ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:26 PM Page 1

January / February 2007 Volume 19, No. 1

REBUILDING A SUBSTATION NETWORK WITHOUT BREAKING THE BANK PAGE 35

Are you signed up for Enercom 2007? DEVELOPING A UTILITY/CUSTOMER Floor plan PARTNERSHIP TO IMPROVE POWER on page 23 QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE

PAGE 24

PUBLICATION MAIL AGREEMENT # 40051146 Electrical Buyer’s Guides, Forums, On-Line Magazines, Industry News, Job Postings, www.electricityforum.com Electrical Store, Industry Links ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:26 PM Page 2

Your Winning Combination for CONNECTING... PROTECTING

50+ Years of Proven 30+ Years of Proven ®

Cutout Technology Polymer Technology ® ® ®

15kV AND 27kV TYPE C-POLYMER CUTOUTS

Type C-Polymer Cutouts comprise proven technology, over 50 years in Chance cutouts and over 30 years in Ohio Brass polymer insulators. Now together, they give you a winning combination for system protection.

Made with ESP™ silicone-alloy rubber insulators, these 15kV and 27kV cutouts include standard, linkbreak, loadbreak with arc chute interrupter, electronic sectionalizer and cutout-arrester combinations. Fully interchangeable with Chance porcelain cutouts, Type C-Polymer Cutouts use 100 and 200-amp fuse tubes and 300-amp disconnect blades in a common mounting assembly rated at 300 amps continuous. • Passes standard for boiling water/steep wave test • Light in weight • Easy-to-handle shape • Synthetic arc-quenching fuse tubes • Interchangeable with porcelain

870 Brock Road South • Pickering, ON L1W 1Z8 • Phone (905) 839-1138 • Fax: (905) 831-6353 • www.HubbellPowerSystems.ca POWER SYSTEMS ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:27 PM Page 3

in this issue

Publisher/Executive Editor EDITORIAL Randolph W. Hurst [email protected] 6 Sometimes Utilities have to be More than Just Legally Correct

Associate Publisher/Advertising Sales TRANSFORMERS Carol Gardner [email protected] 8 Getting Value from Transformer SFRA Editor Don Horne BREAKERS [email protected] 12 Avoid Generator System Damage due to a Slow Synchronizing Breaker - Part II Web Site Advertising Sales Barbara John POWER QUALITY [email protected] 24 Developing a Utility/Customer Partnership to Improve

Circulation Manager 19, No. 1 January/February Volume 2007 Colleen Flaherty Power Quality and Performance [email protected] YOU SAID IT Production Manager Alla Krutous 31 Our readers have their say [email protected]

Layout/Design SYSTEM SECURITY Ann Dunbar 32 Control System Security: Dynamic Threat Response [email protected]

Visit our Web Site: SUBSTATION www.electricityforum.com E-mail: [email protected] 35 Rebuilding a Substation Network Without Breaking the Bank Subscribe on-line: TESTING www.electricityforum.com/et/subscribe.htm 42 Regular Field Testing Extends Equipment Life Telephone: 905 686 1040 RELAYS 44 Dealing with Problems in Output Relays Used in Microprocessor-Based Electricity Today Magazine is published 9 times per year by The Electricity Forum [a division of The Hurst Protection Devices - Part I Communications Group Inc.], the conference manage- ment and publishing company for North America’s elec- tric power and engineering industry. Distribution: free of charge to North American electri- 53,54 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SHOWCASE cal industry personnel who fall within our BPA request circulation parameters. Paid subscriptions are available to all others. Subscription Enquiries: all requests for subscriptions or changes to free subscriptions (i.e. address changes) 54 ADVERTISERS INDEX must be made in writing to: Subscription Manager, Electricity Today 215-1885 Clements Road, Pickering, Ontario, L1W 3V4 or on-line at www.electricityforum.com.

Canada Post - Canadian Publications Mail Product Sales Agreement 40051146 ISSN 0843-7343 Printed in Canada. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior permission from the publisher.

Member of:

3 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:27 PM Page 4

editorial board

BRUCE CAMPBELL, LL.B., Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) Mr. Campbell holds the position of Vice-President, Corporate Relations & Market Development. In that capacity he is responsible for the evolution of the IESO-administered markets; regulatory affairs; external relations and communications; and stakeholder engagement. He has extensive background within the electricity industry, having acted as legal counsel in planning, facility approval and rate proceedings throughout his 26-year career in private practice. He joined the IESO in June 2000 and is a member of the Executive Committee of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council. He has contributed as a member of several Boards, and was Vice-Chair of the Interim Waste Authority Ltd. He is a graduate BRUCE CAMPBELL of the University of Waterloo and Osgoode Hall Law School.

BOB FESMIRE, ABB Bob Fesmire is a communications manager in ABB's Power Technologies division. He writes regularly on a range of power industry JOHN McDONALD topics including T&D, IT systems, and policy issues. He is based in Santa Clara, California.

CHARLIE MACALUSO, Electricity Distributor's Association Mr. Macaluso has more than 20 years experience in the electricity industry. As the CEO of the EDA, Mr. Macaluso spearheaded the reform of the EDA to meet the emerging competitive electricity marketplace, and positioned the EDA as the voice of Ontario's local electricity distributors, the publicly and privately owned companies that safely and reliably deliv- er electricity to over four million Ontario homes, businesses, and public institutions.

SCOTT ROUSE, Managing Partner, Energy @ Work BOB FESMIRE Scott Rouse is a strong advocate for proactive energy solutions. He has achieved North American recognition for developing an energy effi- ciency program that won Canadian and US EPA Climate Protection Awards through practical and proven solutions. As a published author, CHARLIE MACALUSO Scott has been called to be a keynote speaker across the continent for numerous organizations including the ACEEE, IEEE, EPRI, and Combustion Canada. Scott is a founding chair of Canada’s Energy Manager network and is a professional engineer, holds an M.B.A. and is also a Certified Energy Manager.

DAVID W. MONCUR, P.ENG., David Moncur Engineering David W. Moncur has 29 years of electrical maintenance experience ranging from high voltage installations to CNC computer applications, and has conducted an analysis of more than 60,000 various electrical fail- ures involving all types and manner of equipment. Mr. Moncur has chaired a Canadian Standards Association committee and the EASA Ontario Chapter CSA Liaison Committee, and is a Past President of the Windsor Construction Association. DAVID W. MONCUR JOHN McDONALD, IEEE President Mr. McDonald, P.E., is VP, Automation for Power System Automation for KEMA, Inc. He is President of the IEEE PES, IEEE Division VII Director- SCOTT ROUSE Elect, Immediate Past Chair of the IEEE PES Substations Committee, and an IEEE Fellow.

4 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:27 PM Page 5 Transformer problems?

This is where your Calisto should have been.

Don’t be left picking up the pieces. Catastrophic transformer failures can easily be prevented with the Calisto on-line, dissolved hydrogen and water monitor.

Calisto monitors hydrogen production and detects transformer faults at their earliest stages thereby reducing the number of unforeseen outages and preventing catastrophic failures.

• Designed to withstand the harshest environments

• Precise monitor readings are as reliable as lab results

• Increases the life expectancy of your transformer by monitoring the moisture content in the transformer oil

• Download specifications and software at www.morganschaffer.com Calisto prevents catastrophic failures – one transformer at a time.

83005110 Saint-Patrick,de Courtrai Avenue Suite 150 Tel.:Tel: +514.739.1967 +514.739.1967 La Salle, QC Fax: +514.739.0434 Montreal, Quebec Fax: +514.739.0434 H8N 2H1 E-mail: [email protected] Canada H3W 1A7 E-mail: [email protected] Transformers - The Inside View VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT: www.morganschaffer.com ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:51 PM Page 6

EDITORIAL

SOMETIMES UTILITIES HAVE TO BE MORE THAN JUST LEGALLY CORRECT Don Horne

Let me be perfectly clear Ð Progress of the utility, with little or no input from rating the exiting Progress Energy grid Energy Corporation did everything by residents allowed any real voice. from a new one for Winter Park. the book. Normally, policies developed by Dommerich Hills, a decades-old commu- Unfortunately for the residents of Progress Energy and approved by state nity straddling Orange and Seminole Dommerich Hills, going by the book regulators avoid customer notification counties, also was split by the move. meant decimating old oak trees so giant unless the utility’s actions will affect Now old power lines running power poles could sprout up in their place. service. through the backyards in the community Here is their story. Indeed, at the December hearing, a serve Winter Park, and the new lines Residents of this Florida com- serve Dommerich Hills. munity were stunned when Progress Requests by Dommerich Hills’ Energy Corp. subcontractors came Three such revisions were requested residents to put the lines under- into their neighborhood and began before the PSC panel: ground were met with an extra cost putting up 50-foot power poles in estimated to be $43,000; a cost that their front yards. All without even a Winter Park officials refused to hint of what was to come. ¥ Under rules governing customer foot. Adding fuel to the fire, work- rights, the language be modified More galling to Dommerich ers chopped away at many of the so that utilities would be required to Hills’ residents, Progress Energy old growth oaks to clear space for have an informational hearing elected to take the rights of way in the new lines. whenever a neighborhood’s Seminole County (never attempt- Did I mention the new poles ing to acquire rights of way in were in addition to poles already “character, safety or property Winter Park), as it was the easier located in their backyards? values” would be affected by a route to take. Fast forward through a year- utility reconfiguration; Although perfectly legal, one and-a-half of fighting the utility ¥ Under rules governing changes in PSC commissioner said local offi- and pleading with local and state service, a similar hearing require- cials should have stepped up to officials to step in, the residents solve the problem, taking respon- .. eventually learned a hard truth: The ment would be adopted. sibility to ensure residents didn’t poles couldn’t be removed legally. ¥ Thirdly, a proposal requiring power feel left out of the loop. In December the state agency companies that are reconfiguring “If these municipalities and that regulates utilities sided with existing systems to pick up the local governments are going to get Progress Energy, saying the com- costs of putting new lines under- into the utility business, they need pany was well within its rights to to take the communities as they are do the work. ground if doing so would preserve situated so that we don’t have peo- For the community, they the neighborhood’s character, ple being cast aside,” says PSC remain resolute and have one goal ensure safety and avoid depreciating Commissioner Matthew Carter. in mind: to change the rules that property values. Certainly it is a hard lesson for (according to them) allow utilities the residents of Dommerich Hills, to run roughshod over any commu- and hopefully their continuing nity when it comes to installing or efforts will yield a change in how removing power lines. Progress Energy representative pointed customers can provide input into where “Progress Energy is abusing its out that notifying customers sends the new transmission is placed in older power as a monopoly,” Danielle Dobbs wrong message, making customers neighbourhoods. was quoted as saying; the driving force believe that they have a say when really As for Progress Energy Ð and really behind the community’s efforts. they do not. for utilities throughout North America Ð The scene for this drama was set Actually, Dommerich Hills’ difficul- it is an excellent lesson in that it takes decades ago, when the development of ties began when nearby Winter Park res- more than city planners and engineers to power grids was encouraged and the law- idents voted in November 2003 to take lay down a grid; and that the power flow- makers allowed power companies a lot of over Progress Energy’s power-distribu- ing outward from said grid can have a latitude. Utility easements and rights of tion system within the city. nasty feedback if the utility doesn’t allow way remain heavily weighted in favour Part of the takeover required sepa- feedback from the customer.

6 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:51 PM Page 7

,% ,!" !6!) ./7./7 !6!),!",% 4/4/   K6 K6 2ELIABLE FOR /VER  9EARS )NTRODUCING-©#OLD3HRINK4ERMINATIONSFOR(IGH6OLTAGE

˜Ûi˜Ìi`ÊÎäÊÞi>ÀÃÊ>}œ]ÊÎ ÒÊ œ`Ê- Àˆ˜ŽÊ/iÀ“ˆ˜>̈œ˜ÃÊ >ÛiÊLii˜ÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜Õ>Þʈ“«ÀœÛi`ÊLÞÊÎ Ê ÃVˆi˜ÌˆÃÌÃÊ>˜`Êi˜}ˆ˜iiÀÃÊ>ˆŽi°Ê/iÃ̈˜}ʈ˜ÊÎ Ê>LœÀ>̜ÀˆiÃÊ >ÃÊ`i“œ˜ÃÌÀ>Ìi`ÊÌ >ÌÊÌ iÊȏˆVœ˜iÊ “>ÌiÀˆ>ÊÕÃi`ʈ˜ÊÎ ÒÊ œ`Ê- Àˆ˜ŽÊ/iÀ“ˆ˜>̈œ˜ÃÊ>˜`Ê-«ˆViÃÊ܈ÊÀiÌ>ˆ˜ÊˆÌÃʈ˜ÌiÀv>ViÊ«ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊvœÀÊ “œÀiÊÌ >˜ÊxäÊÞi>ÀÃ]ÊL>Ãi`ʜ˜Ê>VViiÀ>Ìi`ʏˆviÊÌiÃ̈˜}° ̽ÃÊÌ ˆÃÊ >˜`Ãʜ˜Ê>««Àœ>V Ê̜ÊÌiV ˜œœ}ÞÊÌ >ÌÊ >ÃÊ>œÜi`ÊÎ Ê̜ÊiÝ«>˜`Ê œ`Ê- Àˆ˜ŽÊ/iÀ“ˆ˜>̈œ˜ÃÊ ˆ˜ÌœÊÌ iÊșÉÇÓʎ6ÊV>Ìi}œÀÞ° œÀʓœÀiʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜Êœ˜ÊÎ ÒÊ œ`Ê- Àˆ˜ŽÊ/iÀ“ˆ˜>̈œ˜ÃÊ«i>ÃiÊVœ˜Ì>VÌÊ£‡nää‡Î ‡ *-Ê­£‡nää‡ÎÈ{‡ÎxÇÇ®°ÊÊ

- IS A TRADEMARK OF - 5SED UNDER LICENSE IN #ANADA Ú -   #0  "!   ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:52 PM Page 8

TRANSFORMERS

GETTING VALUE FROM TRANSFORMER SFRA

By G. Matthew Kennedy and Tony McGrail, Doble Engineering Company

INTRODUCTION Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is a test for mechanical deforma- tion in power transformers. It has grown in usage over the last decade and is now being standardized by both IEEE and CIGRE. Doble Engineering has pio- neered use of the SFRA test over that time and has gathered a great deal of experience and value from the test. This article looks at how you can gain value from SFRA through a simple approach: Control-Context-Conclusion.

