations meeting follow-up letter, The Health Professional 20/9 2011 Thehealthprofessional.ca/articles/beware-of-that-which-is-not-discussed

Johansson O, Foster S, ”Beware of that which is not discussed”, United Nations meeting follow-up letter, Mast-Victims.org 23/9 2011 Mast-victims.org/index.php?content=news&action=view&type=newsitem&id=5388

Johansson O, Foster S, “Akta dig för det som inte diskuteras!” (=”Beware of what is not discussed!”, in Swedish), Österbottens Tidning 24/9, 2011 Johansson O, Foster S, “Akta dig för det som inte diskuteras” (=”Beware of what is not discussed”, in Swedish), Norran 25/9, 2011 Norran.se/asikter/debattartiklar/article1203808.ece

Johansson O, Foster S, “Akta dig för det som inte diskuteras!” (“Beware of what is not discussed”, in Swedish), Dalarnas Tidningar 6/10 2011 Dt.se/opinion/debatt/1.3975751-akta-dig-for-det-som-inte-diskuteras-

Johansson O, Foster S, “Akta dig för det som inte diskuteras!” (“Beware of what is not discussed!”, in Swedish), Hudiksvalls Tidning 13/10 2011 and at Helahalsingland.se/insant/insandare/1.3994928-akta-dig-for-det-som-inte-diskuteras-

Johansson O, Foster S, “Om hotet från mobilstrålningen” (=”About the cellular phone radiation threat”, in Swedish), Helsingborgs Dagblad 17/10, 2011

Johansson O, ”Uppkopplad mot Telia = ett brev på Posten?” (=”Connected to Telia = a letter in the mail?”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2011; (4): 14-16

Manzetti S, Johansson O, “Radiation and health”, J Aust Coll Nutr & Env Med 2011; 30: 19

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Comparing lung cancer risks in Sweden, USA, and Japan”, International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN) Oncology 2012; 2012: 687298. doi: 10.5402/2012/687298

Johansson O, “Läsplatta, ja, men varför ingen förståelseplatta?” (=”A reader, yes, but why not an understander?”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2012; (1): 16-18

Johansson O, “Bättre med förståelseplatta än läsplatta” (=”Better an e-understander than an e-reader”, in Swedish), Bohusläningen 18/4 2012

Johansson O, “Läsplatta, ja, men varför ingen förståelseplatta…?” (=”An e-reader, yes, but why not an e- understander…?”, in Swedish), Teknikdebatt.se 18/4, 2012 Teknikdebatt.se/debatt/lasplatta-ja-men-varfor-ingen-forstaelseplatta

Johansson O, “Läsplatta, ja, men varför ingen förståelseplatta…?” (=”An e-reader, yes, but why not an e- understander…?”, in Swedish), Hudiksvalls Tidning 20/4, 2012

Johansson O, “”Förståelseplatta” bättre än läsplatta” (=”An “e-understander” is better than an e-reader”, in Swedish), Sundsvalls Tidning 22/4, 2012 St.nu/opinion/debatt/1.4632566–forstaelseplatta-battre-an-lasplatta

Johansson O, ”Förståelseplatta före läsplatta” (=”An e-understander before an e-reader”, in Swedish), Norrbottens-Kuriren 23/4 2012

Johansson O, ”Läsplatta, ja, men varför ingen förståelseplatta?” (=”An e-reader, yes, but why not an e- understander?”, in Swedish), Norran 26/4 2012 Norran.se/2012/04/debatt/lasplatta-ja-men-varfor-ingen-forstaelseplatta/

Johansson O, “Barn och elektromagnetiska fält” (=”Children and electromagnetic fields”, in Swedish), Vasabladet 30/4 2012

Johansson O, “Förståelseplatta hellre än läsplatta” (=”An e-understander rather than an e-reader”, in Swedish), Österbottens Tidning 11/5, 2012

Johansson O, “Läsplatta eller förståelseplatta?” (=”E-reader or e-understander?”, in Swedish), Skaraborgs Allehanda 11/5 2012

Johansson O, ”Surfplatta kan vara hälsofara” (=”An e-reader can prove to be a health hazard”, in Swedish), Uppsala Nya Tidning 14/5 2012 Unt.se/debatt/surfplatta-kan-vara-halsofara-1744247.aspx

Johansson O, ”Varför inte förståelseplatta?” (=”Why not an ‘e-understander’?”, in Swedish), Eskilstuna-Kuriren 14/5 2012 Ekuriren.se/ledareasikter/debatt/1.1434808-varfor-inte-forstaelseplatta-

Johansson O, Foster S, “Om global ohälsa: Akta dig för det som inte diskuteras!” (“About global illness: Beware of what is not discussed!”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2012; (2): 15

Johansson O, “Strålningsrisk måste gå före pedagogiska fördelar” (=”Radiation risks must be dealt with before discussing pedagogic advantages”, in Swedish), Sydsvenskan 20/8 2012

Manzetti S, Johansson O, “Global electromagnetic toxicity and frequency-induced diseases: Theory and short overview”, Pathophysiology 2012; 19: 185-191

Johansson O, Gullbrandsson A, “Har vår försiktighetsprincip möglat?” (=”Has our Precautionary Principle mouldered away?”, in Swedish), Bohusläningen 24/8 2012

Hagström M, Auranen J, Johansson O, Ekman R, “Reducing electromagnetic irradiation and fields alleviates experienced health hazards of VDU work”, Pathophysiology 2012; 19: 81-87

