DOCSLIB.ORG

Display Devices Lecture 8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Display Devices Lecture 8 Display Devices Lecture 8 Display Devices Display technology - CRT or LCD technologies. Cable technology - VGA and DVI are the 2 common. Viewable area (usually measured diagonally) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Aspect ratio and orientation (landscape or portrait) Maximum resolution Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) Dot pitch Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Refresh rate Gas Plasma Color depth DLP Amount of power consumption Aspect Ratio Display Devices CRT - Cathode Ray Tube LCD CRT Cathode shadow mask (electron gun) and phosphor coated screen focusing anode LED deflection yoke Gas Plasma electron guns shadow mask DLP phosphors on glass screen (faceplate) CRT Phosphors CRT Phosphors Display Spectral Power Distribution 0.8 R phosphor B phosphor G phosphor 0.4 Relative Intensity 0 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) (courtesy L. Silverstein) CRT Gamut CRT Phosphors and Gamma Gamut (color Gamut) = the subset of colors Display Intensity which can be represented in a given device.. 1 1 R 1 G 1 B 1 - Primaries used for PAL R 2 G 2 B 2 - Primaries used for NTSC 0.8 0.5 0 400 550 700 0.8 0.6 G NTSC 2 PAL 1 0.4 G 0.6 1 0.5 Relative Intensity 0.2 0 y 400 550 700 0.4 R1 0 R2 0 50 100 150 200 250 Frame Buffer Value 0.2 B1 B 0 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 x CIE Chromaticity + Gamut applet : http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/a_chroma.html Display Intensity Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Camera and monitor nonlinearities cancel out Gamma describes the nonlinear relationship Image Aquisition Image Display between pixel values and luminance. (camera) (monitor) 250 250 γ 200 200 ValueOut = ValueIn 150 150 100 100 γ < 1 Gamma Encoding 50 50 γ > 1 Gamma Decoding 0 0 Frame Buffer Value Frame Buffer 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Input Intensity Output Intensity Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Gamma Correction Typically image files are created by cameras, Input Device to Output Device stored on computers and communicated over (Camera to Display) the internet with gamma encoding. Gamma Gamma Scene Image Why? Encoding Decoding The eye does not respond linearly to light; it Camera Internet Display responds to relative brightness or luminance differences. Weber’s Law ∆I = constant I Perceived Brightness Perceived Intensity gamma encoding = uniform perceptual coding Want: Encoding Gamma = Decoding Gamma Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Gamma Correction Wrong Gamma: encoding γ = 1 encoding γ = 0.6 Linear gamma on 1/2.2 gamma on 2.2 gamma Display 2.2 gamma Display encoding γ = 0.4 encoding γ = 0.2 Demo Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Gamma Correction CRT displays have inherent Gamma Correction (Gamma Decoding) Display Standards: NTSC γ = 2.2 PAL γ = 2.8 SECAM γ = 2.8 MAC γ = 1.8 sRGB γ = 2.2 Actually*: for xLinear <= 0.03928; X γ-encoded = XLinear/12.92 for xLinear <= 0.03928; What is the display Gamma? X γ-encoded = ((0.055+xLinear)/1.055)2.4 Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Gamma Correction Testing Gamma of your Monitor: Testing Gamma of your Monitor: 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 Relative Intensity 0.2 Relative Intensity 0.2 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 Frame Buffer Value Frame Buffer Value Gray = 125 Gray = 125 Gray = 230 Gray = 230 Gray = 190 Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Encoding/Decoding Gamma Correction Gamma Correction Testing Gamma of your Monitor: NormanKorenGammaTest.jpg From: http://www.normankoren.com/makingfineprints1A Gamma Encoding/Decoding Display SPD Response Gamma Correction Displays: 0.8 γ R phosphor Luminance = C * value + black level B phosphor G phosphor 0.4 C is set by the monitor Contrast control. Relative Intensity Value is the pixel level normalized to a max of 1. Black level is set by the monitor Brightness control. 0 400 500 600 700 The relationship is linear if gamma = 1. Wavelength (nm) Phosphor Spectral Additivity Display Luminance and White Point -3 x 10 0.8 8 0.4 7 Relative Relative Intensity 0 400 500 600 700 6 5 G 4 3 er Display Luminance 2 = e = Me B g 1 e b R Monitor SPD 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 R phosphor SPD B phosphor SPD G phosphor SPD Frame Buffer Value Display white = Xw x 1 1 Yw = y 0.8 0.8 0.8 R G B 1 Zw z 0.4 0.4 0.4 Relative Relative Intensity 0 0 0 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700 xw = 0.2707 Wavelength (nm) yw = 0.3058 Note: e = relative intensities and NOT frame buffer values Display White Points Display Calibration Display Standards: calibration matrix = NTSC (1953) white point = C x NTSC (1979) white point = D65 H = y PAL white point = D65 z R G B SECAM white point = D65 ISO 12646 white point = D50 CIE white point = E calibration matrix relates the linear relative intensity to sensor absorption rates (XYZ or LMS): 0.8 r = He 0.6 4000 3000 5000 2000 y 6000 CIERGB-to-XYZ (?) 