SFRA – Keep it simple SFRA provides a fingerprint of a winding: a signal injected at one end is measured at the other end of the winding. Repeat this at many frequencies and we have a simple response plot which we can analyze, as shown in Figure 1. The first thing to note is that the responses shown are typical for a wind- ing. The ‘picture’ which has been taken Figure 1 HV, LV and Short Circuit Responses for a single winding should not vary significantly in future for the winding Ð and variation should be investigated as one possible cause that winding deformation may have occurred. (As a note Ð impulse systems do not mea- sure the frequency response, they esti- mate or infer it from impulses, assump- tions and Fourier Transformer calcula- tions; they are inherently less repeatable in practice).

Gaining CONTROL Experience has taught us at Doble that keeping the measurement simple is the best way to ensure that value may be extracted from it. The Doble M5200 and M5300 test sets automatically check for ground loop continuity, for example, as that is a key component of the high fre- quency response. The Doble test leads are simple one-piece design to avoid los- ing pieces or incorrectly applying them. Control of the SFRA measurement is key to gaining good results. We stress the need for training and support as we know

Continued on page 10 Figure 2 What went wrong?

8 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 2:52 PM Page 9

Mikron’s SpyGlass™ Lens and ViewPorts encourage frequent examinations of electrical switchgear because — with cabinet doors closed — no downtime is required to de-energize circuits for safety reasons. • ViewPorts are maintenance-free and easy to install—20 minutes or less! • Suitable for both low-voltage and high-voltage applications (480 volts and up) • Safer plastic-tipped Spyglass™ Lens blocks “path to ground,” protecting operator Raising the safety and convenience standard for thermal inspections.

Mikron Infrared, Inc. • Thermal Imaging Division Tel: (906) 487-6060 • Fax: (906) 487-6066 e-mail: [email protected] • www.mikroninfrared.com Call 1-888-506-3900 or visit us at mikroninfrared.com ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:37 PM Page 10

TRANSFORMER SFRA Continued from Page 8

that it can be quite a challenge to start taking SFRA measurements without proper education and back up. We under- stand the common pitfalls that are encountered. Overall Ð it is necessary to keep it simple and do it right. For example, Figure 2, shows two successive SFRA results for one winding of one trans- former. The results are different Ð does this mean that the transformer is bad? In fact, the source of the difference in this case can be traced to a change in DETC (de-energized tap changer) posi- tion between the measurements. A small thing, but a key element of control. Good training and good understand- ing of parameters which can affect the results help produce valid data which can be used for decision support.

Understanding CONTEXT Assuming that we have exerted Figure 4 Data as supplied by a Doble Client good controls and made a valid set of SFRA measurements, the next question is: What does it mean? If all the results look good, and we are fortunate enough to have reference (baseline) results and they match, then we have strong evidence that nothing has changed in the transformer. If, however, there are some variations compared to baseline, or we have no reference results, what are we to do? First we should note that SFRA is not the only tool in the bag. Powerful though it is, we should relate SFRA results to other results. Figure 3 shows how SFRA open and short circuit measurements relates to other key electrical tests: DC winding

Figure 5 Three in service single phase units

service after routine maintenance as a result of SFRA tests. And Figure 3 SFRA as part of an Integrated Test Suite even then, further testing was recommended to ensure the deci- sion was a good one! If the transformer trips out of service then we have far resistance, power factor/capacitance, Leakage impedance (also greater grounds for being critical. But we must ask which phases called leakage reactance) and Exciting currents: were at fault, was it an internal fault or a through fault? What When faced with data which may be anomalous, we need do the DGAs (should we have them) look like? to look at the whole picture. That includes the motivational question: why am I here? Drawing CONCLUSIONS If the test results were generated as part of routine mainte- Understanding the context allows us to draw appropriate nance, then it is almost certain that the transformer is going conclusions. For illustration we have some simple examples. back in service. I can think of only a couple of instances over the last ten years where a transformer has not been put back in Continued on page 18

10 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:45 PM Page 11 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 12

BREAKERS

AVOID GENERATOR SYSTEM DAMAGE DUE TO A SLOW SYNCHRONIZING BREAKER – PART II By Lawrence C. Gross, Jr. and L. Scott Anderson, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. and Richard C. Young, Wisconsin Electric Power Company

See the previous issue of Electricity Today for part one

Test Mode and Alarming The BFTC logic is shown in Figure 8. The control scheme modes of opera- tion, “TEST”, “ON”, and “OFF” (neither asserted), directly supervise any output condition.

OFF Mode When neither the “TEST” nor the “ON” mode is selected, the logic will not close the circuit breaker, assert an alarm, Figure 8: Breaker Failure-To-Close Logic nor energize a lockout relay. The SCT timer will not run because the reset input or MCLOSE). The two separate close closes slowly, it still may be within the from RCLS is asserted, and the T4A inputs allow initiation from another acceptable angle. In this case, the alarm timer will not run because SYNCEN is device or from a manual switch. Typical asserts but the 86_COIL output is not not asserted. operation would be assertion by the auto- energized until the angle based on the synchronizer for the generator or from an 87TH measurements is beyond accept- TEST Mode operator controlled switch. When one of able limits. The 87TH supervision of the The intent of the “TEST” mode is to these inputs is received, the SYNCT 86_COIL output is not valid during a operate the logic under normal condi- timer is started. blown potential fuse (BPF) condition. tions, but to have the circuit breaker elec- As soon as the synchronous condi- Therefore, the 87TH output is disabled trically isolated so that, when it closes, it tions are met (25C) and the generator is when this occurs. does not electrically connect the genera- slipping at a rate greater than the 25SM The BPF, also known as loss-of- tor and system. The circuit breaker will setting (25M is not asserted), AND #2 potential condition, can be determined by either close correctly or the alarm output asserts and sets the L4A latch; and if syn- many methods depending on the device. will assert indicating a slow circuit chronous conditions never occur within One method is to use voltage measure- breaker. The test mode requires a circuit the SYNCdo time, the L4A latch is reset. ments on either side of the circuit break- breaker status input to determine when After the L4A latch is set, the CLOSE_ er to determine X59L3 and Y59L3 as the circuit breaker closes. After opening COIL output is asserted to close the cir- shown in Figure 5. These conditions the circuit breaker, the operation may be cuit breaker, and the T4A timer is started determine a loss-of-potential condition, repeated until the circuit breaker operates if SYNCEN is asserted. which would make the voltage differen- within an acceptable time. If the circuit breaker does not physi- tial measurements invalid. If the loss-of- cally close within the T4pu time, the potential condition is detected, the differ- ON Mode lockout relay (86_COIL) and SLOW_ ential supervision from the 86_COIL The scheme is fully operational BKR_ALARM are energized. The output is disabled. when it is in “ON” mode. Everything 86_COIL output is used to open any works as in “TEST” mode except that the adjacent circuit breaker or switch to elec- APPLICATIONS alarm output is duplicated to energize a trically isolate the circuit breaker. The Complete use of this BFTC scheme lockout relay for electrically isolating the SLOW_BKR_ALARM output energizes includes five dc control inputs, three DC circuit breaker before it closes if the a local or remote annunciator. control outputs, one set of three-phase breaker close operation is too slow. The difference voltage measurement AC current inputs, and two sets of three- 87TH also directly supervises the control phase AC voltage inputs. The scheme BFTC Scheme Operation of the 86_COIL output. This adds securi- may be used with a subset of the inputs The scheme shown in Figure 8 is ini- ty for the scheme. If the system is slip- and outputs with similar results. tiated by a close input assertion (CLOSE ping very slowly and the circuit breaker Continued on page 18

12 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 13 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 14

AVOID GENERATOR SYSTEM DAMAGE Continued from Page 12

DC Connections Figure 9 shows a typical schematic of the BFTC scheme connections. The three-position switch labeled “MODE” asserts the “TEST” and “ON” inputs. The switch labeled “MANUAL CLOSE” is a momentary assertion switch that asserts the “MCLOSE” input. The “CLOSE” input is asserted by the auto-synchronizer close output contact. The circuit breaker auxiliary contact asserts the 52A input when the circuit breaker is Figure 9: DC Schematic closed. The “CLOSE_COIL” output contact is con- nected to the circuit breaker close coil so that it is energized when the contact closes. The “SLOW_ BKR_ALARM” output contact is connected to an annunciator panel, panel lamp, or remote alarm to indicate a slow circuit breaker when the contact closes. The 86_COIL output contact is connected to a lockout relay for tripping other circuit breakers or motor operated disconnects to isolate the synchro- nizing circuit breaker.

AC Connections A typical AC schematic is shown in Figure 10. The three currents are wye connected to current transformers that measure current through the cir- cuit breaker. The three X-side voltages are wye con- nected to potential transformers on the generator side of the circuit breaker. The three Y-side voltages are wye connected to potential transformers on the system side of the circuit breaker. Use different voltage measurement configura- tions depending on the installation and available measurement equipment.

Installation Costs The estimated equipment and labor costs for installing this breaker failure-to-close scheme is $20,000. Actual WE installation costs confirm this estimate. These costs assume that a breaker failure- to-trip scheme is already installed, and all required power system measurements are available. Figure 10: AC Connection Diagram

TEST RESULTS Laboratory Data Simulated System Testing Test equipment capable of generating voltages and currents for injection into the measuring device was used for logic verification. The purpose of these tests was to show that the logic provided: (1) an alarm for slow breaker conditions for different slip frequencies, and (2) a varying time for initiation of breaker failure for different slip frequencies. Table 1 shows tests at two frequencies and three breaker operate times. The breaker was intentionally slowed Table 1: Simulation Results down for the tests. The results are the times the out- put contacts asserted relative to the breaker close coil energization time. The breaker failure (86_COIL) condition was based on an angle of 22 degrees, VSYSTEM was set at 60.00 Hz. The nominal breaker which was based on a 30¡ damage window and a safety margin close time was 66 ms. The intended close angle was 3 degrees. for time to clear the bus. Figure 11 is a screen capture of the sequential event record

14 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 15

from the device showing the 60.05 Hz operation when the breaker operated in 98 ms. Figure 12 is an oscillographic and digital display of the device operation. The current was applied by the test equipment to simulate a closed breaker. The simulated system test results showed that the logic worked correctly for all cases. The SLOW_BKR_ ALARM asserted at the specified set- ting, and the 86_COIL asserted when the conditions slipped outside the acceptable window. Figure 11: SER Screen Capture for 60.05 Hz, 98 ms Operation Small Laboratory Generator Testing Simulations were taken one step further by applying the scheme to labo- ratory machines. A 5 kVA synchronous generator was synchronized to the power system. These tests were intend- ed to prove the same items as the simu- lations, but the actual current is measured at the time of synchronization. Also, tests were performed to see the change in cur- rent based on the closing angle. Table 2 shows the current magnitude in RMS due to synchronizing at the vari- ous angles. The current is very dependent on the type of machine and system con- ditions. These results are intended only to verify that as close angle increases, the transient conditions on the generator and system increase, increasing the possibili- ty for damage. Figure 13 shows the case when the breaker closed with the two systems 24¡ out of phase. Current reached 59 Amps within the first half cycle before the systems were pulled together. Figure 12: Oscillographic and Digital Display of 60.05 Hz, 98 ms Operation Table 3 shows the results of tests at 59.85 Hz at three breaker operate times. The breaker failure (86_COIL) condi- tion was based on an angle of 10 degrees based on a 13 degrees damage angle window and a safety margin for time to clear the bus. VSYSTEM was set at 60.00 Hz. The nominal breaker close time was 22 ms. Intended close angle was 8 degrees. Figure 14 is a screen capture of the sequential event record from the device showing the operation when the breaker operated in 390 ms. The large transient current was avoided by clearing the bus prior to the breaker closing. Figure 15 is an oscillographic and digital display of the 390 ms breaker operation. The breaker finally closed after the 86_COIL was energized and the bus was cleared. The measured system voltage does not go to zero because of the Figure 13: Oscillographic and Digital Display of 24° Close Operation