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Teknikdebatt.se 12/11, 2012 Teknikdebatt.se/debatt/stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-forvranger-sanningen

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Arbetarbladet 14/11 2012 Arbetarbladet.se/torget/debatt/1.5292416-stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-forvranger-sanningen

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Säkerhetsmyndighet förvränger sanningen” (=”Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Hudiksvalls Tidning 19/11, 2012

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Säkerhetsmyndighet förvränger sanningen” (=”Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Söderhamns-Kuriren 19/11, 2012

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Säkerhetsmyndighet förvränger sanningen” (=”Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Ljusdals-Posten 19/11, 2012

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Säkerhetsmyndighet förvränger sanningen” (=”Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Ljusnan 19/11, 2012

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “SSM förvränger sanningen” (=”SSM distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Norran 20/11, 2012 Norran.se/2012/11/debatt/ssm-forvranger-sanningen/

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Nya Dagbladet 23/11, 2012 Nyadagbladet.se/debatt/stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-forvranger-sanningen/

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Mobiltelefonins hälsorisker: Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten har rådgivare från Ericsson” (=”The health risks of mobile telephony: The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority uses an advisor from Ericsson”, in Swedish), Newsvoice.se (by Torbjörn Sassersson) 23/11, 2012 Newsvoice.se/2012/11/23/mobiltelefonins-halsorisker-stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-har-radgivare-fran- ericsson/

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Skånska Dagbladet 26/11, 2012

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Ölandsbladet 8/12, 2012

Manzetti S, Johansson O, ”Vi endrer oss, uten at vi merker det” (=”We change without noticing it”, in Norwegian), Bergens Tidende 12/12, 2012

Johansson O, “Mobilstrålningstesterna missar den farligaste strålningen” (=”The mobile radiation tests miss the most dangerous radiation”, in Swedish), Nya Dagbladet 20/12, 2012 Nyadagbladet.se/debatt/mobilstralningstesterna-missar-den-farligaste-stralningen/

(Som svar på: Augustsson T, ”Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten besvarar kritiken” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority responds to the criticism”, in Swedish), Nya Dagbladet 13/12 2012 Nyadagbladet.se/debatt/stralsakerhetsmyndigheten-besvarar-kritiken/)

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, “Decreasing rates of brain cancer – A worrying trend?”, Open Access Scientific Reports, 2012; 1: 499-501, doi:10.4172/scientificreports.499

Kato Y, Johansson O, “Reported functional impairments of electrohypersensitive Japanese: A questionnaire survey”, Pathophysiology 2012a; 19: 95-100 Kato Y, Johansson O, “The situation of electrohypersensitivity: Symptoms, EMF sources, economic and social problems, and precautionary approach”, Jap J Clin Ecol 2012b; 21: 123-130

Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, ”Increasing melanoma – too many skin cell damages or too few repairs?”, Cancers 2013; 5: 184-204

Reiver E, Thurén H, Johansson O, “Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten förvränger sanningen” (=”The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority distorts the truth”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2013; (1): 18-19

Manzetti S, Johansson O, ”Teknologi-utvikling kan være en evolusjonær avsporing” (=”The current technology development could turn out to be an evolutionary diversion”, in Norwegian), Sogn Avis 2/4, 2013

Panagopoulos DJ, Johansson O, Carlo GL, ”Evaluation of specific absorption rate as a dosimetric quantity for electromagnetic fields bioeffects”, PLoS ONE 8: e62663. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062663

Cammaerts M-C, Johansson O, “Ants can be used as bio-indicators to reveal biological effects of electromagnetic waves from some wireless apparatus”, Electromag Biol Med 2013; early online: 1-7. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.817336

Johansson O, “KI-forskare: porta skolpolitiker som vill ge hälsofarliga läsplattor – utan bevisat pedagogiskt värde – till eleverna” (=”A scientist at the Karolinska Institute says: Lock school politicians out who want to give hazardous e-readers – without proven educational value – to pupils”, in Swedish), Newsvoice.se 23/1, 2014 Newsvoice.se/2014/01/23/ki-forskare-porta-skolpolitiker-som-vill-ge-formodat-halsofarliga-lasplattor- till-eleverna/

Johansson O, “Snart för sent? Cancern förväntas öka med 70% nästa 20 år enligt WHO” (=”Soon too late? Cancer is supposed to increase by 70% during the next 20 years according to WHO”, in Swedish), Newsvoice.se 12/2, 2014 Newsvoice.se/2014/02/12/snart-for-sent-cancern-forvantas-oka-med-70-nasta-20-ar/

Johansson O, “Experter och läkare varnar: Gravida kvinnor och barn bör ej utsättas för mobiltelefoni och WiFi — Men vi människor står mest bara och pratar om detta, medan däremot myror och bin flyr fältet!” (=”Experts and doctors warn: Pregnant women and children should not be exposed to cellular telephony and WiFi — But we humans are mostly just standing around, talking about this, whereas ants and bees are fleeing the field!”, in Swedish), Newsvoice.se 14/10, 2014 Newsvoice.se/2014/10/14/experter-och-lakare-varnar-gravida-kvinnor-och-barn-bor-ej-utsattas-for- mobiltelefoni-och-wifi/

Manzetti S, Johansson O, ”Vi må være på vakt. KRONIKK: En frihandelsavtale mellom EU og USA vil gi mer genmodifisert mat på det europeiske og norske markedet” (”We must be alert. CHRONICLE: A free trade agreement between the EU and the USA will result in more genetically modified food in the European and Norwegian markets”, in Norwegian), Bergens Tidende 7/1 2014 Bt.no/meninger/kronikk/Vi-ma-vare-pa-vakt-3034061.html#.Usu7hLQg-mY