0.4 7000 Example: 8000 A 10000 B E 0.2172 0.3028 0.1926 20000 C 0.2 D65 H = 0.1230 0.5862 0.0960 0.0116 0.1033 1.0000 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 x Color Temperature Examples using calibration matrix: 3) Calculate frame buffer values for a pattern with changes only in S-cone direction: 1) Calculate XYZ (LMS) of frame buffer values: Create calibration matrix using cone sensitivities: Frame buffer = (128, 128, 0) Relative intensities e = (0.1524, 0.1524, 0.0) L r = He H = M S R G B r = (0.0813, 0.1109, 0.0180) 2) Calculate the frame buffer values required to Start with background pattern: produce a given XYZ value: e = (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) This produces cone absorptions: r = (0.3, 0.3, 0.3) r = He e = H-1r r = (0.7060, 0.6564, 0.5582) e = (0.7030, 0.3220, 0.2586) Now create second color ∆S from background: frame buffer = (222, 166, 153) r2 = r + (0 0 0.1418) = (0.7060, 0.6564, 0.7) e = H-1r e2 = (0.5388, 0.4742, 0.6022) 4) Calculate calibration matrix under new white point: Flat Panel Displays Original calibration matrix = H • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology - blocking light rather than creating it. Original white point calculation: Require less energy, emit less radiation. • Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and Gas Plasma e = (1, 1, 1) 1 light up display screen positions based on voltages at grid intersections. r = He Original white 1 1 Require more energy. New white point calculation: r2 New white -1 e2 = H r2 Denote e2 = (e2R, e2G, e2B) New calibration matrix = e 2R e Hnew = H 2G e2B Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) • Liquid crystals (LC) are complex, organic molecules – fluid characteristics of a liquid and the molecular orientation order properties of a solid – exhibit electric, magnetic and optical anisotropy • Many different types of LC optical configurations – nematic materials arranged in a twisted configuration most common for displays • Below are shown three of the common LC phases Smectic Nematic Cholesteric Discovered in 1888 by Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer. RCA made the first experimental LCD in 1968. Liquid Crystals are used to make thermometers and mood rings because heat changes absorbance properties. Twisted Nematic = most common http://computer.howstuffworks.com/lcd2.htm for displays Liquid Crystal Images LCD Polarization Cholesteric Crossed polarizers Nematic oily streaks Smectic A Smectic A Focal Batonnets conic fans Liquid crystal (off state) Liquid crystal (on state) Smectic B Smectic B Mosaic Mosaic Liquid Crystals are affected by electric current. Smectic B Twisted Nematics (TN) = kind of nematic liquid crystal, Focal Crystals is naturally twisted. Applying an electric current to it will conic fans untwist it. Amount of untwisting depends on current's voltage. All pictures are copyright by Dr. Mary E. Neubert http://www.lci.kent.edu/lcphotosneubert.html LCD Voltage Control LCD System unpolarized backlight unpolarized backlight polarizer polarizer glass RGB color ITO filter array polymer top electrode glass V liquid crystal liquid crystal black layer polymer matrix glass ITO substrate Thin Film glass Transistors (TFTs) polarizer polarizer pixel Electrodes (ITO) no light passes through backlight Voltage Field Off Voltage Field On (V=0) (V>Vthreshold) Direct vs Multiplex Driving Passive vs Active Matrix Direct Driving - every element is wired separately. Multiplex Driving – wires are shared e.g. in a matrix. Passive Matrix – a simple grid supplies the charge to a particular pixel on the display. Slow response time and imprecise voltage control. Active Matrix – every pixel has switch and capacitor. A row is switched on, and then a charge is sent down a column. Capacitor holds charge till next cycle. Faster response time, less pixel crosstalk. An enormous number of transistors are used. e.g.for laptop: 1,024x768x3 = 2,359,296 transistors etched onto the glass! Multiplex Driving A problem with a transistor creates a "bad pixel". Most active matrix displays have a few bad pixels. Color Array Organization Options Color Pixels in LCD Devices http://www.avdeals.com/classroom/what_is_tft_lcd.htm LCD Calibration Issues LCD Calibration Example (a)CRT (b) LCD (c) Gray Series Wandell and Silverstein, OSA Chapter Opened Up LCD Reflective Color Displays Backlit Reflective LCD LCD backlight Light Guide Panel = Diffuser absorber Light Source Backlit scan drivers Power X-address data drivers controller Y-address grayscale Reflective backlight Reflective bistable 2.6 W 1.2 W mW Holographic lens elements •Low power • Low volume and weight • Naturally adaptive to changes in ambient illumination • Low cost Liquid Crystals on Silicon (LCOS) Liquid Crystals on Silicon (LCOS) New reflective LCD technology.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ISA - EPIC/PIDA Online Technology Meeting On