January 2007 15 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 16

Table 2: Transient Current for Different Close Angles

Figure 15: Oscillographic and Digital Display of Breaker Failure- To-Close Operation

breaker. Each unit is started as a motor by a static frequency Table 3: Laboratory Machine Results converter starting unit that is switched out when combustion is established. The unit is then synchronized through the 13.8 kV generator breaker. The measuring device was connected in a monitoring mode. All inputs, outputs, and internal logic were monitored. No output contacts were actually connected to the breaker failure scheme. Concord generator’s synchronizing FLIR Quality... Now Under $8,000CDN Canada’s most Figure 14: SER Screen Capture of 390 ms Close Operation inexpensive Infrared Camera. potential transformer location for the test. Buy before The small laboratory generator test results showed that as Dec. 15 the close angle increases, more current flows to synchronize and receive the two systems. These tests also verified the logic. a FREE 2” Hawk IR Arc Flash Field Data sightglass. Field tests were performed by Wisconsin Electric at the Concord Generating Station. Concord Generating Station is a combustion turbine plant with four units. Refer to Figure 16 for a single line diagram of the station. Each unit has the fol- lowing ratings: 119.2 MVA, 0.8 pf, 13.8 kV, 3600 RPM. They The Global Leader in Infrared Cameras are each connected to a common 138 kV bus through a 13.8 kV Servicing Canada for 45 years generator breaker; a generator step-up transformer (GSU) 1-800-613-0507 Ext. 25 rated at 13.8 Ð 138 kV, 60/80/100 MVA; and a 1200 A circuit [email protected] switcher. The common 138 kV bus is connected to the system www.flir.ca at the Concord Substation bus through a 138 kV oil circuit

16 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 17

breaker could not be isolated so the “TEST” mode was not implemented. Figure 17 shows the voltage and cur- rent of a synchronizing operation. All close operations of the Concord genera- tor breaker were successful closures so the scheme never indicated a slow break- er condition or initiated breaker failure. Figure 18 shows a summary of the breaker close operations for the Concord installation. The 14 operations were all within breaker specifications. The break- er showed minimal variation mechani- cally (based on the 52A contact). Electrically (based on current) the break- er showed a variation of about one cycle. This variation is associated with the amount of current when the breaker clos- es. The breaker trip operations were not monitored.

CONCLUSIONS 1. A single device can provide syn- chronous closing control and supervision Figure 16: Single Line Diagram of Concord Generating Station Wisconsin Electric after an autosynchronizer brings a gener- Power Company ator up to speed, and provide secure, reli- able breaker failure-to-close protection. 2. The breaker can be considered closed based on the auxiliary breaker contact, voltage angle difference (delta voltage), and/or initial synchronizing power flow. 3. Generator and system damage can reliably be avoided by implementing a breaker failure-to-close scheme. 4. Security from unnecessary bus clearing operations by the breaker fail- ure-to-close scheme is avoided by verify- ing voltage angle difference (delta volt- age) prior to operation. 5. A test mode to operate and time the breaker prior to synchronization is easily implemented as part of a breaker failure-to-close scheme. 6. A breaker failure-to-close scheme is easily adapted to various system arrangements and synchronizing opera- tion methods including manual and auto- matic closing. Figure 17: Concord Generator Breaker Synchronous Close Operation

Figure 18: Concord Generating Station Breaker Timing Report

January 2007 17 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 18

5 TRANSFORMER SFRA Continued from Page 10

CASE 1: SHORTED TURN One of the easiest situ- ations to identify with SFRA is a shorted turn in a winding. The effect is to make what is an open cir- cuit measurement look like a short circuit measurement. The data in Figure 4 was supplied by a Doble client who was able to rec- ognize good data and understand that the phase- to-phase variation he was seeing was not normal and was not a result of poor set up or site procedure. Even without reference results, it is possible to say that one winding result is acting as if there is a short circuit on that phase; a more subtle aproach is to Figure 6 Three single phase units post repair try and investigate the pos- sible level of damage to the windings. However, given the nature of the problem, it is unlikely to be a field repair, though such things have been possible in some cases. In this case the shorted phase was diag- nosed, the transformer removed from service and repair effected.

CASE 2: SISTER UNIT REFERENCE Results from four single-phase units were used to identify a problem with one unit. Three Westinghouse 7-million series units were in service; the fourth was a spare. Figure 5 shows the results for the three in service units; clearly one phase is different: but why? The results from the spare unit were similar to those of the ‘good’ in-service units; variations at higher frequencies were noted and attributed to different grounding regimes on the spare transformer. Detailed S analysis of the results for the suspect unit lead to a theory that the underlying capaci- Figure 7 HV-LV for Suspect Transformer tances and inductances were unchanged. But there seemed to be an impedance variation and a loose connection was possible within the transformer. CASE 3: RESULTS FROM A GENERAL ASSESSMENT An internal inspection revealed loose connections for the In this case a transmission auto-transformer of 750 MVA bushing draw leads; these were tightened and the transformer and 400/275 kV was identified as suspect as a result of routine retested. The results in Figure 6 show that the results have DGA. SFRA was performed as part of a routine inspection. No ‘come together’ again as expected. previous results were available, but reference results from a sis- The low frequency variation is due to remnant core mag- ter unit of the same vintage (1965) were on file. netization and is a well understood phenomenon while the Figure 7 shows a section of the HV-LV results for the sus- higher frequency variations are acceptable Ð we do expect pect transformer; clearly one phase shows significant variation some degree of variability in results! Continued on page 20

18 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 19

5 to 10 arc flash explosions occur in electric equipment every day in the US* Are YOU protected?

Everyday, workers in the electrical maintenance and utility industry work in environments that may expose them to hazards that could cause severe or fatal burn injuries. In the event of a momentary electric arc, everyday non-flame resistant work clothes can ignite and will continue to burn. Untreated fabrics continue to burn until the fabric is totally consumed and non-flame resistant synthetic fabrics will burn with melting and dripping causing severe contact burns to skin. The use of flame resistant clothing will provide a level of thermal protection, and after the source of ignition has been removed flame resistant garments will self-extinguish. AGO INDUSTRIES INC. manufactures ARC/FR APPAREL to help protect workers in the electrical maintenance and utility industry from the hazards of electric arc flash exposures. Shirts • Pants • Coveralls • Coats • Jackets • Faceshields • Hoods Comply with NFPA 7OE • Garments to ASTM F1506 Standards

Featuring PO Box 7132 PH: 519-452-3780 London, Ontario FX: 519-452-3053 N5Y 4J9 EM: [email protected] AGO CANADA INDUSTRIES INC.

www.arcfr.net * CapSchell Inc. ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:05 PM Page 20

TRANSFORMER SFRA Continued from Page 18

in response compared to the other two phases. But we often see variation in the 20 kHz region for the center phase. Is it normal for this unit? The same frequency range for a sister unit showed no such variation (Figure 8). This was substantial evidence of significant winding movement and/or deformation Ð the frequency range indicates that main winding capaci- tances would be expected to be ‘out’. However, it was known that the trans- former had been in service before the tests were carried out, albeit gassing somewhat. Further testing showed that the main winding power factors were acceptable, but the capacitances had changed by more than 5% from the known good unit. A decision was taken based on the strength of the SFRA and capacitance not to return the transformer to service but to scrap it and make ready a spare unit. During the tear down of the ‘failed’ unit significant winding deformation was found on the suspect phase, the center phase, as predict- ed. At Doble we receive SFRA results every day from around the world Ð we have SFRA practitioners in over 40 countries at present. The majority of results are acceptable; occa- sionally they show some poor field practice leading us to suggest retraining or a refresher course for the field guys. Occasionally we get an example of results which make it into the Doble Conference Ð they are not just results to be added to the thousands in the Doble data base, but examples where the whole user base can learn Ð both the experts at HQ and the guys in the field. If you have SFRA results and are interest- ed in what they really mean – we’d love to hear from you!

Figure 9 Winding showing significant buckling

CONCLUSIONS SFRA is an easy measurement to make, and with proper training and good sup- port anyone can get good value from their SFRA investment. The three Cs of SFRA: Control-Context-Conclusion show the thought process that needs to be applied to SFRA.

Figure 8 HV-LV for Known Good Transformer

20 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:10 PM Page 21 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:10 PM Page 22

Stay Energized!

Weidmann-ACTI Transformer Oil Testing, Diagnostics, and Monitoring 1-800-811-2284 www.weidmann-acti.com ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:10 PM Page 23

Stay Energized!

Weidmann-ACTI ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:10 PM Page 24

POWER QUALITY

DEVELOPING A UTILITY/CUSTOMER PARTNERSHIP TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE By Mark McGranaghan, Electrotek Concepts Many industrial and commercial characteristics for these sensitive cus- services for the customer in a partnership electric customers now require a higher tomers requires a careful evaluation of arrangement. The electric supplier has an level of power quality due to increasing different alternatives. Power quality can advantage in characterizing and solving sensitivity of sophisticated process con- be improved through system-side solu- power quality problems because he/she trols and the growing reliance on com- tions, customer service entrance solu- can take a system perspective to solving puters. These customers are especially tions, power conditioning for selected the problem. This includes evaluation of sensitive to momentary voltage sags equipment within a facility, or improved the supply characteristics and the power caused by remote faults on the transmis- specifications and equipment design. All quality requirements of all customers on sion system or on parallel feeder circuits. of these alternatives have costs and asso- the system, rather than the requirements They are also applying more and more ciated benefits. of one particular process. equipment that can cause harmonic dis- Many times, the customers do not This paper describes the types of tortion problems (e.g. adjustable speed have the expertise or time to focus on services that the electric supplier can pro- drives). identifying, characterizing, and solving vide in the partnership arrangement and a Determining the optimum supply power quality problems. This is an area procedure for performing economic eval- system and customer electric system where the utility can provide valuable uations of different power quality Continued on page 26

"NMEHCDMBDHR@L@SSDQNE

!@BJDCAXXD@QRNEDWODQHDMBD @MCLHKKHNMTMHSRNEJMNV GNV TOSNJ5 "@MCJ5#" Sediver toughened glass insulators exclusive qualities Infallible & easy visual inspection Safe live line working Sediver Business Unit Tel.: 1-514-739-3385 Low life-cycle cost [email protected] No ageing www.sediver.fr 24 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/21/07 9:48 AM Page 25

Alberta's economy is experiencing unparalleled growth. IPPSA Load has grown 4% per year for the past 10 years and shows no sign of abating. This year's IPPSA conference will address the role of supply, demand and transmission 13th Annual in response to the hottest economy in North America. Our 13th Annual Conference includes sessions on: • If I Were Energy Minister for a Day Conference • Global Perspectives on Meeting Load Growth • Who Will Build to Meet Alberta's Growth? • Wholesale Market Check-Up Building to the Boom • Meeting Infrastructure Growth: The Role of Transmission • Managing the Boom: The Role Demand Can Play in Energy Markets • Sustainability Challenge — March 11 - 13, 2007 A Team Policy Panel Debate

Fairmont Banff Springs To view the full program and to register online, please visit www.ippsa.com Banff, Alberta

Floor Plan President’s Hall

WWW.IPPSA.COM

Exhibitor booth locations

NrgStream 1 ZE PowerGroup Inc. 11 GE Energy 2 Virelec Ltd. 12 SNC-Lavalin T&D 3 Innovative Steam Technologies 13 Trackflow 4 LandSolutions Inc. 14 TransAlta 5 Chymko Consulting Ltd. 15 The Oxford Princeton Programme 8 ABB Inc. 16 Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. 9 Canadian Wind Energy Association 17 Golder Associates Ltd. 10 Canadian Hydro Developers Inc. 18 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:11 PM Page 26

DEVELOPING A… Continued from Page 24

improvement alterna- tives using a systems approach. Solutions identified can be implemented at the design stage or as retrofits as part of the overall power quality services offered by the utility.