Manzetti S, Aall C, Johansson O, ”Genmodifisert kan være kreftfremkallende” (”Gene-modified can be cancer-initiating”, in Norwegian), Aftenposten innsikt February 2014; 62-63

Johansson O, ”Snart är det för sent…?” (=”Soon it will be too late…?”, in Swedish), Österbottens Tidning 20/2 2014

Johansson O, “Hotet från de trådlösa apparaterna” (=”The threat from the wireless devices”, in Swedish), Vasabladet 15/3 2014 Vivian LMH, Johansson O, ”First officially recognized case of the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity in South Africa”, BMJ Open 2014; 3 (8): comment to Bogers et al. ”Design of an ecological momentary assessment study of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and non- specific physical symptoms”, BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002933 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002933 Bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/8/e002933.full?sid=50e22bf9-15aa-495b-a6d4-ee95e67413f4

Johansson O, Flydal E, ”Trådløs helsefare (=”Wireless health risk”, in Norwegian), Dagens Næringsliv 29/3 2014

Redmayne M, Johansson O, ”Could myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure help explain the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity? A review of the evidence”, J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2014; 17(5): 247-58. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2014.923356

Johansson O, “Experter och läkare varnar: Gravida kvinnor och barn bör ej utsättas för mobiltelefoni och WiFi —Men vi människor står mest bara och pratar om detta, medan däremot myror och bin flyr fältet!” (=”Experts and doctors warn: Pregnant women and children should not be exposed to wireless radiation …But we humans are mostly just standing around talking about this, whereas ants and bees are fleeing the field!”, in Swedish), Newsvoice.se 14/10, 2014 newsvoice.se/2014/10/14/experter-och-lakare-varnar-gravida-kvinnor-och-barn-bor-ej-utsattas-for- mobiltelefoni-och-wifi/

English translation: takebackyourpower.net/news/2014/10/23/experts-and-doctors-warn-pregnant-women-and-children- wireless/ Hallberg Ö, Johansson O, Horst E, ”A melanoma trend forecast from 2002 – what happened then?”, Electromagn Biol Med 2014; Dec 23: 1-3, doi:10.3109/15368378.2014.992074

Hallberg Ö, Huttunen P, Johansson O, “Cancer incidence vs. population average sleep duration on spring mattresses”, Adv Stud Med Sci 2104; 2: 1-15

Johansson O, “Electrohypersensitivity – In January 2015, how far from January 1945 were we?”, Newsvoice.se 24/2, 2015 http://newsvoice.se/2015/02/24/electrohypersensitivity-in-january-2015-how-far-from-january-1945- were-we/

Johansson O, ”Häxjakt på elöverkänsliga” (=”Witch hunt of electrohypersensitives”, in Swedish), Tf-bladet 2015; (2): 16-17

Panagopoulos DJ, Johansson O, Carlo GL, ”Real versus simulated mobile phone exposures in experimental studies”, BioMed Res Internat 2015, Article ID 607053, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/607053

Dela:

 Facebook  Twitter  LinkedIn  Pinterest  Reddit  Tumblr  Google  Pocket  Skriv ut

Gilla

Laddar... Lär dig mer om: NewsVoice Stora Journalistpriset

Jan Fridegård - Ordkonstnären

Succébo

Kaliber

Kvasivetenskap

Raymond Moody

Skeptiker

Pseudoskepticism

Rinkebyfestivalen

Anomali

Prenumerera på bloggen via epost Din epostadress

E-postadress

Prenumerera Meta Logga in

Inlägg via RSS

Kommentarer via RSS

WordPress.org

Health Risk Assessment of Electromagnetic Fields: A Conflict between the Precautionary Principle and Environmental Medicine Methodology

Mats Dämvik1 and Olle Johansson2

1Unité Law Firm, Kungsbacka, Sweden and 2The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute and School of Architecture and the Built Environment The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract: The purpose of the precautionary principle is that legal requirements are to be made to safeguard against the possible health risks that have not yet been scientifically established. That a risk is not established cannot, therefore, be used as an excuse for not applying the principle. Yet, that rationale is exactly what is happening in the case of the possible health risks from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The scientists, representing both the World Health Organization and the European Commission, do not have at all the precautionary principle in mind when they report on health risks. Their starting point is instead to determine whether new research findings have been scientifically established and thus cannot be the basis for an amendment to the existing exposure limits. Uncertain indications of risk are ignored or played down. This approach is in conflict with European Union (EU) law, which requires that the degree of scientific uncertainty should be presented correctly. A thorough examination of the state of research shows many serious indications of possible health risks from exposure very far below existing limits for EMF. Case law, for other types of exposure, also shows that the precautionary principle can be applied on the basis of weaker evidence than that. Our investigation shows that the precautionary principle is not being used for its intended purpose in relation to exposure to EMF. The reason for this position is that decision-makers are being misled by inaccurate risk assessments.

