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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 ISSN: 2215-2075 Universidad de Costa Rica Velázquez, María-S.; Fabisik, Juan-C.; Barrera, Marcelo; Allegrucci, Natalia; Valdés, Fabricio-E.; Abarca, Camila-L.; Cabello, Marta Diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) associated with Ilex paraguarensis in Northeastern Argentina Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 68, no. 4, 2020, October-, pp. 1231-1240 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/RBT.V68I4.41543 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44966323018 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative ISSN Printed: 0034-7744 ISSN digital: 2215-2075 Diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) associated with Ilex paraguarensis in Northeastern Argentina María S. Velázquez1*, Juan C. Fabisik2†, Marcelo Barrera3, Natalia Allegrucci1, Fabricio E. Valdés1,4, Camila L. Abarca1 & Marta Cabello1,4 1. Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Anexo 1, Avenida 60 y 122 S/N, La Plata, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Agencia de Extensión Rural Virasoro, Calle Gobernador Ferre N° 2842, Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes, Argentina 3. Laboratorio de Investigación en Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 113 N°469, La Plata, Argentina; [email protected] 4. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected] * Correspondence Received 25-IV-2020. Corrected 18-VIII-2020. Accepted 26-VIII-2020. ABSTRACT. Introduction: The expansion and intensification of agriculture causes profound changes at a global scale, which generates a strong impact on crop productivity and consequently, a decrease in the biodiver- sity associated. Ilex paraguariensis, known as yerba mate, is a native species from South America and it has been introduced in the world market (e.g. Middle East, Europe, and United States) due to its multiple nutritional ben- efits and antioxidant properties. The association of plants of I. paraguarensis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), especially under field conditions, has been scarcely reported so far. Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the species composition, richness, spore density and diversity of Glomeromycota communities of yerba mate under different crop and natural conditions, seasonally over a 2-year period. Methods: Soil samples were extracted in winter and summer from five productive sites (situations 1-5), with contrasting crop conditions with regard to historical management, as a reference situation (situation 6). Spores were identified following morphological criteria. Results: Acaulosporaceae and Glomeraceae presented the highest spore densities in all sampling sites/ seasons/years. The lowest spore density and diversity index was recorded in 2014, when rainfall was higher than in 2013. Discussion: We reported Acaulospora capsicula detected by morphological analysis, for the first time in South America. Differences between years could be attributed to rainfall. This study contrib- utes to the knowledge of the dynamics and factors that influence the structure of AMF communities over time. This information would be valuable to generate conservation strategies for this group of microorganisms, which are key to the sustainable development of yerba mate cultivation systems. Key words: arbuscular fungi; Glomeromycota communities; yerba mate; spore density; species richness. Velázquez, M.S., Fabisik, J.C., Barrera, M. Allegrucci, N., Valdés, F.E., Abarca, C.L., & Cabello, M. (2020). Diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) associated with Ilex paraguarensis in Northeastern Argentina. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(4), 1231-1240. The expansion and intensification of agri- productivity and consequently, a decrease in culture causes profound changes at a global the biodiversity associated (De la Fuente & scale, including the degradation of agricultural Suárez, 2008). The productivity of Ilex para- soils, which generates a strong impact on crop guariensis St Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 68(4): 1231-1240, December 2020 1231 known as “yerba mate”, is severely affected changes in land use can affect the spore density by soil degradation (Bergotini et al., 2017). of AMF, and the species richness and diversity This species is native to Argentina, Brazil, of their communities. Besides soil disturbance, Paraguay and Uruguay in South America. It intrinsic factors related to AMF life strategies, has been introduced in the world market (e.g. host physiology and environmental conditions Middle East, Europe, and United States) due to can also modify their sporulation patterns. Gai, its multiple nutritional benefits and antioxidant Feng, Cai, Christie, and Li (2006) reported that properties (Heck & De Mejia, 2007). the AMF sporulation is reduced under drought It is essential to preserve the physical, conditions, whereas Shi et al. (2006) consider chemical and biological soil properties in an that their sporulation does not follow a predict- optimum state for their agricultural sustain- able pattern. ability. Plants rely on their interaction with a In Argentina, more than 60 % of the sur- wide range of soil microorganisms for growth face cultivated with yerba mate has serious and survival. The microbial interactions and problems of soil degradation due to inadequate the relationship with plant growth responses agricultural practices maintained over time. and nutrition in the rhizosphere have been Their recoveries demand not only the applica- widely studied (Larsen, Jaramillo-López, tion of already developed technologies, but Nájera-Rincon, & González-Esquivel, 2015). also the advance in research and innovations of The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Phy- existing tools. In this sense, AMF would play lum Glomeromycota) (Schüßler, Schwarzott, an important role. For this reason, it is neces- & Walker, 2001) are one of the rhizosphere sary to know the composition of Glomero- microorganisms symbiotically associated with mycota communities and identify the factors plants, which promote key ecosystem services that can affect their structure and dynamics. related to soil fertility, plant health, and nutri- The aim of this work was to assess the spe- tion (Gianinazzi et al., 2010). cies composition, richness, spore density and The association of plants of I. paragua- diversity of Glomeromycota communities of I. rensis with AMF, especially under field con- paraguarensis under different crop and natural ditions, has been scarcely reported so far. conditions, seasonally over a 2-year period. Andrade, Queiroz, Hermes, and Oliveira (2000) registered the presence of mycorrhi- MATERIALS AND METHODS zal colonization in roots of this species in Santa Catarina (Brazil) and Bergottini et al., Study area and Sampling sites: This (2017) detected the presence of AMF with high study was carried out in the provinces of Corri- throughput sequencing of its root-associated entes and Misiones, Northeastern Argentina. In microbiome. In addition, Velázquez, Fabisik, this region, the soils are typical Kandihumultes Abarca, Allegrucci, and Cabello (2018) studied of the Ultisol Order, and the climate is clas- the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in I. sified as humid subtropical, according to the paraguayensis plants growing under different Köppen classification. Samples were collected crop conditions and in natural environments. from five productive sites of I. paraguarensis However, so far there are few data available on in Corrientes, with contrasting crop situations the species composition of AMF communities with regard to historical management. As a ref- under field conditions. erence situation (situation 6), we used an area Numerous edaphic factors, such as chang- located in Misiones, with native trees of this es in soil pH, humidity, and availability of species that grow spontaneously in the under- nutrients, anthropogenic disturbances and sea- growth forest. The chemical characterization of sonality affect the structure and dynamics of the sampling sites is found in Velázquez et al. Glomeromycota communities (Smith & Read, (2018). The sampling sites corresponded to the 2008). Jefwa et al. (2012) demonstrated that following situations: i) Situation 1 (Y28) was 1232 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) • Vol. 68(4): 1231-1240, December 2020 implanted in 1928, with a density of 450 plants/ constituted the repetitions. Each transect was ha, there is no fertilizer application and there separated from the other by 10 plantation lines. is continuous weed control by harrow disc. At each transect, we collected a composite An intensive harvest is carried out at this site sample that consisted of 5-6 subsamples of and the soil showed extreme deterioration; (ii) rhizosphere soil. In the case of situation 6 Situation 2 (Y24) is the oldest crop, implanted (NAT), the distance between repetitions was in 1920, with a density
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