UTILITY POWER Figure 2. Example voltage sag performance bar chart. QUALITY SERVICES Power quality ser- Switching transients can be evaluated with simulation vices fall into three tools; harmonic distortion levels can be estimated major categories: based on other harmonic producing loads in the area 1. Services to help Figure 1. Examples of power quality services and the system response characteristics; and the avoid power quality that can be offered by the electricity supplier. expected voltage sag performance can be determined problems at the plan- from historical data, long term measurements, and ning/design stage. It is always best to avoid power quality short circuit simulations. Figures 2 is an example of a typical problems before they occur. This can be accomplished by chart used to illustrate the expected voltage sag performance at understanding the environment, developing equipment specifi- a customer location in terms of the sag magnitude. Figure 3 is cations for compatibility, and designing facilities to allow con- an example of a chart type that combines the magnitude and venient power conditioning for critical and sensitive equip- duration data for the expected performance Ð this is the format ment. recommended by the IEEE P1346 Working Group on 2. Services to help solve power quality problems. These Compatibility with Industrial Process Equipment. services are designed to assist in understanding the causes of problems and developing optimum solutions. The services can DEVELOPING EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS include the investigations, recommending solutions, and actu- With an understanding of the expected power quality envi- ally implementing solutions. ronment, it is possible to develop equipment specifications that 3. Services to verify performance and provide ongoing will help assure reliable operation of the overall facility. The information. Information services can help customers identify electricity supplier can help translate the expected performance equipment problems quickly, characterize problems when they information into actual equipment specifications. Important occur, verify the proper operation of power conditioning equip- categories to consider at all levels of the system are shown in ment, and provide the basis for future equipment specifica- Figure 4. This figure is from the Power Quality Workbook tions. developed by EPRI with the Bonneville Power Administration. Under these three main categories, there are many types of specific services that can be offered to help customers improve DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FACILITY DESIGN the efficiency and reliability of their operations. Examples of AND POWER CONDITIONING these services are indicated in Figure 1 and described in the It is also possible to take the concept of developing equip- subsequent sections of this article. ment specifications a step further and actually participate in the Voltage sags and momentary interruptions are the most overall facility design. This would include layout of the facili- important power quality variations affecting many industrial ty loads to improve power quality performance and to achieve and commercial customers. The descriptions of specific ser- the most economical design for power conditioning equipment. vices focus on the applications to help solve problems with The layout should assure that the facility loads do not interfere these power quality variations. The concepts are equally with each other (e.g. voltage notching from converters) and applicable to problems associated with capacitor switching should provide convenient grouping of sensitive loads for transients or harmonic distortion levels but the specific types of power conditioning. For instance, process controls will almost investigations, equipment, and solutions would be different. always justify power conditioning and a common supply for the process controls can greatly reduce the power conditioning CHARACTERIZING THE POWER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT costs. The first important task in establishing compatibility between the electrical supply and the facility operations is to INVESTIGATING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS characterize the expected quality of the supply. Standards like Once the customer facility is in operation, power quality IEC 1000-2-2 provide some basic guidelines for the levels of problems may be encountered. Customers do not usually have power quality that can be expected but these specifications are the expertise to investigate these problems, identify the causes, inadequate to actually evaluate the economics of providing and develop options for solving the problem. Electric utilities power conditioning to all or parts of a facility. have been helping their customers investigate these problems The electricity supplier can characterize the expected that may involve interaction between the supply system and the power quality at the customer location in much more detail. customer facility for a number of years. Utilities have devel-

26 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:11 PM Page 27

oped groups of power these investigations (also quality engineers, pur- from the EPRI/BPA Power chased monitoring Quality Workbook). equipment, and Significant expertise is obtained required ana- developing over time by lytical tools for these performing a large number investigations. The of these investigations for a need for these investi- wide range of different cus- gations will continue, tomers. Tools like EPRI’s even with improved PQ Database can help orga- designs of the facili- nize the results of these ties for compatibility investigations and provide a with the power quality starting point for new engi- environment. It will neers that require training continue to be easier and background on previ- and more economical ous investigations. for the electricity sup- Figure 3. Example of contour plot of expected voltage sag performance in plier to maintain the terms of magnitude and duration. TESTING EQUIPMENT required expertise and PERFORMANCE tools to perform these investigations than processes. The investigations may Power quality investigations usually for each customer to make the large require monitoring to characterize both involve a problem with equipment mal- investment required. the power quality and the equipment sen- functions during power quality varia- The investigations will usually sitivity. Simulations may be needed for tions. It is difficult to solve these prob- involve problems of compatibility extrapolation to other system conditions lems without an understanding of the between the supply system electrical and to evaluate possible solutions from a equipment sensitivity to power quality characteristics and the power quality technical perspective. Figure 5 illustrates variations. Unfortunately, this informa- requirements of specific equipment or the general procedure for performing tion is often not available from manufac-

…when you can have this!

Why this…? Voltages to 138 KV Standard Configuration to 10 MVA No onsite Erection or Oil Processing Savings up to 50% Over Conventional Designs

HIGH VOLTAGE PADMOUNT SUBSTATION

www.partnertechnologies.net Contact: [email protected] Designed in partnership with Manitoba Hydro

January 2007 27 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:11 PM Page 28

turers and, therefore, must spread the risks associated with getting be obtained from testing in into the business of providing the the field and the laborato- power quality improvement solutions. ry. EPRI started the Power The first important task in establish- Quality Test Facility as ing compatibility between the electri- part of the Power cal supply and the facility operations is Electronics Application to characterize the expected quality of Center to support utility the supply. Standards like IEC 1000-2- needs for these testing ser- 2 provide some basic guidelines for the vices. Figure 6 is an exam- levels of power quality that can be ple of voltage sag ride expected but these specifications are through characteristics that can be obtained from PROVIDING POWER QUALITY laboratory tests. Efforts INFORMATION SERVICES are under way to provide Once the customer facility is opera- more complete testing tional, there is an ongoing need for specifications to charac- power quality information (often in terize equipment perfor- Figure 4. Types of power quality evaluations to consider in conjunction with information about mance during power qual- developing equipment and performance specifications. overall energy use). The power quality ity variations. These are performance information can be pro- the System Compatibility vided by the electricity supplier so that Testing Guidelines. the customer does not have to maintain specialized expertise. DESIGNING The information reported back to SOLUTIONS the customer can be in summary form Once the equipment with a focus on recommendations to sensitivity is known and improve performance and information the system performance is verifying proper operation of equip- characterized, possible ment and the system. technologies to solve the The backbone of a power quality power quality problem can information service will be a power be identified. The results quality monitoring system that can track of the preliminary power performance both on the supply system quality evaluations will and within customer facilities (e.g. at identify potential compati- sensitive loads or power conditioning bility problems and possi- equipment). EPRI has developed the ble solutions that can be PQView program as part of the Power implemented for each type Quality Diagnostic System to help man- of problem (e.g. improved Figure 5. Procedure for evaluating power quality problems. age the large amounts of power quality equipment ride through data that must be continuously collected characteristics, harmonic filtering, capacitor switching con- from around the system. The system allows the utility to provide trol). Treating all of the power quality concerns together, it may individual customers with access to the data in the form of sum- be possible to design a more economic alternative for provid- mary reports and documentation for individual events via the ing the required level of power quality. For instance, power World Wide Web. conditioning equipment that provides ride through support and Ongoing monitoring has the advantage of identifying any harmonic control could eliminate the need for harmonic filters. problems quickly and providing the information necessary to This evaluation should use a system perspective Ð the most characterize the problem. Many equipment problems can be economical method of solving the problem could be on the util- identified from changes in the power quality levels (e.g. com- ity side of the meter. Only the electricity supplier can really ponent failures in power electronics equipment cause changed take the system perspective in designing an optimum solution. harmonic generating characteristics, switching problems will result in higher transient overvoltages, filter component failures IMPLEMENTING AND MAINTAINING SOLUTIONS will cause unbalanced harmonic levels, etc.). Over time, equip- It is possible to take the service opportunity one step fur- ment sensitivity to power quality variations is characterized in ther and actually implement the solution for the customer. This much more detail so that additional power conditioning frees the customer to focus on the job of running his business requirements can be identified and optimized. while outsourcing functions that can be provided more effi- ciently as a purchased service. The electricity supplier will PROVIDING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND have to develop staff or contractors for installation of equip- OPERATION SERVICES ment within the customer facilities and for periodic mainte- This type of service was described above under installing nance of the equipment. This is a very important service oppor- and maintaining the solutions to power quality problems. The tunity for utilities as they look for new revenue opportunities service can be offered as a general service to customers for from their existing customer base. There are opportunities for operating and maintaining power conditioning equipment. The alliances with power conditioning equipment vendors that can supplier would develop expertise in specific types of power

28 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:11 PM Page 29

conditioning equipment and can to have a close working rela- achieve economies in the main- tionship? Will utilities have tenance of the equipment the same incentives to help through larger volumes (spare customers? Will they be parts, required equipment for looking to convert all of the maintenance, ongoing monitor- services to income-produc- ing of performance to identify ing opportunities? maintenance needs, etc.). This There is no question again frees the customer to focus that customers will continue on the core business. to have problems. Manufacturing processes PROVIDING GUARANTEED are more integrated and POWER QUALITY automation is the name of PERFORMANCE CONTRACTS the game. If any component The customer might not in the whole process is even be interested in the specific impacted by a power quality technologies needed to make variation, the whole process sure his/her process operate in a Figure 6. Example of equipment ride through capability based is interrupted. So, where reliable manner. All the cus- on testing. will customers go for help tomer wants is a guarantee that in the deregulated environ- the system will reliably provide the 4. Equipment specifications and design. ment when they are buying power from power needed to keep the facility opera- The last alternative is ideal for a long one electric utility, it is being wheeled tional. It would be up to the service term solution but is often not practical across the transmission system of anoth- provider to make sure that the combina- when trying to improve the operation of er utility, it is being delivered by a third tion of the supply system and any needed an existing facility. utility, and it is being metered by some- power conditioning equipment meets the The customer need for this service one else? needs of the specific process involved. and the price he/she is willing to pay will This service requires an understanding of depend on the costs of a power quality MAINTAINING KEY CUSTOMERS the system, the process, the specific problem at the facility and the suscepti- Commercial building operators and equipment in the process, and the types bility of the process. EPRI is developing manufacturing facility managers will not of power conditioning equipment that the economic analysis tools to evaluate want to deal with three or more different could be employed. The service would the economics of different solutions as a utilities to get their problems solved. have to be priced based on the level of module of the Power Quality Diagnostic Customers will want to make sure that power quality that must be maintained System. their power quality issues are handled as and the penalties associated with a power part of their overall electricity (or energy) quality problem. WHY SHOULD THE ELECTRICITY contract. This makes power quality Solutions to maintain the required SUPPLIER OFFER THESE SERVICES? issues one of the areas of differentiation level of power quality can be optimized Electric utilities have built power that can help utilities keep their most by the supplier. The options for improv- quality programs as customer service important customers. For instance, the ing power quality are evaluated at four functions to help customers improve their special contracts that the automotive different levels: operations and achieve compatibility with companies negotiated with both Detroit 1. Supply system modifications and the electric supply characteristics. As Edison and Consumers Power include equipment that affect multiple customers. deregulation takes hold of the utility payments for momentary interruptions to 2. Service entrance technologies. industry, what will happen to this theme the facilities and on line monitoring of all 3. Power conditioning at equipment of cooperation between customers and power quality variations to help evaluate locations within a facility. their electric utilities? Will they continue the impacts on production. In return, the

January 2007 29 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/23/07 11:53 AM Page 30

automotive companies signed long term the margins on traditional electricity contracts with these suppliers. sales will become less and less as dereg- REGULATION ulation takes over. Power quality will have to be regu- THE ENERGY SERVICES COMPANY When technologies and expertise lated. As deregulation takes over the Evaluation of power quality con- are developed to offer a range of ser- industry, the temptation to let the level of cerns and implementation of power vices, the services can be offered world- service and investment in the system quality improvement technologies are wide, not just in a traditional service ter- deteriorate is obvious. Regulators will part of a much larger concept that is tak- ritory. The power quality services want to prevent this be requiring some ing hold throughout the utility industry - described in this paper illustrate the basic level of quality and reliability. the Energy Services Business. Utilities range of services that can be integrated Indices are being developed and stan- are looking for ways to offer services to into the Energy Services business con- dardized to facilitate the characterizing their traditional customer base because cept. of power quality levels on the system (IEEE 1159-1992 provided a starting point by standardizing the definitions). EPRI recently completed a 2 year moni- toring project to provide benchmark indices describing power quality levels on distribution systems in the United States. The Europeans have already started the process with the Euronorms (EN50160) that define levels of power quality that can be expected in a number of important categories (harmonics, flicker, regulation, unbalance, distur- bances). Utilities will have to report power quality performance statistics and make sure that the performance does not sig- nificantly deteriorate over time. The reg- ulations governing power quality will be part of the overall regulations for operat- ing the distribution part of the electricity supply business (often called the lines company). This will require more system monitoring and analytical tools to pre- dict performance as part of the system design process. The regulations will only address a base level of power quality and will be evaluated on a system-wide basis. They will not change the need for power qual- ity investigations and services that are targeted to individual customers.