Keywords: precautionary principle, electromagnetic fields, EMF, risk assessment, risk management

Correspondence: Mats Dämvik, Juristfirman Unité, Kyrkogatan 22 A, S-434 30 Kungsbacka, Sweden. Phone: +46 (0)300 10570, E-mail: [email protected]; Olle Johansson, The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: +46 (0)8 524 870 58, E-mail: [email protected]

______

1. BACKGROUND electromagnetic fields (EMF), where the problem is clearly visible. Without going into detail on risk Lawyers and scientists make different assessments, we will compare the authors‟ own assumptions when assessing scientific evidence, statements on the condition for their reporting often leading to communication problems. This with the legal requirements for risk assessment. disparity includes the formulation of health risk Risk assessments are published by the assessments to be used in trials of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing precautionary principle. The problem occurs when Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the World Health evaluating the risks for many different types of Organization (WHO), and the European exposures. Here we will deal with exposure to Commission‟s Scientific Committee on Emerging

326 M. DAMVIK AND O. JOHANNSON and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). A purely hypothetical consideration means that This reporting tends to be very similar, which is a the application has not in any way been preceded consequence of the flow of information from all by a scientific assessment, as shown in Cases C- these bodies being completely controlled by a few 236/01 and C-192/01. A scientific risk assessment experts. For obvious reasons, those people are must, therefore, always be made. There is, highly exposed to efforts by industry lobbyists, however, considerable scope for discretion in the and their links with industry have often been subsequent examination of the applicability of the criticized. We will not address this issue but will precautionary principle. In this examination, no instead focus on showing how the reporting high levels of proof are demanded for a risk differs from the requirements of the precautionary indicator to justify extensive precautionary principle. The issue will be discussed from the measures. perspective of European Union (EU) law. In Case C-157/96 (BSE case), the Commission had decided to suspend all shipments of cattle, beef, and beef products from the United Kingdom 2. CASE LAW CREATED BY THE EU COURT to prevent the spread of BSE (mad cow disease). OF JUSTICE The ban was intended to cover all exports to EU Member States and the rest of the world. The Of course, deciding on measures to protect decision was made, inter alia, on the basis of an against scientifically established health risks is assessment carried out by a scientific body, which possible, but this approach is not an application of found a very high level of scientific uncertainty. the precautionary principle. Scientific uncertainty Nevertheless, as a result of theoretical hypothesis, is a necessary condition for this principle to be the scientific body reached the conclusion, that the invoked. A statement on the meaning of the transmission of BSE was the most likely explana- principle, which the Court often repeats, is expressed tion for the emergence of a new variant of as follows in Case C-24/00, paragraph 56: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that affects humans. In “It is clear that … an assessment of the risk its ruling, the Court concluded that the Commission could reveal that scientific uncertainty had applied the precautionary principle in a proper persists as regards the existence or extent of manner when it imposed the export ban. real risks to human health. In such circumstances, it must be accepted that a Member State may, in accordance with the 3. PFIZER CASE precautionary principle, take protective measures without having to wait until the The Court of First Instance (now the General existence and gravity of those risks are fully Court) provides in Case T-13/99 (Pfizer case) a demonstrated (see to that effect Case C- good example of how the scientists‟ approach of 157/96 National Farmers' Union and rejecting uncertain indications of risk comes into Others (1998) ECR I-2211, paragraph 63). conflict with the precautionary principle. However, the risk assessment cannot be Pfizer Animal Health SA brought an action for based on purely hypothetical considerations an annulment of Council Regulation 2821/98/EC, (see Case C-236/01 Monsanto Agricoltura in which the Council, relying on the precautionary Italia and Others (2003) ECR I-0000, principle, revoked its previously issued approval paragraph 106, and Commission v of virginiamycin, which Pfizer used as growth Denmark (C-192(01), paragraph 49).” promoters in its feed. Virginiamycin is a strepto-

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN EMF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 327 gramin antibiotic. The question was whether the argued that the precautionary principle would no scientific evidence was sufficient to refer to a risk longer serve any purpose if the decision-makers of transmission of resistance to virginiamycin had to wait for evidence of such reliability as from animals to humans. CAN had as a basis of its assessment. In The Commission had requested an opinion paragraph 389 the Court states, from its Scientific Committee for Animal “In the light of the foregoing, the Court Nutrition (SCAN), on which Pfizer relied in finds that the Community institutions did support of its claim that the Council had not exceed the bounds of the discretion incorrectly applied the precautionary principle. In conferred on them by the Treaty when they SCAN‟s view, no evidence was presented to took the view that the various experiments support the claim that resistance can be and observations referred to in recitals 19 transferred in such a manner as to endanger the and 20 to the contested regulation were future use of medicines for human use. The not mere conjecture but amounted to SCAN also stated the conclusion that the use of sufficiently reliable and cogent scientific virginiamycin as a growth promoter did not pose evidence for them to conclude that there any immediate danger to public health. was a proper scientific basis for a possible The Council relied on two findings to waive link between the use of virginiamycin as an the SCAN assessment. In the disputed regulation, additive in feeding stuffs and the recital 19 refers to an observation relating to a development of streptogramin resistance in farmer and his poultry. Strains of virginiamycin humans.” with the same genetic code were found both in the farmer‟s feces and in feces from one of his turkeys. In this context, the Council stated, 4. REQUIREMENTS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT “…even if general conclusions about the transfer of resistant enterococci from Primarily, case law provides the starting point animals to humans should not be drawn for the requirements for risk assessment. from a single case, the Commission sees it Additional information is also available from as an indication that this might be other sources of law. Following the ruling in the confirmed by other cases in the future.” BSE case, the Council authorized the Commission to draw up guidelines for use of the precautionary In recital 20 of the Regulation, the Council principle. In response to this action, the refers to an experimental study in rats, which Commission published a communication on the emerged after the SCAN had made its assessment. precautionary principle, COM (2000) 1, in Following this study, the Commission sought an February 2000 /1/. The guidelines have since been additional opinion from the SCAN, but their only adopted by the Council through a resolution /2/. response was a statement stating that the study did not provide any new information on the subject. 4.1 Acceptable Level of Risk Should Not Be In paragraph 297, the Court found that the study Determined in the Risk Assessment had a “lack of probative value, in SCAN’s submission, but some evidential value according The Council resolution, paragraph 11, states to the Community institutions". that a functional separation should be made In paragraph 381, the Court held that SCAN‟s between risk assessment and risk management. opinion is based on an incorrect interpretation of This condition is explained further in the the precautionary principle. The Court then Commission´s communication COM (2000) 1. 328 M. DAMVIK AND O. JOHANNSON