    ISA - EPIC/PIDA Online Technology Meeting on Mini/Micro LED March 25th, 2021 Time: 16:00-19:00 (Beijing Time) (25 March 9:00–12:00 CET) online events @ Zoom platform link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81348588620?pwd=dUNUeEZBWXZJS05yL3VCR0FVNDg2UT09 Meeting ID: 813 4858 8620 Password: 029869 Simultaneous interpretation will be provided Micro -LED will bring interruptive changes to many fields such as wearable/implantable optoelectronic devices, light communication/light interconnection, medical treatment, smart car lights, spatial imaging and so on, and become the mainstream product of the next generation of information display. In recent years, various research and development around Mini /Micro-LED manufacturing and application has been vigorously carried out, and a number of technical issues have been tackled continuously. Related applications in the fields of display, light-based data communication technology, biology and medical treatment have been gradually developed. ISA established the Micro-LED Committee in 2020, aiming promote innovation, exchange research and development results, promote the connection between upstream and downstream of this industry, wider rollout the latest applications, and contribute to form a global Mini / Micro-LED industrial chain as well as to foster a good industrial eco-system. In order to strengthen the cooperation between China and Europe in Mini /Micro-LED manufacturing, learn from each other, exchange innovation results, promote complementary industrial advantages and seek business opportunities, ISA and EPIC will jointly hold the Mini /Micro-LED Industry Development (Online) Seminar. Experts from well-known companies in China and Europe will be invited to discuss practical technical issues and share their solutions in Mini/Micro-LED manufacturing and application.
    [Show full text]
  • Flat Panel Displays in Perspective
    Flat Panel Displays in Perspective September 1995 OTA-ITC-631 GPO stock #052-003-01438-6 Cover Photo Credit: Plasmaco, Inc. Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Flat Panel Displays in Perspective, OTA-ITC-631 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995). oreword lat panel displays (FPDs) are increasingly important in this informa- tion-intensive era. Compared with the cathode ray tube used in televi- sions, FPDs are thin, lightweight, and power efficient. These displays have enabled the development of portable computers and commu- nication devices. Applications in automobiles and offices will increase, and FPDs may eventually result in the fabled television-on-the-wall. FPDs repre- sent a large and rapidly growing industry worldwide, and are expanding into an increasingly diverse set of systems. American companies and researchers have made many of the key innovations in FPDs, but U.S. firms hold a very small share of the world market. Some observers have called for government intervention to strengthen the U.S. industry. One area of concern—access to displays for military use—has driven recent federal support for FPDs. Flat Panel Displays in Perspective examines the potential benefits of a do- mestic, high-volume, FPD industry for the nation, and evaluates the role of government policies in developing it. The report concludes that such an in- dustry would provide both economic and national security benefits. The ex- tent of these benefits is difficult to determine, however, largely because trends in technology development and industry structure are resulting in more displays at declining prices.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Latest Display Technologies and Their Usage for Various Special Applications
    Journal of Radio and Television Broadcast Volume 3 Issue 3 An Overview of Latest Display Technologies and their Usage for Various Special Applications 1Dr. Vandana Khare, 2N. K. Shreyas 1Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India 1Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad, India 2B. tech II year, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India Email: [email protected], [email protected] DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2153526 Abstract In the new world of technology, due to its volatile nature there had been immense changes in the display technology since the past few years. Now it is that when portability plays an important role, the electronic displays of various electronic devices have changed their trend from being heavy and thicker in size to more light and thin in dimensions. This significant change in the dimensions of the electronic displays is due the adoption of AMOLED and Active QLED technology. AMOLED [Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode] is a display technology used in smartphones, mobile devices, laptops and television. A Quantum Dot Display is a display device that uses Quantum dots (QD), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic red, green, and blue light. Hence, with the use of these display technologies the manufacturing and usage of flexible and foldable electronic displays have come into existence with low power consumption and low cost, brighter colors with wide color gamut. Also by using this AMOLED and AQLED technology in the latest electronic displays, it is possible to control each and every pixel of the particular display so that, the possibility of manipulating the saturation, brightness, contrast and especially sharpness of the image or the picture increases.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review and Selective Analysis of 3D Display Technologies for Anatomical Education