WHAT WILL THE POWER QUALITY PROGRAM LOOK LIKE? Power quality programs of the future will have a number of very impor- tant functions. ¥ They will coordinate system mon- itoring and analyses to benchmark sys- tem performance, evaluate problem con- ditions, and prioritize system invest- ments to improve performance. ¥ They will coordinate with system planning and design groups to include the evaluation of power quality impacts in the system design process. ¥ They will provide a full range of services for customers both within and outside their traditional service territo- ries. These will include in-plant monitor- ing services with on-line analysis of per-

30 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 31

formance and recommendations for system improvements. They will install and main- tain equipment to improve performance and energy efficiency. They will analyze specif- ic problems and develop solutions and then follow through with actual implementation management. á They will develop alliances with equipment manufacturers and other service providers in order to offer system solutions to customers and take advantage of quantity discounts. They will develop expertise in these products and services so that there is an added value to the customer. á The power quality services will be integrated with much larger service pack- ages that will include a full information sys- tem for the customer (power quality, energy use, billing information, equipment perfor- mance, etc.), energy management functions, and equipment maintenance contracts. Deregulation will not mean the end of power quality evaluations as an important function within the electric utility industry. On the contrary, power quality is only increasing in importance as competition becomes the standard and utilities look for new ways to service their customer base. The information, tools, and techniques being developed through EPRI’s Power Quality Program provide the basis for developing and providing a complete range of power quality services.

YOU SAID IT...

Douglas Pfaff, an engineering assis- tant with SaskTel in Regina, Saskatchewan writes, “Keep the interest- ing articles coming on current and future trends in the industry.”

Matt Chisolm, a journeyman with Joule Electric Service in Oxford, Alabama writes, “I enjoy your newslet- ter; it’s very informative. I own and sole- ly operate a small electric company. I’m a full-time industrial electronic controls mechanic (civilian) for the US army at night and run my electrical business pret- ty successfully on a part-time basis; I just wanted to let you know to keep up the good work.”

Ed Torres, who performs electrical maintenance at KSBE-Maui in Wailuku, Hawaii writes, “Good job! Thank you for such a wonderful and informative publi- cation! I wish I knew about it sooner! Keep up the good work!”

January 2007 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 32

SYSTEM SECURITY

CONTROL SYSTEM SECURITY: DYNAMIC THREAT RESPONSE

By Ron Derynck, Director, Product Strategies, Verano

The time between a cyber vulnera- bility being discovered and when mali- cious code becomes available to exploit it is steadily declining Ð to the point that experts are predicting same day attack scenarios. But control system security solutions are often designed for a static security environment and therefore do not match the reality of today’s threat. Just as an organization monitors multiple sources of information and adjusts con- trols to protect their physical plant, orga- nizations must also monitor multiple sources of cyber information and adjust controls accordingly to protect crucial electronic systems. Attempting to manually respond to heightened threat situations is slow, error prone and often leads to misconfigured devices that compromise future security. This paper describes pre-planning a set of Figure 1. Exploit Times Are Decreasing (Source NISCC) response actions that can be easily invoked according to current threat levels. nologies usually involves tradeoffs productive to now put access restrictions INTRODUCTION between the degree of protection provid- in place. After years of hearing about vulner- ed and ease of access and data inter- Making the right tradeoff between abilities in their computers and the dan- change between the control system and increased security and ease of access can gers attributable tocyber threats, manu- the corporate network. After spending be difficult because the cyber threat level facturers and utilities now accept that most of the last decade integrating con- varies over time. Exploits and the dam- they have to take steps to secure their trol systems with the rest of the corporate age they cause is unpredictable. Faced control systems. Defining security poli- network Ð to deliver business benefits with this unknown danger, the best strat- cies and implementing protection tech- such as greater agility Ð it seems counter egy is to continuously monitor network

W HY ? x PCORE is North America’s only company 100% focused on the manufacturing of capacitance-graded bushings, and related components, for transformers and OCBs, in the ANSI and CSA marketplace. x PCORE proudly holds an ISO 9001:2000 registration through the Quality Management Institute — The 1st North American bushing company to become ISO certified. An independent domestic manufacturer, we x PCORE offers a wide range of products; 15kV-69kV PRC® Bushings, 25kV-500kV POC® Bushings, and will provide tailored solutions to the North 25kV GSU Bushings as well as time and cost saving products & services; PCORE® Test Terminals, TM American electric industry for bushings and Bushing Repair and the patented Quick Link Bushing. related components. We are committed to x PCORE’s website provides many tools to assist our customers; Bushing Catalog, Cross-Reference Guide, delivering the best possible value to our Suffix Explanations, Technical Documents, Certified Test Reports, Sales Rep Locator and more! customers, employees, owners, vendors & community.

www.pcoreelectric.com

32 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 33

activity and the external environment. Then, when required, a predefined response plan can be activated to scale back non-essential ser- vices to isolate and protect the more critical assets. In this approach the tradeoff between ease of access and tight security varies with the severity of the threat level and is therefore referred to as dynamic threat response

EVOLVING THREATS The UK’s National Infrastructure Security Coordination Center (NISCC) Q4, 2004 newsletter presented data illustrating that the Figure 2. Dynamic Threat Response Process time between a vulnerability being discovered and an exploit for it becoming active on the Internet decreased dramatically between 2003 and 2004. (from perimeter protection appliance. This approach allows the secu- 200 days in the case of “slammer” to 20 days in the case of rity level to be matched to the current threat level, shortens “sasser”). In Figure 1, vulnerability refers to a weakness in response time to new threats and eliminates configuration software code that creates a security hole and an exploit is the errors that occur when network administrators scramble to re- malware that takes advantage of the security hole. act to changing threat situations. The severity of the cyber threat varies over time. A new Some examples of the dynamic threat responses include: exploit, a fast spreading worm or an increased DHS threat ¥ When the DHS threat level rises from elevated to high, level should trigger organizations to increase their “cyber alert disconnect all normally permissible external connec- level” – just as it does with their physical alert level. tions (e.g. VPNs) and quarantine all incoming attach- Temporary measures such as requiring higher security clear- ments with high-risk file types (e.g. .exe, .com, etc.). ances, the closure of various means of physical access, or an ¥ When the DCS Administrator certifies external mainte- increase of surveillance patrols are common response in the nance services are authorized, allow connections from physical realm. However, many cybersecurity solutions are the DCS vendor for a specified period of time. designed for a ¥ When the control system perimeter appliance detects a static security environment and do not match the reality of today’s threat situation.

SECURITY CHOICES The Quality Name Faced with a variable threat environment, organizations typically make one of two choices. in High Voltage Switching 1. The organization lives with a fixed cybersecurity pol- icy. In many cases, this policy will be either too loose for a high threat environment or too restrictive for normal operation. The former places revenue generation, safety, the environment and corporate image at risk from attackers, malware or other threats that increase with elevated threat levels. The latter has an immediate impact on profitability, since it hampers access to data used for optimization, planning and dispatch on an on- going basis. It also tends to create friction with departments seeking legitimate access. 2. The organization attempts to manually implement a dynamic cyber security policy. This manual process, which typically involves disconnecting modems, reconfiguring fire- wall rules via command line and unplugging ports is slow, ineffective and subject to a multitude of errors, such as inad- vertent misconfiguration of the firewall rules. As a result, such • Circuit Switchers • Motor Operators an approach may actually lead to lower, rather than higher • Load & Line Switchers • Power Fuses security, increased costs, and reduced operational agility. • Capacitor Switches • Upgrades & Retrofits • Air Disconnect Switches • Parts & Service DYNAMIC THREAT RESPONSE • Grounding Switches • Training Obviously these approaches are neither a satisfactory nor • Hookstick Switches • Tech support an effective means of protecting critical assets, such as control systems, from cyber attacks. To better address the require- Southern States, LLC ments for dynamic cyber security management, organizations 30 Georgia Avenue Hampton, GA 30228 should consider an approach such as that illustrated in Figure Phone: 770-946-4562 2. Here various threat levels are monitored and used to select Fax: 770-946-8120

from a set of pre-planned lock down settings. These settings www.souterhnstatesllc.com email: [email protected] then automatically download appropriate policy rules to the

January 2007 33 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 34

predetermined level of virus or intrusion activity from the corpo- rate LAN, disable all corporate connections to the control environ- ment, but continue to allow access to resources in a DMZ (de-milita- rized zone). To implement a dynamic threat response system, organizations should consider the following steps: 1. Develop policies that identify ject need control system expertise. provides a simple means of implement- how the organization will reduce its 2. Evaluate threats and select lead- ing pre-configured policies by changing cyber risk profile. This step requires the ing indicators. By examining the differ- firewall access rules, content filtering identification of all communications ent categories of threats relevant to the rules and so forth. A security manage- between systems including source, desti- systems and organization, control system ment console designed for use in control nation and protocol used. Once identi- operators can identify the indicators that environments allows operators to imple- fied, they can be grouped into categories provide information on how those threats ment the policies with simple click of the based on their priority. Communications change. The table below provides a sam- mouse (given appropriate authorization essential to safe operation belong in one pling of sites that provide this informa- and authentication, of course). To category while those that provide ancillary tion, but there are many others that achieve the best results, appropriate information to office users belong in should be considered. Since statistics operational procedures and training another. The number of categories is arbi- show security incidents are generated should be developed to support the trary but three to five would be typical. The internally as often as they are generated dynamic threat management capability. number of categories is used to determine externally, systems operators should also Note that these capabilities need not the granularity of the dynamic response to include relevant internal indicators, such be applied only to security events, but varying threat levels. as alarm levels on control network security can be used to enhance operational pro- These policies must, of course, be management systems. cedures too. For instance, if maintenance developed with a strong knowledge of 3. Implement pre-configured poli- is periodically carried out on the historian the control environment. Staff or outside cies on the perimeter protection appli- in the DMZ, a policy that blocks the his- consulting resource assigned to the pro- ance. The perimeter protection appliance torian from any access can be imple- mented. This simplifies the process, and provides an electronic audit trail.

CONCLUSIONS Just as an organization monitors multiple sources of information and adjusts controls to protect their physical plant, organizations should also monitor multiple sources of cyber information and adjust controls accordingly to protect crucial electronic systems. Control system administrators can effectively address changing cyber secu- rity risk levels using security manage- ment systems that are available today. By utilizing the dynamic threat response concept, organizations can avoid having to trade-off ease of access for increased security. Instead, they can simply invoke stronger security policies when threat levels or malware activity warrant. Once the threat has abated switching back to the normal, less restrictive operating mode is just as simple. Attempting to manually respond to heightened threat situations is slow, error prone and often leads to misconfigured devices that compromise future security. Invoking pre-planned response actions is much more effective and certainly less error prone than scrambling to react to a virus outbreak or other threat indicator.

34 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 35

SUBSTATION

REBUILDING A SUBSTATION NETWORK WITHOUT BREAKING THE BANK

By Gerald H. Geall, Manitoba Hydro International

Manitoba Hydro is a Canadian up in building and re-building distribution gas and electric utility with a distribu- substations. A task force was created with tion system that serves half a million a mandate to investigate possible cost electric customers over almost reductions by re-defining the criteria and 200,000 square miles. In the late practices that guided the design, planning 1990s it carried out a review of all and installation of substations. distribution and sub-transmission The task force carried out an in- planning and design criteria and prac- depth look at current criteria and practices tices in order to identify areas where and identified some obvious opportunities. capital costs could be reduced while Things like the elimination of off-load maintaining present reliability. tapchanger where on-load tapchangers This review determined that were also specified and, specifying only a much of its annual capital outlay in single 65¡C temperature rise rather than a Padmount substations proved cost-effective distribution, in the order of $10 mil- for Manitoba Hydro. lion of the total $50 million, was tied Continued on page 37

Ask about our new TM1800 High End CB Testing System featuring DRM and new DCM "safe testing" Technologies

January 2007 35 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:20 PM Page 36

THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION OF THE UNITED TELECOM COUNCIL

May 6-9, 2007 Austin Convention Center Austin, TX

www.UTCTELECOM2007.utc.org

LEARNING. CONNECTING. CELEBRATING. The Critical Infrastructure Communications Experience!

JOIN US AT THESE SYMPOSIA!

Utility Wireless Communications Symposium Wireless Business Opportunities Symposium Broadband Over Power Line Symposium Advanced Metering Infrastructure Symposium Optical Networking Symposium SCADA & Control Systems Management Symposium

While you’re there, don’t miss UTC EXPO 2007!!