The risk assessment is the scientific evaluation of 4.2 Degree of Scientific Uncertainty should risks carried out by scientists, whereas risk Be Presented management refers to the political or legal application of the precautionary principle to be The Commission's guidelines specify that all performed by decision-makers. Judging what is an efforts should be made to determine the degree of „acceptable‟ level of risk for society is an scientific uncertainty as fully as possible in the eminently political responsibility. Therefore, this risk assessment. The reason for this condition is issue falls under risk management. The risk that society‟s acceptance of the risk should not be assessment is intended to serve only as a basis for determined in the risk assessment. that decision. Case law provides examples of how low the The Pfizer case, paragraphs 149-163, also set requirement of scientific evidence can be to confirms this. Paragraph 153 states, lead to the application of the precautionary “The level of risk deemed unacceptable will principle. The case law also provides guidance on depend on the assessment made by the how far the scientific risk assessment must be competent public authority of the particular maintained in cases in which the scientific circumstances of each individual case. In uncertainty is substantial. that regard, the authority may take account, According to the BSE case, the investigation inter alia, of the severity of the impact on should go so far that the most likely explanation for human health were the risk to occur, a health problem is determined, even if the including the extent of possible adverse scientific support is very weak. The Pfizer case effects, the persistency or reversibility of indicates that the findings in a single study may be those effects and the possibility of delayed sufficient proof. An observation that concerns only effects as well as of the more or less one individual was also regarded as a sufficient concrete perception of the risk based on indication of risk, which was invoked in support of available scientific knowledge.” an application of the precautionary principle. Such findings must therefore be reported, even if they In COM (2000) 1, the Commission also names have not been confirmed in other studies. additional factors to be considered in risk manage- The risk assessment may, therefore, not ment. Public concern is one such factor. Potential introduce any threshold for how strong the benefits and costs of action, or lack of action, evidence must be before being reported. The should also be taken into consideration. To provide degree of scientific uncertainty should be a comprehensive list that covers all relevant factors presented correctly, which means that the is impossible because the assessment must be made indications of risk cannot be ignored or belittled. on the basis of each individual case. When the precautionary principle is examined by national 4.3 Minority Opinions should Be Reported authorities, often special circumstances must be considered under the applicable national laws. In situations for which there is scientific Application of the principle may therefore differ in uncertainty, sometimes disagreements arise different Member States. between scientists. These different approaches are Risk management therefore involves a global useful information for the trials under the assessment of several factors. For this reason, to precautionary principle. For this reason, paragraph specify the level of risk that is acceptable to 10 of the Council´s resolution states that minority society in the risk assessment is not possible. opinions should be reported.

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN EMF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 329