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2018 A Review and Selective Analysis of 3D Display Technologies for Anatomical Education Matthew Hackett University of Central Florida Part of the Anatomy Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Hackett, Matthew, "A Review and Selective Analysis of 3D Display Technologies for Anatomical Education" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6408. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6408 A REVIEW AND SELECTIVE ANALYSIS OF 3D DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ANATOMICAL EDUCATION by: MATTHEW G. HACKETT BSE University of Central Florida 2007, MSE University of Florida 2009, MS University of Central Florida 2012 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Modeling and Simulation program in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2018 Major Professor: Michael Proctor ©2018 Matthew Hackett ii ABSTRACT The study of anatomy is complex and difficult for students in both graduate and undergraduate education. Researchers have attempted to improve anatomical education with the inclusion of three-dimensional visualization, with the prevailing finding that 3D is beneficial to students. However, there is limited research on the relative efficacy of different 3D modalities, including monoscopic, stereoscopic, and autostereoscopic displays.
    [Show full text]
  • Various Display Technologiess
    VARIOUS DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIESS Mr. Virat C. Gandhi1 1Computer Department, C. U. Shah Technical Institute of Diploma Studies Abstract—A lot has been invented from the past till now in regards with the display technologies. It gives an immense life to electronic device when good display technology are being used. Now a days displays are coming in various sizes for different portable devices like smart phones, tablets, smart watch, televisions, laptops etc. People are expecting better display no matter what device they use. In this paper I have given an overview of some of the past technologies to the technologies till now. Flat-panel displays use Liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology to make them much lighter and thinner when compared with a traditional monitor. A liquid crystal display consists of an array of tiny segments (called pixels) that can be manipulated to present information. Plasma panels, also called gas discharge displays, are constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually include neon. In LED, A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel positions in the display, and picture definition is stored in refresh buffer. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology relies on the organic materials. Keywords— Display Technology; LCD; LED; Flexible display; Curved display; I. INTRODUCTION In today’s smart world, people are carrying smart devices all over the places they visit. Wherever people are they are surrounded or accompanied by display devices, such as smart phones, tablets, notebooks and advertising screens. Different devices uses different display technologies to enrich devices facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Holographic Video Using Fibre Display : a Survey
    International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking Vol. 13, No. 2s, (2020), pp. 100–105 3D Holographic Video Using Fibre Display : A Survey Sarode Shyamli S.1, Hankare A.P.2 , Shirude Pratik V.3, Vibhute Prasad A.4 1Student of B.E, Department of E&TC, SKNCOE, SPPU,Pune 2Assistant Professor Department of E&TC, SKNCOE, SPPU, Pune 3,4Student of B.E, Department of E&TC, SKNCOE, SPPU, Pune [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In past centuries, Holographic video plotting is done using point source technology and projectors which is very costly having complex setup [1], Here we are displaying video on the pyramid shaped fibre using the python language having simple setup. Holography is nothing but upgraded level of photography and conventional film and its three-dimensional nature makes it completely new possibilities for future use. Through this project we are trying to help display products, objects, and animated sequences three-dimensionally. 3D Holography is different from conventional film on a standard screen. 3D hologram is visible from all sides, so the observer can walk around the hologram, enabling an absolutely realistic-looking image to form.A video which is to be displayed will be processed. While processing, the image will be dimensionally split in such a way that after it's reflection on the fibre, it could be seen from all sides. The dimensions of the fibre being used will be required to be aligned with that of the image for proper display. The methodology we are using in this project is Reflection Holography using Geometric Transformation [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption
    Sustainability 2015, 7, 10854-10875; doi:10.3390/su70810854 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Review Review of Display Technologies Focusing on Power Consumption María Rodríguez Fernández 1,†, Eduardo Zalama Casanova 2,* and Ignacio González Alonso 3,† 1 Department of Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce S/N, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto de las Tecnologías Avanzadas de la Producción, University of Valladolid, Paseo del Cauce S/N, 47011 Valladolid, Spain 3 Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, C/González Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-659-782-534. Academic Editor: Marc A. Rosen Received: 16 June 2015 / Accepted: 4 August 2015 / Published: 11 August 2015 Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main manufacturing technologies of displays, focusing on those with low and ultra-low levels of power consumption, which make them suitable for current societal needs. Considering the typified value obtained from the manufacturer’s specifications, four technologies—Liquid Crystal Displays, electronic paper, Organic Light-Emitting Display and Electroluminescent Displays—were selected in a first iteration. For each of them, several features, including size and brightness, were assessed in order to ascertain possible proportional relationships with the rate of consumption. To normalize the comparison between different display types, relative units such as the surface power density and the display frontal intensity efficiency were proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Display Devices
    ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 1 DISPLAY DEVICES VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 2 Display devices Display devices are used for the visual presentation of information. 1. Analog display devices (cathode-ray tubes) • Oscilloscope tubes •TV CRTs 2. Digital display devices • LED (including OLED) displays • VF (vacuum fluorescent ) displays • LCD (liquid crystal) displays • Nixie tube displays and PDPs (plasma display panels) • Electroluminescent displays (ELDs) 3. Others: • Electronic paper • Using principles of nanoelectronics (carbon nanotubes, nanocrystals) • Laser TV VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 3 Classification of electronic information technologies with high information content; highlighted technologies are treated in this article w4.siemens.de/.../heft2_97/artikel08/index.html VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 4 Display devices Electronic display devices based on various principles were developed. Active display devices are based on luminescence. Luminescence is the general term used to describe the emission of electromagnetic radiation from a substance due to a non-thermal process. Luminescence occurs from a solid when it is supplied with some form of energy. Photoluminescence arises as a result of absorption of photons. In the case of cathodoluminescence material is excited by bombardment with a beam of electrons. Electroluminescence is a result of excitation from the application of an electric field. Fluorescence persists for a short lifetime of the transition between the two energy levels. Phosphorescence persists for much longer time (more than 10-8 s). Passive display devices reflect or modulate light… VGTU EF ESK [email protected] ELEKTRONIKOS ĮTAISAI 2009 5 Display devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Compatibility of Display Products with Stereoscopic Display Methods
    Compatibility of Display Products with Stereoscopic Display Methods Andrew J. Woods Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845 AUSTRALIA. ABSTRACT The “underlying technique” is usually based on a Stereoscopic Imaging is coming of age – new method of coding and decoding the multiple high-resolution stereoscopic displays and related stereoscopic views in the same light field – these stereoscopic equipment are readily available, and a can be colour, polarisation, time, and/or spatial wide range of application areas is making use of separation. Summarised below are the main stereoscopic imaging technologies. Unfortunately, stereoscopic display methods which are currently new display products are not always compatible used in commercial displays: with existing stereoscopic display methods. This paper discusses the compatibility of current display TIME-SEQUENTIAL (FIELD-SEQUENTIAL) products with various stereoscopic display In this method, left and right perspective images methods. are shown alternately (sequentially) on the same display surface. The observer wears a pair of liquid INTRODUCTION crystal shutter (LCS) 3D glasses whose lenses Many stereoscopic specific display products are switch on and off in synchronisation with the left now readily available in the marketplace. Vendors and right perspective images shown on the display include Sharp, StereoGraphics, Opticality (formerly such that the left eye only sees the left perspective X3D), SeeReal, Dimension Technologies Inc. (DTI), images and the right eye only sees the right VREX, Christie Digital, Barco, and many others. A perspective images. wide range of supporting stereoscopic compatible This method is more commonly known as ‘field- hardware and software is also readily available for sequential’ or ‘frame-sequential’ because it is a creating, transmitting, storing, and serving the sequence of fields or frames.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Display • the Journal of Data Display Technology