Be sure and say thanks to these sponsors on site

PREMIER SPONSOR

WCP Utilities ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:23 PM Page 37

SUBSTATION NETWORK responded positively to the RFP with a Continued from Page 35 proposal that included a concept drawing along with the requested price. This Canadian manufacturer, Partner dual 55¡/65¡C thermal rating were iden- Technologies Inc. (PTI) was the only one tified. If all the recommendations were willing to consider this out-of-the-box adopted, these changes were estimated to idea and put some form to the concept. save approximately $500,000 annually. Initial results indicated that a small 5 However, that only represented about 5% MVA pad-mounted substation with up to of the annual expenditures on distribu- 3 feeders could be installed for approxi- tion stations. mately half of the cost of a conventional An off-the-cuff remark about the station. The concept was proving its ini- ease and reasonable expense of putting tial assumptions in that it would be a down a pad-mounted distribution trans- very cost-effective way of serving the former in underground distribution was remote loads that seemed to be key dri- the spark that lit the imagination to do vers for most of the new stations. The just that. While first two of these instal- pad-mounted distri- lations were completed bution stations are in 2001, some 6-8 not a new concept, months after PTI was no one had heard of While pad-mounted distrib- given the go-ahead for anyone attempting ution stations are not a new the development. them at voltages of concept, no one had heard In the mostly 69 kV and above. forgotten past, stations of anyone attempting them Now might be the were smaller with a right time and pre- at voltages of 69 kV and few short feeders. The liminary estimates above. Now might be the equipment had exposed showed possible right time and preliminary live parts that required improvements of a station yard and fence close to 50% per estimates showed possible and a lot of mainte- station. improvements of close to nance. Today, for a All the compo- 50% per station. number of reasons, the nents for the distri- trend is to fewer but bution side of such larger stations with a station exist. longer feeders often Underground cables requiring capacitors at voltages 69 kV and above, while not and regulators for voltage support. The common, were also becoming more equipment still has exposed live parts available and cost efficient. What that require a larger yard, a fence and remained was to create a high voltage even more maintenance. This trend is a pad-mounted transformer. A Request for result of the rising cost of property, Proposals was issued to many North increasing load density, and the incredi- American transformer manufacturers ble effort and time delay involved in get- including multinational companies to ting a station approved, designed and more regional niche market manufactur- installed. ers. It called for 2.5 MVA and 5 MVA The HV pad-mounted substation designs that would incorporate power offers the ability to re-establish the conve- transformer class windings, tank design nience of the forgotten past with modern and meet the electrical and mechanical technology and equipment but without the requirements of ANSI C57 or CSA costly requirements of distribution stations Standard C88. It was to have an under- today. ground HV supply and an underground LV exit that was totally enclosed, secure 1) No live exposed parts and tamperproof to ANSI Standard C57 The HV live parts are completely but no external devices (such as fans) enclosed by tamperproof enclosure that might require a fence, no conserva- allowing for the elimination of the struc- tor tank, and no on-load tapchanger. The ture, overhead wiring and the fence. 5 MVA size was chosen for its match to the load of a large proportion of existing 2) Small station footprint rural stations and to the size of addition- Appropriate grounding designs al point loads appearing here and there on the system. Only one manufacturer Continued on page 39

January 2007 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:23 PM Page 38

CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION

8th Annual our Mark y calendar & be in San Antonio for the leadingof utility 2007! event

The integrated smart metering, billing & CIS toolkit for the NOW utility

• Over 100 speakers covering every aspect of advanced/smart metering and customer management

• Exhibition showcasing new trends and the latest and biggest names

• Super-sessions: Metering Mexico and Smart metering large scale roll- out SUPER WORKSHOP

Host utilities: Sponsors: May 7-11, 2007 San Antonio Participating utility: Member of: TEXAS, USA

Smart Metering > AMI > Meter Data Management > Customer Management > Smart Grids > Demand Response Management > Billing > CIS www.meteringamerica.com ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:23 PM Page 39

SUBSTATION NETWORK Continued from Page 37

exceeding the requirements of IEEE 80, devel- oped utilizing criteria for “worst realistic case” scenarios, ensure the safety of the public with respect to step and touch potential. Still, a 5 or 10 MVA station, with switching cubicle, circuit reclosers, station service transformer and regu- lators including the access driveway can fit onto a 100' x 100' lot.

3) Modular design The transformer that Manitoba Hydro spec- ifies is a 5 or 10 MVA transformer with no other internal features except an off-load tap switch. Although it can easily be manufactured in larger sizes, this size permits a number of features: a) a 10, 15 or 20 MVA installation can easily be created ifications as power transformers. Yet, the fact that they were with up to 3 units in parallel; conceived with a distribution mindset results in lower cost and b) the distribution equipment Ð pad-mounted regulators, shorter lead times. Manitoba Hydro is able to afford a stock of pad-mounted circuit reclosers, pad-mounted switching cubi- a limited number of these transformers for emergency replace- cles, pad-mounted transformers, etc. Ð is readily available to ment and/or very, very short lead times. create any combination of feeders with any required protection Manitoba Hydro has installed 14 of these transformers at and control; 10 sites in the last 5 years and is forecasting between 3 and 5 c) no pre-build for the future needed Ð only what is units per year. It has purchased a spare for every voltage com- needed today. In the larger stations of today, the steel work, the bination of transformer that it has employed to date. To date foundations and the yard of the future are often installed at the there are three installations serving point loads and 7 in the time of the initial construction. This is extra cost incurred today, along with the associated maintenance expense, for an unknown future Ð in many cases never realized. Aluminum Side-Opening 4) Short Feeders The small footprint and modular design permits this station Deadend (ASOD) to be placed almost anywhere and everywhere, and particularly, closer to the load. This results in shorter feeders and the bene- fits that arise from that.

5) Minimal maintenance The transformer Manitoba Hydro specifies does not include an on-load tapchanger. Regulators are used on the sec- ondary. There is no conservator tank and hence the most com- mon sources for moisture or carbon contamination of the oil have been eliminated. The only maintenance it foresees is the periodic cleaning of the HV compartment. Maintenance of the distribution equipment continues as per standard practice. To ensure any deterioration of the transformer is identified prior to a serious issue developing, the condition of the health of the transformers is being monitored. ASOD Series of bolted strain clamp deadends decrease installation time with the following features: 6) Run-to-end-of-life • Spring-loaded keeper The transformer is designed to be easily moved onto or off • Side Opening the foundation and so is designed to be in place until end-of- • Captive Nuts life with only minimal maintenance. In Manitoba Hydro, sys- HUBBELL CANADA LP tems have been put in place to permit the transformer to be 870 Brock Road South • Pickering, ON L1W 1Z8 Phone: (905) 839-1138 • Fax: (905) 839-6353 replaced within 8 hours. This is less than the time criterion for www.HubbellPowerSystems.ca POWER SYSTEMS,INC. the connection of the portable station that Manitoba Hydro uses HUBBELL POWER SYSTEMS, INC. for single bank stations in the event of a transformer failure. 210 N. Allen • Centralia, Mo 65240 Phone: (573) 682-5521 • Fax: (573) 682-8714 7) A Power Transformer in a Distribution Mindset HUBBELL DE MEXICO, S.A. DE.. CV Av. Coyoacan No. 1051 • Col. Del Valle • 03100 Mexico, D.F. The tank and internals of the transformer, including the Phone: (525) 575-2022 • Fax: (525) 559-8626 core and windings, are designed to the same standard and spec-

January 2007 39 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:23 PM Page 40

role of a more typical distribu- tion station. The stations from concept to in-service have been installed as quickly as 6 months. If it were to utilize a trans- former from stock, this could be shortened to as little as a couple of months. The only other addi- tional material that Manitoba Hydro now stocks is the HV cable and termina- dollars Ð a minimum of $100,000 and a maximum of $750,000 tions. Ð due primarily to the savings in property costs, the reduction The transformers purchased to date have been 66 kV pri- in the civil works of the “station yard” (but not the ground mary or 66 kV x 33 kV dual voltage primary. Secondary voltages grid), the elimination of the overhead structures, foundations have been either 4kV, 12 kV or 25 kV. and fence, and reduced transformer costs. A patent from the US Patent Office for the HV pad- The High Voltage Padmount concept has evolved to mounted transformer enclosure is in place. This patent recog- include voltages to 138kV. Units are shipped fully assembled, nizes the unique concept of enclosing HV equipment above 50 complete with oil, in sizes 10MVA and under. Some units uti- kV, such as a transformer, with an enclosure to make such lize soy based Envirotemp FR3. A recent development is the equipment suitable to be installed without a fence. availability of solid dielectric primary high voltage connectors The installations have saved Manitoba Hydro millions of which eliminates the live bushings.

40 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 41

 




 
 


     


           

      

    !
"#$  % # &%'( )! &* ' )! &+   )!  ) ',) # &-+-)    '$ &"%  &   
.#' /'
 '  
 # )     




   ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 42

TESTING

REGULAR FIELD TESTING EXTENDS EQUIPMENT LIFE

Utilities are extending the service ment. When you wish to test the equip- nal to the test set takes only a matter of life of their existing equipment through ment, you first de-energize the power bus. minutes. What’s more, depending on the regular field testing. Then you back off the four captive bolts equipment you’re testing and its location, For example, PCORE Test Terminals at the top of the test terminal and loosen testing can often be accomplished without allow utilities to perform field dielectric the four bottom bolts to let the terminal’s a boom or bucket truck, or extra person- tests of substation equipment such as blades swing out in an open position. nel. transformers and circuit breakers faster, With the bus grounded, the equipment is By reducing boom & bucket truck safer and at a substantial savings to alter- now isolated from the power bus and you time by up to 60% for the typical mainte- native testing methods. may perform standard dielectric tests. nance interval you eliminate some safety The test terminal functions as an During testing, the equipment is risk to your employees and save thou- electrical switch permanently connected energized by the high voltage cable from sands of dollars per outage. Additionally, in series between the power bus and the the Doble test set, and the center casting because the test terminal makes it possible equipment to be tested, eliminating the of the terminal is connected to the test to isolate virtually any substation equip- need to physically remove the power bus set’s “guard” so any stray leakage current ment from its power bus, without having during testing. is bypassed and returned to the test set to physically remove the power bus, it In the closed position, the test termi- without being measured. eliminates the risk of equipment damage nal permits electrical power to be trans- Loosening and tightening the bolts on associated with other testing methods. ferred from the power bus to the equip- the test terminal and connecting the termi- By extending the service life of

How do you create energy without exhausting the environment? Ask Golder.

We’ll be at Golder generates powerful solutions. It’s a tough balancing act. How to APPrO Conference supply the world’s growing energy needs, but not at nature’s expense? Tough balancing acts Stop by and visit us are Golder’s forte. With over 45 years’ experience on every continent, under many jurisdictions, at booth # 225 we can help you site, build, operate or decommission your plant, while respecting social and regulatory expectations. For renewable and non-renewable energy projects, hydroelectric or nuclear, Golder generates solutions that work. Global Issues. Local Solutions.

North America +1800 275 3281 South America +562 233 5868 Australia +61 7 3721 5400 Africa +27 11 254 4800 Europe +44 1628 586 213 Asia +62 21 252 1975 www.golder.com/power

www.golder.com

42 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 43

existing substation equipment ment which can benefit from period- without performing periodic field ic measurement of power factor or tests, you face the risk of that dissipation factor, including: equipment failing electrically, - Bushings on power transformers resulting in expensive downtime, - Bushings on SF6 gas circuit breakers lost revenue, and costly repair & (both live and dead tank versions) replacement. On the other hand, if - Bushings on air blast breakers you perform regular field tests - Bushings on bulk oil circuit breakers without test terminals, your testing - Lightning arresters costs can be significant. Because - Current transformers the test terminal makes it so easy to - Voltage transformers test your substation equipment, it Different terminal configu- allows you to extend the equip- rations are available for the top and ment’s service life without these bottom castings to tailor the test ter- added risks and testing costs. minal for each application. Terminal Consider a typical mainte- configurations include spades with nance interval to complete testing custom drillings, smooth and thread- on a 345kV bulk-oil circuit breaker to be 5 days. If a test ter- ed studs, smooth and threaded female stud connectors, and cus- minal is installed on the equipment, dielectric testing would tom drillings in the face of the top and bottom copper castings. require a boom truck only on the first and last day of the main- Through system voltages of 230 kV, the Test Terminal is used tenance interval, thus saving 3 days, or 24 hours, of boom truck without corona rings. At 345 kV, one corona ring is recom- time. You would accrue this same 3-day savings for the bucket mended. At 500 kV and 765 kV, two rings are recommended. truck used in conjunction with the boom truck. Further, you In December 2006, the aluminum test terminal was intro- would save approximately 7 hours for a typical 5-man crew duced to the marketplace as an alternative to the existing cop- since there is no need to bend, physically remove, and recon- per model. Weighing as much as 55% less than the equivalent nect bus runs before and after the testing. copper version, the aluminum test terminal adds an even greater The test terminal may be used with any substation equip- level of convenience & safety to the industry. %LECTRICITY4ODAY-AGAZINEHALFPAGEADPDF 0-

)NDUSTRY3TANDARD#OMMUNICATION0ROTOCOLS#AN3AVE4IME-ONEYON9OUR.EXT0ROJECT $.0 )%#  AND-ODBUSCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLSTANDARDSAREWIDELYUSEDINMODERN3#!$!SYSTEMS ANDHAVEPROVENTHEMSELVESINAWIDEARRAYOFMISSIONCRITICALAPPLICATIONSUNDERHARSHOPERATIONENVIRONMENTS

4RIANGLE-ICRO7ORKSOFFERSPROVENSOLUTIONSFORYOURCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLDEVELOPMENTNEEDS

3OURCE#ODE,IBRARIES 3#!$!$ATA'ATEWAY 4EST(ARNESS hINSTALLDIRECTLYINTARGETHARDWAREv h/0##LIENT3ERVER $ATA hAUTOMATEDTEST -ASTER/UTSTATION #ONCENTRATOROR0ROTOCOL4RANSLATORv 0ROTOCOL-ONITORING3IMULATIONv

5DOHLJK1RUWK&DUROLQD86$7HOHSKRQHHPDLOVDOHV#7ULDQJOH0LFUR:RUNVFRPZZZ7ULDQJOH0LFUR:RUNVFRP

January 2007 43 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 44

RELAYS

DEALING WITH PROBLEMS IN OUTPUT RELAYS USED IN MICROPROCESSOR-BASED PROTECTION DEVICES - PART I By Gurevich Vladimir, Ph.D., Professor, Israel Electric Corp., Central Electric Laboratory

It is the second publication of the author about noncon- formance of parameters of subminiature output relays used in microprocessor-based protective devices to actual operation conditions and standards. This article suggests modifications of standards and also reveals concrete technical recommenda- tion for solution to this problem.