When a scientific committee gives an opinion In addition, ICNIRP states that the restrictions on a risk, disagreement may arise among members, are based only on established health risks. The which means that they are unable to agree on a guidelines provide, inter alia, that when children common conclusion. This minority opinion must are exposed to weak magnetic fields from power then be highlighted in the report. The requirement lines for a prolonged period, there is a possible for the presentation of divergent views, however, risk of leukemia. This risk has not been should go even further. considered in the exposure limits because the In its communication on the precautionary findings were not fully established. principle (COM (2000), p. 16), the Commission Another relevant factor is that the guidelines states, are based only on the adverse health effects that “Even if scientific advice is supported only can be detected after a few minutes of exposure. by a minority fraction of the scientific This opinion should be seen against the following community, due account should be taken of statement from the Commission: their views, provided the credibility and “It is in situations in which the adverse reputation of this fraction are recognized.” effects do not emerge until long after exposure that the cause-effect relationships The Pfizer case is an example of this condition. are more difficult to prove scientifically and The decision to apply the precautionary principle that—for this reason—the precautionary in this case was based on the complex principle often has to be invoked." (COM assessments that were the subject of considerable (2000) 1 p. 17). disagreement between scientists. Decision-makers chose to depart from the unanimous conclusion Furthermore, considering all aspects of the that the scientific committee had reported and precautionary principle through general exposure instead based its decision on a different scientific limits is not possible. The reason for this is that assessment of risk. To ensure objectivity and as society‟s acceptance of risk is determined by complete a risk assessment as possible, any dis- reference to the circumstances of each individual agreements within the scientific community should case. In addition to exposure level, other factors always be reported. must be taken into consideration in this risk management. The limits also include a safety factor. The 5. ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR EMF ICNIRP‟s intention is to protect against various factors that may make people more sensitive to The ICNIRP was founded in 1992 and its the established effects. Other potential risks are guidelines, containing the basic restrictions and not considered in any way. reference levels for EMF, were published in 1998 Yet, there are those who argue that the safety /3/. During this initial period, the work was led by factor indirectly provides good protection against Professor Michael Repacholi, who was chairman risks other than those that have been scientifically during the period 1992-1996, and has since served established. This view is contradicted by the as Chairman Emeritus. observation that research has found many serious The EU requirements for risk assessment were indications of various health effects from not specified at the time that ICNIRP guidelines exposure to levels well below the ICNIRP limits. were drafted. Therefore, why ICNIRP has not With regard to public exposure, the safety complied with these EU requirements, at least for factor is 50 times. To be misled by this factor is the initial period, may be understandable. easy, which must be considered in relation to other 330 M. DAMVIK AND O. JOHANNSON factors like the ICNIRP limit for the 3G-frequency In another publication from 2006, the WHO being one million billion (1015) times higher than stated that they are working on producing a guide the natural level of exposure to such EMF, to for decision-makers on how the precautionary which man has adapted during evolution. In this principle should be applied /6/. The aim is to context, the safety factor is virtually non-existent. develop various proposals for measures to protect public health, which the WHO has already taken into account: 6. APPROACH OF THE WHO “…the degree of scientific uncertainty and the anticipated severity of the harm that The WHO began its International EMF Project might ensure, taking into account the size in 1996. Between then and June 2006, the project of the affected population and the cost”. was led by Professor Repacholi, who therefore had control of both the ICNIRP and WHO. The This should be done in such a way as not to project resulted in several published papers. Some undermine the basis for the scientific risk assess- elements of the Commission‟s Communication on ment and scientifically based exposure limits. the precautionary principle (COM (2000) 1) were Although such guidance has not yet been commented on in a handbook from 2002 /4/, but presented, this statement does, however, raise not the legal requirements for risk assessment questions. How can this goal be achieved without design. Instead, the authors were of the view that undermining the role of decision-makers to the precautionary principle does not apply when undertake a comprehensive assessment of all the setting requirements for exposure below the relevant circumstances of each individual case? ICNIRP limits. The authors also warn authorities Does the WHO intend to comply with the EU against using the precautionary principle at the requirement that risk assessment and management lower levels of exposure, claiming it undermines should be distinguished between? We should also the credibility of science and exposure limits! note that EU law requires that both risk In 2006, the WHO also published a model assessment and risk management should be legislation, the aim of which is to assist countries transparent (see for example, Council resolution, in implementing the ICNIRP guidelines as law paragraph 14). /5/. The legislation states that no precautionary The EU requirements on risk assessment do measures may be taken that undermine the not change the criteria used to assess the strength exposure limits! EU Member States have not used of scientific evidence, such as the Bradford Hill this model legislation, but unfortunately the idea criteria. The degree of scientific uncertainty, that the precautionary principle cannot be applied however, must be presented in a correct manner, below the ICNIRP limits received strong support. which requires a fundamental change in the As we have mentioned earlier, the precau- position of the WHO, but does not undermine the tionary principle is defined in such a way that it basis of the scientific risk assessment. assumes the existence of scientific uncertainty, which leads to a logical conclusion. That a risk is 7. RISK ASSESSMENTS OF SCENIHR not yet fully established scientifically cannot serve as an excuse for not applying the principle. The Commission‟s scientific committee, The information of the WHO is thus incorrect. SCENIHR, has also appointed a working group to Because the ICNIRP limits are based only on evaluate the health risk associated with EMF. established risks, the precautionary principle has Initially, the group was led by Professor Anders its scope at lower levels. Ahlbom, who was for many years also a leading

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN EMF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 331 figure in ICNIRP and actively involved in the The BioInitiative Report states that more than a work of the WHO. Along with Professor dozen scientific studies have been done on how Repacholi, Professor Ahlbom is therefore one of mobile phone usage affects the risk of cancer in those who coordinates the approach of these users. The authors have carried out a total appraisal agencies to the risk assessment issue. of these studies that indicate an increased risk of In the autumn of 2006, the working group both brain tumors and auditory nerve tumors presented a preliminary report. The work was then (acoustic neuromas). The conclusion is, subjected to a public consultation, resulting in “For brain tumors, people who have used extensive criticism. Various researchers provided a cell phone for 10 years or longer have a information on how important discoveries in their 20% increase in risk (when the cell phone areas had been ignored or played down. They also is used on both sides of the head). For pointed out that the working group had not people who have used a cell phone for 10 followed the guidelines for the precautionary years or longer predominantly on one side principle. of the head, there is a 200% increased risk The criticism did not result in changes to any of a brain tumor.” conclusions, but the working group appears to at The risk is said to be even greater for auditory least have been given the task of explaining the nerve tumors. method they used in the evaluation. The final In both reports, SCENHIR has spoken out in report, which was presented in 2007, included a the same way on this issue, with this conclusion: new section on methodological issues /7/. This “The balance of epidemiologic evidence section, however, describes only the criteria for indicates that mobile phone use of less assessing the strength of the scientific proof. The than 10 years does not pose any increased requirements of EU law are not considered at all. risk of brain tumor or acoustic neuroma. A debate in a Swedish journal also indicates that For longer use, data are sparse and Professor Ahlbom did not consider that the conclusions therefore are uncertain. From precautionary principle imposes any requirements the available data, however, it does appear on risk assessment /8,9/. that there is no increased risk for brain Some of the scientists who had previously tumors in longterm users, with the expressed their views on SCENIHR‟s preliminary exception of acoustic neuroma for which report published their own report in the Autumn there are some indications of an of 2007 (BioInitiative Report) /10/. The report association.” gives a very detailed picture of the risk indications that SCENIHR has ignored or belittled. The dispute lies in the different assessments of SCENIHR published a new report in 2009 /11/. existing studies. SCENIHR has set a very high This report, however, did not address the certainty requirement for its assessments and disagreement within the scientific community as therefore filters out risks that are not yet expressed in the BioInitiative Report, even though established. The risk of brain tumors with more SCENIHR was well aware of these views. The than 10 years‟ use of mobile phones is ignored, reporting is also of such a nature that the and the risk of acoustic neuroma belittled. This precautionary principle cannot be used for its conclusion means that the degree of scientific purpose, namely, to allow legal requirements for uncertainty is not correctly reflected, with the measures to protect against possible risks. The result that the precautionary principle cannot be problem can be illustrated by an example. used for its intended purpose. 332 M. DAMVIK AND O. JOHANNSON