    whatever your computer says ... Volume9 Number6 November/December 1972 Information Display • The journal of Data Display Technology PANEL DISPLAYS I") I ') I.J \ll z ,-. "t V l -J SELF-SCAN Panel Display Subsystem, 256"Ch.aracter . 7 0 t M t ix Characters 0.25 Htgh. ~:?c~~;~~~e~ lor~at, !~ailable with all drive ele_ctronics including memory, character generator, and ttmmg. Whether it's a police officer. mapa. 1 ~o 1ca r requestingd. t s informa-for h·t t speclfymg coor ma e lion on a suspect, an arc I ~clding or a type setter verifying type plumbing fixtures m a ne;E~~-SCAN panel displays guarantee for a mall-order catalogf f data between the operator and the most accurate trans er o uter dis lay and demand the computer. If yo~ ne~d a ~o~tw the le:d of Kustom Electronics error-free commun l cat~~n~, oce Accessories Corporation (1) in Chanute, Kansas, Cle ~ i Ke boards (3) in (2) in Southport, .connectlcdu:;,:~~~ ~th:r SELF-SCAN panel Belleview, Washmgton, an salesman demonstrate his displa.y a why the SELF-SCAN panel us~rs. H~ve Bu.~r~u~'~lssee Circle Reader Service Ca rd No. 25 a bnefcaffse .t. oman/machine interface device d"teisprmmlay ~ISlm th e most e ec lve available today. Burroughs Corpora t1.on, Electronic Components Division, Burroughs Plainfield, New Jersey 07061 . (201) 757-3400. ~~ A Technology Publ ishing Corp. Publicat ion Volume9 Number6 November/December 1972 Information Display The journal of Data Display Technology The Sykes 2220 Cassette Tape Controller receives, stores and transmits data between termi­ nals and communications lines all day long.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Flat Panel Display Technology and Applicability to ATCS On-Board Terminals
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1314 69 Advances in Flat Panel Display Technology and Applicability to ATCS On-Board Terminals CHUCK J. KARBOWSKI, GIDEON BEN-YAACOV, AND DAVID BLASS The introduction of Advanced Train Control Systems (ATCS) to plication does not exist. Each of the available display tech­ the railroad industry changed the way operational information is nologies has some limitations with its environmental and visual communicated to locomotive crews. Voice communication can specifications. Nevertheless, flat panel display screens are now be supplemented and may eventually be replaced by data considered the most suitable display screens for locomotive communication via intelligent display terminals. Flat panel dis­ play screens are well suited for locomotive display terminals; the A TCS applications because they are ruggedized and compact. screens are compact and have the potential of being able to sustain Depending on the environmental and visual specification reliable operation in harsh environments such as those found on requirements considered by a railroad to be the most impor­ board locomotives. In choosing flat panel display screens for lo­ tant, a compatible display technology can be identified. Such comotive applications, a number of factors must be considered: a display technology will have superior capabilities with those how the various flat screen display technologies operate, what features considered most important, but also may have lim­ their technical features are, and how they respond to harsh en­ vironmental conditions. Although no perfect display screen exists itations in areas considered Jess important. for locomotive A TCS applications, a comparison of strengths and A review of the various types of flat panel display tech­ weaknesses of the various technologies currently available points nologies, with detailed feature comparisons, is given below.
    [Show full text]
  • Flat Panel Display Technologies and Domestic Firms A
    Appendix A: Flat Panel Display Technologies and Domestic Firms A any technologies are used to create flat panel displays (FPDs). Some were developed years ago and fill small market niches; others have been brought to the stage of M mass manufacturing and are now mature products; still others have yet to be commercialized, but promise superior per- formance and lower costs, compared with current technology. Nu- . merous domestic firms are pursuing FPD technologies; most are small firms that focus on one or a few display approaches, but larger firms have also expressed interest. The distinguishing char- acteristic of the domestic FPD industry is the absence of high-vol- ume manufacturing (see table A-1 for an overview of FPD technologies and domestic firms). Chapter 3 outlined three potential strategies available to do- mestic FPD firms seeking a larger role in the global industry: 1) expand niche markets using established technologies; 2) catch up to leading-edge active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) production; and 3) develop new leapfrog technologies. The fol- lowing sections describe the technology choices associated with each approach, and place the activities of domestic firms into this framework. ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES: LCD, EL, PLASMA Two of the oldest FPD technologies are liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and emissive displays. LCDs are the primary example of transmissive FPDs, which modulate an external light source. Emissive flat panel displays use materials that emit light when an electric field is applied, through phenomena
    [Show full text]