INTRODUCTION Conversion from electromechanical and static to micro- processor-based protection devices (MPD) is frequently accompanied by a number of technical problems, usually unknown to the consumer. One of these problems is noncon- formance of subminiature electromechanical relays (SER), used as output elements of MPD, to the parameters specified in the MPD data sheet, actual standards, and real operation conditions. After the publication of the results of this research,

Fig.1. Dependence of current (I); (L) is load. I1 – current breaking at low inductance of load; I2 – current breaking at high inductance of load; t1 – bouncing period; t2 – start moving of core in trip solenoid; t3 – stop moving of core in trip solenoid

the author discovered an earlier publication in which experts from Vector Power Solutions Ltd, General Electric and National Grid Transco also noticed these discrepancies. In addition, the author has received responses to his article from experts of SER Manufacturers, from the Technical Committee 94 (All-or-nothing electric relays) of the IEC; and from other specialists. Thus, we can assume that the existence of this problem is confirmed and recognized by the international engi- neering public. The purpose of this publication is to research ways of solving this problem.

NONCONFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF MPD OUTPUT CONTACTS TO PARAMETERS OF SER As MPDs are devices that work only in emergency modes, the frequency of their operation and total number of operations for all service life are very insignificant (we shall show, 103 operations) in comparison with the normal number of the oper- ations allowable for SER (105 Ð 106). As erosion of contacts at switching has a cumulative character, it is abundantly clear that SER manufacturers set limitations on the switching abili- ty of contacts, proceeding from what is accepted as usual for them (that is a large number of operations). It is, therefore, possible to expect that for a number of operations 100 Ð 1000 times less than what is usually accepted for SER, (the top rod)

44 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 45

Table 1. Switching capability of subminiature electromechanical relays using in MPD

in limitations on their switching ability can be essentially would appear that this situation is not so un-equivocal, and increased. more likely paradoxical, because at turn-on of the inductive An especially heavy mode for SER contacts, it is consid- load by relay contacts, the current through the contacts ered a mode of switching of inductive loads at DC voltages as increases smoothly. Increasing inductance causes the current high as 125V and 250V (standard voltages of a DC system on to increase more slowly. At the same time, contact bouncing substations and power stations). According to the data sheet on with impact occurs only at the initial stage of the making SER, used today in MPD, none of them can be used for work process, prolonging a very limited time period, usually not in such conditions. This limitation is absolutely correct in the exceeding 3 Ð 4 ms for subminiature relays and not dependent formal view and completely supported by manufacturers. on load inductance. This brings about a paradoxical situation: However, when taking this question into consideration, it is necessary to take into account that “switching” for SER must be understood as a “full cycle”, that is both part of the “switching” cycle inclusive: and making and breaking of a circuit. Actually, in the full cycle mode while in MPD it works only the contacts of the internal SER which is intended for control of other (out- side) auxiliary relays. The most powerful MPD contacts are intended only for turning-on (making) without breaking the trip coil of the high- voltage circuit breaker (CB). Disconnection (break) of the trip coil circuit from the DC power supply is carried out by their own powerful auxiliary contacts of the CB. Hypothetically only, making of contacts does not affect the electric arc between the contacts and, consequently, there should not be any special limitations for turn-on of inductive load at a DC voltage of 125 Ð 250 V. The problem appears because the actu- al contact making process is accompanied by repeated impacts (making) and bounces (breaking) of contacts. In other words, there is no “pure” turn-on without turn-off Ð it simply does not exist. Even single breaking as mentioned above (an inductive load of 10 Ð 15 A at DC voltage 125 Ð 250 V), will produce a high energy electrical arc between SER contacts which may weld them together. In addition, at enlarging of load induc- tance, the more energy exuded on contacts increases the prob- ability of welding. For this reason, the DC switching capabili- ty specified in the data sheet on SER for active load at voltages up to 30V only, may not even close them to required values. This is also the reason that there are not any separations between various kinds of switching modes because of the dan- ger of even single switching-off with a powerful arc on con- tacts. It is interesting that this approach is accepted not only by SER manufacturers, but also by the corresponding committee on standardization at the IEC. However, more detailed consideration of this problem, it

January 2007 45 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 46

Table 2. Switching capacity of contacts depending on the type of load for control electromagnets, valves and solenoid actuators IN and UN rated values of currents and voltages of electric loads switched by relay contacts

the more inductance of load, the less the value of current that cific mode is necessary. On the basis of this research SER is broken off by contact bouncing during the making process companies/manufacturers should add technical specifications (fig. 1). This means that the standard reasoning stated above in to relays in a mode of very infrequent making of inductive that specific situation is not relevant and the real capacity of loads at DC voltages of 125 and 250? (tab. 1). If, besides the SER contacts making an inductive load which may be bringing MPD manufacturers to audit technical specifications much higher. and eliminate obvious mistakes regarding switching capability Because MPD are very important and crucial devices of the output relay contacts described here, there can be a dif- which determine working ability of a major sector of the econ- ference between the parameters written in the specifications of omy, urgent research for functioning SER contacts in this spe- MPD and SER (albeit not that much).

NONCONFORMANCE TO ACTUAL STANDARDS IN MPD ® OUTPUT CONTACT PARAMETERS VERIFY YOUR TRANSFORMER Some standards are considered as universal, for example CONDITION WITHF REQUENCY IEC 60947-4, and also the new 3 edition of IEC standard RAESPONSE NALYSIS 61810-1 (presently applied at the stage of consideration) the relay contacts switching capability (in category DC-13), when corresponding to a certain mode, consider separate make and break inductive loads. According to these standards the switch- ISO 9001 Phenix Technologies CERTIFIED offers the Model FRA-100 ing capability of these contacts for make and for break is iden- tical and equals 100% of rated current in a mode of normal • PC Based analysis switching, and 110% in a mode of infrequent switching. Such • Fast—Test can be performed ratios obviously specify that at their definition the phenome- in approximately 30 minutes non of bouncing contacts and probability of circuit breaks with • Detects changes in winding an inductive load at a full current were taken into account. That structure is, without taking into account the conclusions formulated ear- • Does not require historical lier. In a concrete considered mode, it is possible to allow con- data for analysis siderably higher currents at make contacts. In our opinion, • Provide an Objective Winding these standards should be edited by adding, in view of the Analysis on 3-phase transformers above-mentioned reasons, a special switching mode, used in • Measures in higher frequency MPD (table 2). ranges to increase sensitivity • Lightweight and compact IMPROVEMENT OF MPD BY MANUFACTURERS We also offer: Carrying out of all the necessary stages of SER testing in • AC and DC Hipots Contact the specified mode, entering corrections into the technical doc- • Megohmmeters Phenix High Voltage • Insulation Analyzers umentation, and especially correction of standards, is a long High Current • Portable High Current Testers Technologies enough process which can take years. During this time, the • Circuit Breaker Test Systems High Power with your problem may be solved by MPD manufacturers independently, Test Systems • Recloser Test Systems testing • Motor and Transformer with no connection to this process. We shall consider probable and Components Test Systems requirements And much more! ways for solving this problem.

116 Industrial Drive • Accident, Maryland 21520 U.S.A. Use of compact relays intended specially for switching Phone (301) 746-8118 • Fax (301) 895-5570 inductive load at 125 Ð 250V DC. For such ability the contact www.phenixtech.com system of the relays incorporated a blow-out magnet, placed

46 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 47

between contacts. Magnetic field of the magnet interacts with DC arc between contacts and rapidly repulsing it away from the contacts at their breaking. Many companies produce such relays today, (fig. 2). Some of them are suitable for installation on the printed-circuit-board (PCB). For example, the JC2aF-H73 pro- duced by Matsushita, IG2C-24VDCM, produced by Kuhnke, etc. Application of such relays can appear effective not only for making of the CB trip coils used in usual schemes, in view of what was stat- ed above, but much more for making of these coils in special schemes with the Table 3. Parameters of some modern thyristors, suitable for using as output elements of forcing capacitor which creates a high MPD current pulse through the coil (and con- tacts, of course) in the initial stage of the and voltages of 1200 Ð 1600V, complete hold current of not less than 50 Ð 70 mA making process for it acceleration, fig.3. with varistors, as the powerful output and they should not remain in the con- For this specific but widely used scheme, contact of MPD which is intended only ductive condition under action of small- the reasoning regarding small current for making (without breaking) the trip current so-called “supervision relays”. value is that breaking by contacts at coil of the circuit breaker. Modern thyris- There should be a supervising service- bouncing in the initial stage of the tors with such parameters (tab. 3), have ability of all trip circuits by means of process is not so relevant, therefore use small sizes (fig. 4), and in view of the having a small current passing through it of such relays may be very effective. short duration of current passing through (approx. 15 Ð 20 mA). Thyristors have For wider usage, it is desirable to them, can be used without Heatsink. have thyristors for currents of 30 Ð 70A Thyristors should be chosen with a Continued on page 49

POWERTECH LABS INC. Insulating Fluid Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Training

Powertech offers a 4-day training • Interpret test result and use them course on “Insulating Fluid Analysis for diagnostic purposes and Advanced Diagnostics”. We • Set up a testing program for have combined our extensive maintenance to save time and experience and knowledge into an money easy to understand package. Course modules Date of course • Insulating Oil Fundamentals • April 23 to 26, July 16 to 19, • Oil Sampling Fundamentals Oct 22 to 25 • Oil Quality Analysis Powertech Labs Inc. is a multi-disciplinary Who should take this course • Gas in Oil Analysis technology centre with R&D, testing and • Laboratory chemists and analysts cosulting in: • Paper Insulation Analysis • Substation maintenance personnel • Equipment Test and Sampling • electrical and engineers • metals and material Program Benefits of the course • chemical •SF6 Gas Fundamentals • civil • Use correct sampling procedures to •SF6 Sampling and Analysis • mechanical ensure receiving proper results • environmental • alternative energy For more information please visit www.powertechlabs.com/ifaad www.powertechlabs.com

ISO 9001 Registered A07-027

January 2007 47 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 48

Your source for the latest – and most valuable – knowledge on electric power apparatus performance • Network with hundreds of utility and testing company col- leagues – learn from their experiences, and share your own

• 5 days of technical presentations and training sessions on subjects selected by Doble utility and testing com- pany clients The 2007 International

• 5-hour intensive session on Corrosive Sulfur-a cause of Conference failure in power transformers Of Doble Clients • Tutorials: - “The Importance of Proper Bushing Replacement” (The industry standard has changed) March 25 – 30, 2007 - “Utility Compliance to NERC Standards” Westin Copley Place Hotel • New Training Track provides expanded educational Boston, MA, USA opportunities for entry-level engineers and technitians

• Newcomers can gain assistance from experienced For more information and the Conference attendees with Doble’s new Mentor Program complete Conference agenda, • Learn what’s new in diagnostics with Doble products and go to www.doble.com services. or call +1-617 -926-4900

BE THERE

TOGETHER WE POWER THE WORLD Australia China India Norway South Africa UK United States ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:25 PM Page 49

DEALING WITH PROBLEMS Continued from Page 47

Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of hybrid element intended for energizing trip coil at 250 VDC.

of some microseconds) and picks-up the CB trip coil L. Contact K closes and shunts the thyristor through 7 Ð 10 ms (the own time of operation of the SER). The current of trip coil L flows to a circuit of contact K. At the beginning of this process there is an opening of contacts at bouncing, inter-contact resistance, and the voltage on the contacts starts increasing. This voltage is put to thyristor VS. At an increase in this voltage of up to 5 Ð 7 V, the thyristor again instantly opens as this time the capacitor C has not yet Fig. 2. Compact relays with blow-out magnets suitable for switch- been completely charged and charging current continues to ing inductive load at 125-240 VDC. flow through the gate of the thyristor. The capacity C and resis- tance R1 leave this condition in order to guarantee a thyristor 1: JC2aF-DC24V-H73 type (Matsushita); 2: 300 series (Mag- gate current of about 50 Ð 70 mA during 15 Ð 20 ms, that is, necraft); 3: IG2C-24VDCM type (Kuhnke); 4: KUEP-3D17-12 before the full termination of contact bouncing. Thus, during (Potter & Brumfield); 5: 219 series (Magnecraft); 6: A283 series the contact making process there is no break of the trip coil cir- (Magnecraft). cuit and there is no arc on the contacts. After full charge of the capacitor, the current in the thyristor gate circuit stops, is final- ly locked and no longer influences the condition of the load (trip coil) circuit. At the disappearance of the control signal at the input of the device, the capacitor is discharged through the

Fig. 3. A circuit diagram for forcing switching of the CB trip-ping coil (L).