The scientists who formulate risk assessments 8. CONCLUSIONS for SCENIHR have exactly the same attitude as We conclude that both WHO and SCENIHR the ICNIRP and WHO. The starting point for their are designing their risk assessments in such a way risk assessment is to determine whether new that the precautionary principle cannot be used for research has emerged, which means that existing its intended purpose. The work of the WHO is not exposure limits should be adjusted. Indications of controlled by the EU. The WHO often disclaims risk that are not yet fully established are, any responsibility for information in the reports. therefore, dismissed. Decision-makers are misled We therefore advise against uncritical use of its by this, which must be perceived as particularly risk assessments. In many cases, the information serious. in its reports and fact sheets is wrong, because the The EU has adopted the ICNIRP basic data are based on a misunderstanding of the restrictions and reference levels in Council precautionary principle. Recommendation 1999/519/EC. The EU stated By ruling in the Pfizer case, the Commission that the recommendation is based only on has been criticized for their scientific committee scientifically established risk, but the Council‟s had misunderstood the precautionary principle intention was to retrospectively incorporate and based its statement on false assumptions. aspects of precaution. The Commission is SCENIHR's reports on the health risks of EMF requested to, show that this problem persists and occurs more “Keep the matters covered by this generally. recommendation under review, with a view The Commission has announced internal to its revision and updating, taking into instructions for its scientific committees, but these account also possible effects, which are are inadequate. The appointed scientists have currently the object of research, including misinterpreted their mandate and seem to believe relevant aspects of precaution…” that it is up to them to determine what level of risk is acceptable to society. Because this viewpoint is Despite this request, the Commission has concealed by the incorrect reflection of the degree never proposed any amendment to the of scientific uncertainty, the problem is very recommendation. The reason is stated in its report, difficult for the decision-makers who are COM (2008) 532, p. 10: responsible for risk management to detect. “In 2007, the Scientific Committee on Knowledge of how risk management works is Emerging and Newly Identified Health required for a risk assessment to be correct. We Risks (SCENIHR) reviewed the scientific therefore propose that the working groups be knowledge on potential health effects of supplemented with legal expertise. They must also EMF and found no consistent scientific be provided with substantially clearer instructions evidence showing a need for revising the on the conditions of their mission. basic restrictions and reference levels set out in the Council Recommendation.”/12/

REFERENCES SCENHIR‟s misleading risk assessment therefore means that the Commission is guilty of 1. Commission of the European Communities, the fundamental mistake of wrongly rejecting the Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle on the grounds that the precautionary principle, COM(2000) 1 final. risks are not yet fully established scientifically! Available from: eur-lex.europa.eu

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN EMF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 333

2. European Council, Presidency conclusions, Nice precautionary principle puts demand on reporting European council meeting 7, 8 and 9 December of uncertain risks). Läkartidningen 2008;34: 2000, Annex III. www.consilium.europa.eu 2274-5. Available from: ltarkiv.lakartidningen. 3. International Commission on Non-Ionizing se/artNo35435. Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Guidelines for 9. Ahlbom A. EU-rapportens syfte var en limiting exposures to time-varying electric, mag- riskvärdering (EU report's purpose was a risk netic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). rating). Läkartidningen 2008;34:2275. Available Health Physics 1998;74(4):494-522. Available from: ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se/artNo35435 from: http://www.icnirp.de/documents/ emfgdl.pdf 10. Blackman CF, Blank M, Kundi M, Sage C, 4. World Health Organization (WHO). Establishing Carpenter DO, Davanipour Z, et al. The Bio- a dialogue on risk from electromagnetic fields, initiative Report—A rationale for a biologically- 2002. Available from: www.who.int/peh-emf/en/ based public exposure standard for electro- 5. World Health Organization (WHO). Model legis- magnetic fields (ELF and RF), 2007. Available lation for electromagnetic fields protection, 2006. from: www.bioinitiative.org Available from: www.who.int/peh-emf/en/ 11. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly 6. World Health Organization (WHO). Framework Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). Health for developing health-based EMF standards, 2006. effects of exposure to EMF, 2009. Available from: Available from: www.who.int/peh-emf/en/ ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/09_ 7. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly scenihr/scenihr_opinions_en.htm#4 Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). Possible 12. Commission of the European Communities, effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human Report from the Commission on the application health, 2007. Available from: ec.europa.eu/health/ of Council recommendation of 12 July 1999 ph_risk/committees/09_scenihr/scenihr_opinions (1999/519/EC) on the limitation of the exposure _en.htm#4 of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 8. Dämvik M, Johansson O. Försiktighetsprincipen Hz to 300 GHz), COM(2008) 532 final. Available ställer krav på rapportering av osäkra risker (The from: eur-lex.europa.eu.