Fig. 6. Connection in parallel-in pairs contacts from the relay of various types for excluding of bouncing. Fig. 4. Modern thyristors for switching current 30 – 75 A at 1200 – 1600 V, made in a compact cases. coil of the relay K. As the basis of the problem of switching-on of the trip coil is the bouncing of contacts, accompanying short-term breaks of the best overcurrent and overvoltage capability in comparison current during the making process, the natural solution of this with power transistors, IGBT, FET. problem could be to compensate these breakages with a combi- In perspective, the decision should be, in MPD, to use nation of two contacts connected in parallel with the various hybrid devices containing a SER contact and a solid state parameters of vibration which are not conterminous on a phase switching element, connected in parallel. One of these devices (fig. 6). is suggested by the author in fig. 5. It is abundantly clear that if connected in parallel in pairs, In this device the control signal is put to a winding of the contacts of relays of various types, with various mechanical SER and simultaneously charges capacitor C, through a limit properties of contacts, we can predict confidently that it is pos- resistor (R1) and the gate circuit of thyristor VS. The thyristor sible to guarantee non-conformity in the phase of bouncing that instantly opens by means of this charging current (with a delay is absent of breaks of circuit during the switching-on of induc-

January 2007 49 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:34 PM Page 50

tive load. MPD manufacturers can take their cue from this prin- Modern high-voltage IGBT transistors can be successfully ciple, using in the their products usual SER as described above, used as powerful output auxiliary relays of MPD. The small and SER manufacturers can produce relays containing, in the sizes (plastic case TO-247 and similar types), have high values single case, two contacts with different rigidities or weights, in of collector current, high withstanding overvoltages, high which vibration at bouncing does not coincide on a phase, hav- power dissipation, and high allowable working temperatures of ing connected both these contacts in parallel. the crystal (tab. 4), making such transistors rather attractive ele- Power reed switches with increased switching capability ments for switching inductive loads (coils of external auxiliary have now appeared in the market (fig. 7) and the relays on relays) with a consumption of 0.1Ð5 A at 250 VDC. For over- which they are based could be used with success as output con- voltage protection when switching inductive loads, such tran- tacts in MPD. sistors can also be protected by varistors with a clamping volt-

Fig. 7. Power reed switch R14U and R15U (Bestact, produced by Yaskawa) with two-stage contact system for switching inductive load.

Such reed switches with a rated current of 5? are capable age of 500-700V. As is known, some problems may arise when not only to make, but also to break circuits with inductive loads using IGBT transistors represented by the correct organization at 230V DC. For example, they are capable of switching-off of their control circuits, however, today these problems are suc- 0.4 Ð 0.6 ADC with a constant time of 40 ms. That it is quite cessfully solved and there are numerous drivers for controls of enough for their usage as the auxiliary contacts of MPD intend- IGBT transistors on the market which are made as small mod- ed for control by external auxiliary relays. The operating time ules, fig. 8. In such drivers, all necessary element are contained of these reed switches does not exceed 5 ms, bouncing time not inside for reliable switch-on and switch-off IGBT transistors. more than 2 ms; switching cycles number 50 - 100 million. It Single modules of this type and two IGBT transistors, form is obvious that when reducing the requirement of the number of analogs of high-quality changeover contacts, galvanically iso- switching cycles 10.000 times, we should expect an additional lated from the internal control circuits of the MPD. increase in their switching current (that should be confirmed with the manufacturer, of course). When choosing auxiliary output relays for MPD, it is nec- essary to take into account that some of them will be used for switching of the coils of the external elec- tromagnetic relays at 125 Ð 240 V DC, and some others for switching of low-voltage and low-current signals on logic inputs of other MPD. Usually that is not taken into account in any way by manufacturers of MPD, however, it is known that for switching powerful loads and for switching low-current, low- voltage signals, contacts should have different prop- erties and should be made from different materials. This is reflected in the technical specifications on Fig. 8. Modern galvanic isolated driver for controls of pair IGBT transistors, SER. For example, a relay with powerful contacts formatives single changover contact. will have limits on the lower threshold of a switched current and voltage, and this threshold frequently lays within the values used in practice for small level control signals. Therefore, two types of SER corresponding to two Look in the March issue for Part II of Dealing with Problems in types of loads should be used as auxiliary output relays in Output Relays Used in Microprocessor-Based Protection Devices. MPD, as mentioned above.

50 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:34 PM Page 51 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:34 PM Page 52 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:31 PM Page 53

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SHOWCASE

Hubbell Canada LP Manufacturing Co. Inc. AndersonTM Split Bolt Connectors

E Mfg. Co., Inc. is a manufacturer of replacement parts for Tap Changers, Circuit Breakers and most substation equipment. E Mfg. also is an original equipment manufacturer of Air Break Switches and SF6 Gas Distribution Carts. E Mfg. has over 36 years of manufacturing experience to optimize their large array of manufacturing equip- ment in their 27,000 square foot facility. E Mfg’s. experience in manufacturing a large array of parts out, of a wide variety of materials, for many different industries Available for Copper, Aluminum and adds to this ability. E Mfg. has been Aluminum to Copper Connections serving the power Industry for over 22 years with a focus on innovative designs, fair pricing and interactive customer service to accommodate the changing POWER SYSTEMS,INC. Utility Industry. For more information contact: Hubbell Canada LP Tel: 905-839-1138 Tel. 440-951-0900 / Fax 440-951-0900 Fax: 905-831-6353 Email: [email protected] Or visit our website Serving the Power Distribution Industry http://www.HubbellPowerSystems.ca

FLIR System InfraCAM Canada's most inexpensive professional grade infrared camera

FLIR marks 45 years in Canada with the industry's most robust predictive maintenance camera.

• 7 hours of battery run-time • Only 1.25 lbs • Standard JPEG images • Simple report Meet generation tools the • Full day training PowerXplorer PX5. by manufacturer • Serviced and Supported The one solution for power in Canada quality and demand and energy analyzer needs. For further details, visit www.flir.ca or email The PowerXplorer PX5 is the first handheld power monitoring instrument that does it all. With its unique color [email protected] touch screen and automated setups, this 8-channel workhorse or call 1-800-613-0507X25 measures at 50/60 and 400 Hertz, AC and DC, captures sub-microsecond transients, harmonics and much, much more. Need thermography training? Why carry around 5 or 6 instruments, when the Call the industry experts PowerXplorer PX5 does it all?

www.infraredtraining.com 1.800.372.6832In Canada• contact: www.dranetz-bmi.com On Power • [email protected] Inc. 1-800-613-0507 X24 tel 732.287.3680Tel:1-800-363-9133 • fax 732.248.1834 or •E-mail: 1000 New [email protected] Durham Road • Edison, NJ 08818 USA

January 2007 53 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:31 PM Page 54

ADVERTISERS INDEX / PRODUCTS AND SERVICES SHOWCASE

ADVERTISER PAGE CONTACT INFO 3M 7 www.3m.com http://www.electricityforum.com/products/3M_Canada_Company.html AGO 19 www.ago1.com http://www.electricityforum.com/products/AGO_Industries_Inc.html CIS Conference 51 http://www.cisconference.org/ Colt Atlantic Services Inc. 44 www.coltonline.com NOW Doble Engineering 48 http://www.doble.com/ Elster Integrated Solutions 11 www.elsterelectricity.com HIRING www.electricityforum.com/products/abbmeter.htm E-Manufacturing 53 www.emanufacturing.com SWITCHGEAR LEAD PERSON Enercom 52 http://www.enercom.to/ TAW Inc., provider of world-class electrical & mechanical products & services for over 80 yrs, is ETAP 31 www.etap.ca seeking an experienced Switchgear Lead Person for http://www.electricityforum.com/products/ETAP_Canada_Ltd.html Lakeland, FL. Must have working knowledge of low FLIR Systems Ltd. 16, 53, 56 www.flir.com www.electricityforum.com/products/flir.htm & medium voltage circuit breakers, transformers, Golder & Associates 42 www.golder.com motor starters (vacuum and air), protective relaying, Hubbell Power Systems 2, 39, 43 [email protected] (low and medium voltage), programmable logic con- www.electricityforum.com/products/hubbell.htm troller, magnetic starters, etc. Will be responsible for Incon 40 www.incon.com installing, converting, troubleshooting, retrofitting, http://www.electricityforum.com/products/incon.htm & performing preventive maintenance on the all of Interfax 30,35 www.interfaxsystems.com the above listed equipment. Will be responsible for Lizco 41,53 Sales www.lizcosales.com some degree of project management, customer interface, & technical support in all the above appli- www.electricityforum.com/products/lizco.htm cations. Technical degree preferred or equivalent Metering America 38 http://www.spintelligent-events.com/mam2007/en/index.php experience preferred. A minimum 5 years hand-on Manitoba Hydro experience is preferred. TAW offers competitive pay International Ltd. (MHI) 27 www.hydro.mb.ca & benefits. Midas Metering Services 45 www.midasmetering.com E-mail resume to [email protected] Mikron 9 www.irimaging.com or fax 813-612-2609. AA/EOE. DFWP. www.electricityforum.com/products/Mikron_Infrared_Inc..html Web-site www.tawinc.com Morgan Schaffer 5 www.morganschaffer.com www.electricityforum.com/products/morgan.htm OnPower 53 onpower.com PCore 32 www.pcoreelectric.com Phenix Technology 46 www.phenixtech.com http://www.electricityforum.com/products/phenix.htm Phoenix Manufacturing Ltd. 54 www.phnxmfg.com www.electricityforum.com/products/phoenix.htm PowerTech Labs Inc. 47 www.powertechlabs.com http://www.electricityforum.com/products/powtech.htm Primary Power 53 www.primarypowergroup.com PHOENIX MANUFACTURING LTD. http://www.electricityforum.com/products/primary.htm Insulating Boots For Indoor And R3&A 40 www.r3alimited.com Outdoor Applications Rondar 13 www.rondar.com Phoenix manufactures a comprehen- http://www.electricityforum.com/products/rondar.htm sive range of reusable, flexible, form fit- Salisbury 34 www.whsalisbury.com ting insulating boots for indoor and out- http://www.electricityforum.com/products/whsalis.htm door applications for service voltages Sediver 24 www.sediver.fr up to 38 KV. Specialists in the ‘Fluidised Southern States 33 www.southernstatesinc.com bed’ process to fully or partially encap- www.electricityforum.com/products/sstates.htm sulate copper and aluminium busbars, Tamini Group 21 www.tamini.com connections and components with high grade dielectric strength epoxy and http://www.electricityforum.com/products/Tamini_Group.html vinyl insulation in the voltage range 600 TAW 54 www.tawinc.com volts to 38 KV. Technical Systems 29 www.technical-sys.com For more information contact: http://www.electricityforum.com/products/technical_systems2002.htm Phoenix Manufacturing Ltd. Triangle MicroWorks 43 www.TriangleMicroWorks.com 141 Fulton St. http://www.electricityforum.com/products/Triangle_MicroWorksInc.html Milton, Ontario L9T 2J8 UTC Telecom 36 http://www.utc.org/ Tel: (905) 878-2818 Virelec 55 www.virelec.com www.electricityforum.com/products/virel.htm Fax: (905) 878-0051 The Von Corporation 37 www.voncorp.com www.electricityforum.com/products/von.htm Email: [email protected] Weidmann-ACTI Inc 22 www.actiinc.com www.phnxmfg.com http://www.electricityforum.com/products/weidmann.htm

54 Electricity Today ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:31 PM Page 55 ET - Jan Feb Issue 1 2/19/07 3:31 PM Page 56

In 2006 CDN Canada’sUnder Best $Selling8,000 Infrared Camera Find Out Why.com/goinfracam at

www.flirthermography

The Global Leader in Infrared Cameras 1-800-613-0507 Ext. 25 [email protected] www.flir.ca