! ! ! Attachment!8! EDITION: U.S. SIGN IN REGISTER Search Reuters

HOME BUSINESS MARKETS WORLD POLITICS TECH OPINION BREAKINGVIEWS MONEY LIFE PICTURES VIDEO

Lifestyle | Fri Oct 19, 2012 6:29pm EDT Related: HEALTH, ITALY Italy court ruling links mobile phone use to tumor ROME

PHOTOS OF THE DAY Italy's supreme court has upheld a ruling that said there was a link between a business executive's brain tumor and his heavy mobile phone usage, potentially opening the door to further legal claims.

The court's decision flies in the face of much scientific opinion, which generally says there is not enough evidence to declare a link between mobile phone use and diseases such as cancer and some experts said the Italian ruling should not be used to draw wider conclusions about the subject.

Our top photos from the last 24 hours. Slideshow » "Great caution is needed before we jump to conclusions about mobile phones and brain The politics of Palin tumors," said Malcolm Sperrin, director of medical physics and clinical engineering at Britain's Royal Berkshire Hospital. Marking the Epiphany

The Italian case concerned company director Innocenzo Marcolini who developed a tumor TRENDING ON REUTERS in the left side of his head after using his mobile phone for 5-6 hours a day for 12 years. He Bomb and shooting threats target dozens normally held the phone in his left hand, while taking notes with his right hand. of schools across U.S. 1

Marcolini developed a so-called neurinoma affecting a cranial nerve, which was apparently Sleeping in on weekends may help reduce diabetes risk not cancerous but nevertheless required surgery that badly affected his quality of life. 2

'Afﬂuenza' teen may have been forced to He initially sought financial compensation from the Italian Workers' Compensation ﬂee to Mexico: attorney 3 Authority INAIL which rejected his application, saying there was no proof his illness had been caused by his work. U.S. Supreme Court to decide major case on Obama immigration plan 4 But a court in Brescia later ruled there was a causal link between the use of mobile and U.S. stocks falter; oil fears spoil China cordless telephones and tumors. enthusiasm | 5

Italy's supreme court rejected an INAIL appeal against that ruling on October 12 though its decision was only reported on Friday.

It said the lower court's decision was justified and that scientific evidence advanced in support of the claim was reliable. Marcolini's situation had been "different from normal, non-professional use of a mobile telephone", it said.

The evidence was based on studies conducted between 2005-2009 by a group led by Lennart Hardell, a cancer specialist at the University Hospital in Orebro in Sweden. The court said the research was independent and "unlike some others, was not co-financed by the same companies that produce mobile telephones".

(Reporting By Virginia Alimenti; Additional reporting by Naomi O'Leary and Kate Kelland in London; Editing by Andrew Osborn)

More From Reuters Sponsored Financial Content (?)

Trump picks wrong China’s growth struggles. Oil prices dive. place for Bible gaffe What does it all mean? Fidelity Investments | 18 Jan Protect your retirement income with these End of Europe? five rules. Fidelity Investments Berlin, Brussels' shock tactic on How Credit Karma is turning the credit score migrants | 18 Jan industry on its head Credit Karma

Venezuela decrees Investing In High Dividend Yield Stocks 'economic STOXX emergency,' reveals depth of crisis Sell Alert: Losses Ahead. 25 Most Toxic | 15 Jan Stocks NAMES stocks to drop. Money and Markets American Airlines writes off $592 mln trapped in Venezuela | 12 Jan

American Airlines writes off $592 million trapped in Venezuela | 12 Jan

China goes underground to expand its strategic oil reserves | 6 Jan

Worried about sub- $20 crude? Some sellers are already there | 18 Jan

Israel licks wounds as Iran sanctions end, looks to future U.S. aid | 17 Jan

Special U.S. targeting force 'now in place' in Iraq: U.S. | 13 Jan

Exclusive: Venezuela's PDVSA asks partners to pick up tab as oil prices sink | 18 Jan

More From Reuters Trump picks wrong place for Bible gaffe | 18 Jan

End of Europe? Berlin, Brussels' shock tactic on migrants | 18 Jan

Venezuela decrees 'economic emergency,' reveals depth of crisis | 15 Jan

American Airlines writes off $592 mln trapped in Venezuela | 12 Jan

American Airlines writes off $592 million trapped in Venezuela | 12 Jan

China goes underground to expand its strategic oil reserves | 6 Jan

Worried about sub- $20 crude? Some sellers are already Sponsored Financial Content (?) there | 18 Jan What could the weakness in energy and Israel licks wounds materials mean for you? Fidelity Investments as Iran sanctions end, looks to future Cisco calls this a $19 trillion opportunity, and U.S. aid | 17 Jan you can join in! The Motley Fool

German town How will markets react when rates rise? 5 reopens pool to charts tell a good story. Fidelity Investments asylum seekers after gender education If You Own A Home, You're In For A Big drive | 18 Jan Surprise Bills.com

Special U.S. Investing In High Dividend Yield Stocks targeting force 'now STOXX in place' in Iraq: U.S. | 13 Jan

From The Web Sponsored Links by Taboola

Ron Paul: "Buying Gold Will Not 'Brightest Flashlight In The 3 Banks Introduce New Cards Be Enough" World' Is Finally Here Paying Unusually High Miles P… Stansberry Research Shadowhawk X800 Flashlight LendingTree